HANOI UNIVERSITY

TRƯỜNG OF SCIENCE
ĐẠI HỌC ANDHÀ
BÁCH KHOA TECHNOLOGY
NỘI
SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNITCATION TECHNOLOGY

UNIT 2
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION

PhD. Nguyễn Hồng Quang

Assoc Prof. Trịnh Văn Loan
PhD. Đoàn Phong Tùng
Department of Computer Engineering
❑ Contents

1. Analog-to-digital conversion

2. Analog signal sampling

3. Quantization

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❑ Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will have grasped the following topics:

▪ The method of converting analog signals into digital signals.

▪ The sampling method of signals and the basic parameters of the sampling
process.

▪ The quantization method of signals and the basic parameters of the

quantization process.

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1. Chuyển đổi tín hiệu tương tự thành tín hiệu số

● Analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion

● Devices: A/D converters (ADCs)

● The implementation steps: sampling and quantization.

xa(t) xq(n) 01011…

x(n)
Sampling Quantization Encoding

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2. Analog signal sampling

• Sampling rate/cycle 𝑇𝑠 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛𝑇𝑠

1
• Sampling frequency 𝐹𝑠 =
𝑇𝑠
• Example: audio signal sampling

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Example
• Analog singal:
𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + 𝜃 (1)

• Output signal of the sampling process:

𝑥𝑎 𝑛𝑇𝑠 ≡ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝐹𝑛𝑇𝑠 + 𝜃

2𝜋𝐹𝑛
= 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝜃
𝐹𝑠

= 𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝑛 + 𝜃 (2)

𝐹
𝑓= (3)
𝐹𝑠

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 1.3. Signal quantization
0.9𝑛 𝑛≥0
𝑥 𝑛 = ቊ
● Quantization level, quantization step 0 𝑛<0

● Quantization law Rounding - rounding each sample of x(n) to the

nearest quantization level.
∆ ∆
● Q[x(n)] : Quantization function w.r.t sample x(n) − ≤ 𝑒𝑞 𝑛 ≤
2 2
● xq(n) : Quantizatized signal
● Quantization error : eq(n) = xq(n) - x(n)
● Increasing quantization levels:
▪ Reduce quantization error
▪ Increase the accuracy of the quantization
system

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Quantization of a sine signal

Sampling and quantization of a sine signal

xa(t) = A . sin 0t

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Quantization noise power Pq
● eq(t) = xq(t) - xa(t)

1 𝜏 2 1 𝜏 2
𝑃𝑞 = න 𝑒𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒𝑞 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝜏 −𝜏 𝜏 0
𝜏 2 2
1 ∆ ∆ 𝐴2 /3
𝑃𝑞 = න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑃𝑞 = 2𝑏
𝜏 0 2𝜏 12 2
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Signal-to-quantization noise ratio SQNR
● Quantization noise power of a signal xa(t)

1 𝑇𝑝 𝐴2
𝑃𝑥 = න 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛Ω0 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑇𝑝 0 2

● Signal-to-quantization noise ratio (SQNR)

𝑃𝑥 3 2𝑏
𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 = = ∙2
𝑃𝑞 2

𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑆𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 1.76 + 6.02𝑏

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4. Summary
● The process of converting analog signals into
digital signals consists of two main steps:
sampling and quantization.

● The sampling process is characterized by the

sampling rate and the sampling frequency.

● The quantization process is represented by the

quantization step and the quantization law.

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5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 1

Given the following analog signal:

𝑥𝑎 𝑡 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠100𝜋𝑡
(a) Determine the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing.
(b) Assuming the signal is sampled with Fs = 200Hz, determine the corresponding discrete
signal?
(c) Assuming the signal is sampled with Fs = 75Hz. determine the corresponding discrete
signal?
(d) Determine the frequency Fa such that 0 < Fa < Fs/2 so that the samples will match the
result in part (c) ?

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5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 2

● Sample the following two signals with a sampling frequency of Fs = 40 Hz

𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 10 𝑡

𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋 50 𝑡

● Determine and plot the signals x1(n) và x2(n)

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5. Assignment
❑ Assignment 3. Determine the quantization error of a sine wave signal

● Given the following signal x(n): 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓0 𝑛

● The quantization noise power is approximated as follows:
𝑁−1 𝑁−1
1 2
1 2
𝑃𝑞 = ෍ 𝑒 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥𝑞 𝑛 − 𝑥(𝑛)
𝑁 𝑁
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

a. For f0 = 1/50 and N = 200, write a quantization program for the signal x(n) using the rounding
quantization method with quantization levels of 64, 128, and 256. For each case, plot the signals
x(n), xq(n), e(n), and calculate the corresponding signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR)
b. Compare and comment on the SQNR results in part (a) with the theoretical formula.

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 The next unit
3
DISCRETE SIGNALS

References:
• Nguyễn Quốc Trung (2008), Xử lý tín hiệu và lọc số, Tập 1, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học và Kỹ
thuật, Chương 1 Tín hiệu và hệ thống rời rạc.
• J.G. Proakis, D.G. Manolakis (2007), Digital Signal Processing, Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, Chapter 1 Introduction.

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 SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Wishing you all the best in your studies!

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