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Physics Notes

The document provides an overview of fundamental physics concepts, including motion, forces, work, energy, momentum, electricity, waves, light, and magnetism. Key principles such as Newton's laws, Ohm's law, and the conservation of energy are highlighted. It also covers the behavior of waves and light, including reflection, refraction, and the properties of magnets and electromagnetic induction.

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vikitmg97
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11 views3 pages

Physics Notes

The document provides an overview of fundamental physics concepts, including motion, forces, work, energy, momentum, electricity, waves, light, and magnetism. Key principles such as Newton's laws, Ohm's law, and the conservation of energy are highlighted. It also covers the behavior of waves and light, including reflection, refraction, and the properties of magnets and electromagnetic induction.

Uploaded by

vikitmg97
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Concepts

 Physics is the study of matter, energy, and how they interact.


 Scalars have magnitude only (examples: speed, mass).
 Vectors have both magnitude and direction (examples: velocity, force).

2. Motion (Kinematics)

 Speed = Distance / Time


 Velocity = Displacement / Time (includes direction)
 Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time

Equations of motion (for constant acceleration):

 v = u + at
 s = ut + 1/2 at²
 v² = u² + 2as
(u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement)

3. Forces (Dynamics)

 Newton's First Law: Objects stay at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a
force.
 Newton's Second Law: Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)
 Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces.

4. Work, Energy, Power

 Work = Force × Distance × cos(angle)


 Kinetic Energy = 1/2 × mass × velocity²
 Potential Energy = mass × gravity × height
 Power = Work / Time
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (conservation of energy)

5. Momentum

 Momentum = mass × velocity


 Impulse = Force × Time = Change in momentum
 In a closed system, total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision

6. Electricity

 Current (I) = Charge / Time


 Voltage (V) = Energy per charge
 Resistance (R) = Voltage / Current
 Ohm's Law: V = IR

Circuit rules:

 Series circuit: Total resistance = R1 + R2 + R3...


 Parallel circuit: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3...

7. Waves and Sound

 Wave speed = Frequency × Wavelength


 Transverse waves: vibrations are perpendicular to direction of wave (example: light)
 Longitudinal waves: vibrations are parallel to wave direction (example: sound)
 Reflection: wave bounces off a surface
 Refraction: wave bends as it enters a new medium
 Diffraction: wave spreads out around obstacles

8. Light and Optics

 Law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection


 Refraction: bending of light when it passes through different media
 Snell's Law: n1 × sin(angle1) = n2 × sin(angle2)
 Convex lenses converge light rays
 Concave lenses diverge light rays

9. Magnetism and Electromagnetism

 Magnets have north and south poles


 Magnetic field is the area around a magnet where magnetic forces act
 Moving charges create magnetic fields
 Electromagnetic induction: a changing magnetic field produces an electric current
(Faraday’s Law)

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