DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
ALLAHABAD
UNDERGRADUATE COURSE STRUCTURE
B.AJ/B.Sc. Part —1
{Effective from Sessioin 2009-70)

There shail be three papers each consisting of 5 units.

Each unit will have 14 lectures schedule and hence 70
lectures per paper. Each paper will have 50 marks to its credit.
One question with an alternate will be asked from each Unit.
Students will have te attempt all questions.

PAPER I: GEOMETRY

Unit -- 1
Polar Coordinates :
Polar equation of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola
when focus in taken as pole, Polar equations of the chord
joining two points, tangent, normai. polar (chord of contact),
pair of tangents, asymptotes, director circle and auxiliary circle
of a conic.
Unit - 2
Struight Lines & Planes (Using Vector technique)
Normal form of equation, intercept form of equation
and general equation of a plane, plane passing through three
points, angie between two planes, two sides of a plane, Length
of perpendicular from a point to a plane, Bisectors of angles
between two planes, Planes passing through the line of
intersection of two planes.

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 Unit-5
Symrmeirical and non-symmetrical form of equations
form to CENTRAL CONICOIDS & PARABOLOIDS:
of a line, transformation of non-symmetrical
a fine, coplana r Standard equations of central conicoids and
symmetrical form, Planes passing through
lines, The shortest distance between two lines, Length of parapolonds, tangent lines and planes, polar planes and polar
of
perpendicular from a point to a line. Orthogonal projection lines, enveloping cones and cylinders, section with given

a point and a line on a plane, Lines intersecting two tines, centre, diametral planes of central conicoids and
pair of
intersection of three planes, volume of a tetrahedron. paraboloids, Locus of point of intersection of three mutually

pianes. perpendicular tangent planes to central conicoids and

Unit— 3 paraboloids, Normals drawn from a point to a central conicoid
and a paraboloid, Cone passing through the normals drawn
SPHERES
sn a point to central conicoid and paraboloid, Conjugate
Equation of a sphere. Plane section of & sphere and diameters of an ellipsoid and its properties.
of two spheres. spheres passing through a
intersection
circle, tangent plane. plane of contact, polar ines, angle Books recommended:
plane,
of intersection of twe spheres, power of a point, radical 1. R.S. Gupta and R. D. Pathak - Conic Sections.
line, centre of spheres, coaxial sysiem of spheres,
2. Mata Ambar Tiwari and R. S. Sengar : Acourse in Vector
Orthogonal systems of spheres.
Analysis and its Applications.
Unit-—- 4 3. N. Saranand R. S. Gupta : Analytical Geometry of Three
(a} CONES & CYLINDERS Dimensions,

Cones and cylinders with given base. intersection ofa

cone and a plane passing through the vertex of the cone,
tangent lines and planes, reciprocal cones, normal plane
cones
passing through a generator of the cone, right circular
and cylinders.

(b) GENERATING LINES

Ruled surfaces, generating lines of a hyperboloid of
one sheet and hyperbolic paraboloid and its properties,
of
generators through a point on the orincipal elliptic section
hyperboloid of one sheet, (0, 6 ) point.on hyperboloid of one
sheet and equations of generators at (0, >) point.
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 Unit-3
B.A./B.Sc. Part —1
Limits and Continuity
(Effective from Session 2009-2010}
Real vaiued Functions of one variable, their graphs
PAPER — Il: ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS and algebra, Neighbourhoods of a point and limit points of
subsets of IR, Limit of a function at limit point of its domain,
Unit — 1
sequential characterization of limit of a function, Algebra of
Statements, Connectives (Conjunction, Disjunction. limits, One sided limits, Limit of a function as x > +-, Infinite
Negation, Conditional and Biconditional Joins) Statement limits.
formulas, Tautologies, Implication and equivalences,
Continuity, Local Boundedness and local maintenance
Statement Functions, Quantifiers, Sets, Relations,
of sign, Boundedness and intermediate value properties of
Equivalence and Order relations, Partitions, Functions, Direct
continuous functions over closed intervais, Image of a closed
and Inverse images of subsets under maps.
interval under continuous maps.
Axiomatic introduction of IR as a compiete ordered
Field, Existence of square roots of positive real numbers. Unit -4
Differentiability
Unit - 2
Differentiability of a function at a point and its
Properties of Integers and Sequneces
geometrical interpretation. algebra of differentiable function:.
Natural numbers, First Principle of induction, Vell Chain rule of differentiation, sign of derivatives and
Ordering property of N, Second Principle of Induction, Integers monotonicity of functions, Interior Extremum Theorem. Roile’s
and rational numbers, Archimedean Property, Rational and Thecrem, Lagrange’s Mean value Theorem, Cauchy's Mean
irrational Density Theorems, Division and Euclidean Algorithm value Theorem.
inZ, Primes, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Irrationality
Unit-—5
of surds.
Applications of Derivatives
intervals in 1R, Real sequences and their algebra, Limit
Higher derivatives, Leibnitz Theorem, Taylor's and
of a sequence, Bounded, convergent, monotone and Cauchy
Maclaurin’s Theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy's Forms
sequences, Cauchy's general principle of convergene,
of remainders, Maxima and minima, Local extremum points
Algebra of limits (passage to limits under addition,
(necessary and sufficient conditions), Indeterminate Forms,
multiplication, inversions and inequality), Divergence of
L'Hospitai’s rule, Convexity and concavity, Points of Inflexion,
sequences.
curvature of Curves in explicit form
y = f(x), Darboux's
Theorem on intermediate value property of derivatives.

