Name:

ID:

School of Pharmacy
Assignment, Spring 2024
Course Code: PHR 211
Course Title: Biostatistics
Probability
1. If a woman takes an early pregnancy test, she will either test positive, meaning that the test
says she is pregnant, or test negative, meaning that the test says she is not pregnant.
Suppose that if a woman really is pregnant, there is a 96% chance that she will test positive.
Also, suppose that if a woman really is not pregnant, there is a 98% chance that she will
test negative. Suppose that 1,000 women take early pregnancy tests and that 100 of them
really are pregnant. What is the probability that a randomly chosen woman who tests
positive will actually be pregnant?
2. Suppose that a medical test has a 94% chance of correctly giving a positive result if the
person has it (i.e., 94% sensitivity) and a 96% chance of correctly giving a negative result
if the person really does not have the disease (i.e., 96% specificity). Suppose 10% of the
population has the disease, and that 13% of the entire population test positive for the
disease.
a) What is the probability of testing positive and having the disease?
b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen person will incorrectly test positive?
c) Suppose that a randomly chosen person does test positive. What is the probability
that this person really has the disease?
d) Suppose that a randomly chosen person does test negative. What is the probability
that this person really does not have the disease?

Binomial Distribution
The probability that a patient recovers from a rare and dangerous side effect of the Covid-19
vaccine is 0.4. If 15 people are known to have shown this side effect, what is the probability that:
a. at least 10 survive
b. from 3 to 8 survive
c. exactly 5 survive
d. no more than 2 survive
e. less than 12 survive
Poisson Distribution
Ten is the average number of Covid-19 vaccine shipments arriving each day at a certain port. The
facilities at the port can handle at most 15 shipments per day.
a. What is the probability that on a given day, exactly 8 shipments arrive?
b. What is the probability that on a given day, at least 3 shipments arrive?
c. What is the probability that on a given day, less than 5 shipments arrive?
d. What is the probability that on a given day shipments must be turned away?
e. What is the probability that 2 shipments arrive in half a day?

Normal Distribution
1. Given a normal distribution with μ = 40 and σ = 6,
a. What probability will lie above 48
b. What probability will lie below 32
c. What probability will be between 35 and 45
d. Find the value of x that has a 45.22% of the area to the left
e. Find the value of x that has a 14.01% of the area to the right.

2. In The average grade for an exam is 74, and the standard deviation is 7. If 11.9% of the
class is given As, and the grades are curved to follow a normal distribution, what is the
lowest possible value for an A and the highest possible value for B?

3. Suppose that the scores of a university entrance exam have a normal distribution with mean
of 72 and standard deviation of 8.
a. Calculate the probability that the student will have a mark less than 70.
b. Calculate the probability that the student will have a mark greater than 85.
c. Suppose you learn that 5.05% of the marks are less than 60. If the mean remains at
72 What would be the standard deviation?
d. If a student’s mark is in the highest 9.34%, then what would the minimum mark of
this student be?
T-Test (State what the null and alternate hypotheses are for each question)
1. Subjects in a clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a two bronchodilator were
assessed for changes in their pulmonary function. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) and
forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (FEV1/FVC) were taken. Using an appropriate t-test,
determine if the results below indicate a significant difference between the two therapies
(α = 0.05)?
Bronchodilator 1 Bronchodilator 2
97 51
30 30
80 82
40 81
95 77
31 50
86 87
72 62
83 49
59 90

2. The following data shows the dissolution profile at two different time points of individual
tablets in a newly produced experimental bronchodilator. Using an appropriate t-test,
determine if the dissolution profile shown below indicate a significant difference between
the time points (α = 0.05).
Tablet
10 minutes 30 minutes
Number
1 19 39
2 7 21
3 15 35
4 8 31
5 20 41
6 12 31
7 18 38
8 15 36