fm

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 B.A/B.Sc. Part-I
Books Recommended
(Effective from Session 2009-2010)
Sherbert & Bartle : Introduction to Real Analysis.
wWwN =
Noah N.N. Bhattacharya : Elementary Analysis. PAPER Ill : DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Thomas & Finney : Calculus & Analytic Geometry. AND VECTOR CALCULUS
T.M. Apostol : Calculus Vol. 1. Unit 1
Smith & Albrecht : Fundamental Concepts tn Analysis. Origin, concept and formation of an ordinary differential
S.C. Malik : Mathematical Analysis. equation and its solution, initial-value problems and statement
of Existence and Uniqueness Theorems, order and degree
Arora & Bansi Lal : Real Analysis.
of differential equation, First order equations, separable
equations, equations reducible to separable form, exact
equations

integrating factors. linear equations, Geometrical

meaning of a different equation and its solution, isoclines and
direction field.
Unit — 2
Picard’s iteration method, Curves under given
geometrical conditions. orthogonal trajectories, mechanical
applications (Newton's faw of cooling, growth and decay
problems, motion in a resisting medium, escape velocity).
Equations solvabie for p, x or y, Clairaut's equations, singular
solutions.
Unit-—3
Homogeneous linear differential equations, linearly
dependent and independent solutions, fundamental system
of soluticns, equations with constant coefficients, Methods
of undetermined coefficients, variation of parameters and
operators for determining particular integrals, Euler-Cauchy
equations.

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 Unit-—4
B.A./B.Sc. Part-II
(a) Applications to darnped and forced oscillations,
(Effective from Session 2010-2011}
linéar systems of differential equations with constant
coefficients. There shail be three papers each consisting of 5 units.
Each unit will have 14 lectures schedule and hence 70
(b) Derivatives of a vector junction of a single scalar
lectures per paper. Each paper will have 50 marks to its credit.
variable, scalar and vector fields. gradient, divergence and
One question with an alternate will be asked from each unit.
curl, vector Identities
Students will have to attempt ail questions.
Unit—5
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. spherical polar and Paper —i : LINEAR ALGEBRA
cylindrical polar coordinates clouble integrals. Line, surface
Unit-1
and volume integrals. Greens. Stukes’ and Gauss’ Theorems
(statements only; and their s:mple applicatiens. Definition of a fieid, Examples R, C, Q and Z, of fields.
Vector Space : definition, examples and basic properties,
Books Recommended Subspaces, subspace generated by a subset, Linear
1. RS. Sengar: Ordinary Differential Equations. dependence and independene of a subset, Basis and
Dimension of a vector space, Sum and direct sum of
E. Kreyszig : Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
subspaces, Quotient spaces.
3. B. Rai & D. P Choudhury : Ordinary Differential
Equations : An Introduction. Unit— 2
4. Mata Ambar Tiwari & R.S. Sengar : A Course in Vector Linear transformations and Isomorphism of vector
Analysis and its Applications.
spaces, Null space, range space, rank and nullity of linear
5. GF. Simmons: Differential Equations. transformations, Fundamental theorem of homomorphism,
Rank nullity Theorem, Hom (V, W) as a vector space. Dim
Hom (V, VW) = Dim V. Dim W. Duai space V* and transpose
of a Jinear transformation, Annihilator of a subset of a vector
space.
Unit-3
Matrix representation of linear transformation. Algebra
of matrices, Effect of change of basis on matrix
representation. Equivalent and similar matrices, Rank and
nullity of a matrix, System of linear equations, their

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 consistency and inconsistency Reduction of a matrix to B.Sc./B.Sc. Part-II
normal form and algorithms to find the inverse (if it exists), (Effective from Session 2010-2011)
Definition of Determinant and statement of properties (without
proof), Co-factor, Adjoint of a matrix and its properties. PAPER — Il: ANALYSIS

Unit-4 Unit -—1

Inner product space : Definition and Examples, Cauchy Series of Positive Terms
‘Schwarz inequality, Norm of a vector, Notion of angle,
Convergence of infinite series, addition and removal
Orthogonality, Orthonormal set and basis, Gram Schmidt
of terms, nth term test, Cauchy's criterion, Series of positive
orthonormalization. Bessel’s Inequality, Orthogonal
terms, Comparison Theorem, Comparison Test. Ratio and
complement, Adjoint of a linear transformation, inner product
Root Tests, Comparison of ratios, Raabe's test, Logarithmic
and distance preserving transformations (orthogonal and
ratio test, Cauchy’s Condensation test, De Morgan &
Unitary), Hermitian, skew Hermitian, Symmetric and Skew
Bertrand's test, higher logarithmic ratio test.
Symmetric matrices. Invariant Subspaces, Eigenvalues,
Eigenvectors, Characteristic polynomials of a Linear Unit-—2
transformation, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem.
General Series
Unit-5
Convergence of arbitrary infinite series, Alternating
Diagonalization of a matrix with distinct Eigenvalues. Series, Absolute and conditional convergence, Abel’s and
Orthogonal (Unitary) reduction of real Symmetric (Hermitian) Dirichlet’s test, rearrangement of series, Dirichlet’s and
matrices. Riemann’s Theorem on rearrangement of absolutely and
Bilinear forms, Equivalence of bilinear forms, matrix conditionally convergent series. convolution (Cauchy) product
representation of Bilinear forms, Quadratic forms, of series, Mertens’ Theorem.
Classification of Symmetric, Skew Symmetric bilinear forms
over R and C. Sylvesters law of inertia, Classification of curves
Unit —3
and surfaces represented by equations of 2" degree. Riemann’s Theory of Integration
Books Recommended : Step functions and their integrals, upper and lower
1. K. Hoffman and R. Kunze : Linear Algebra. integrals of a bounded function, Integrable functions,
Riemann’s condition of integrablity, Properties of integrals,
I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, 2™ Edition.
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals, Differentiations of functions
akWwW N

Serge Lang: Introduction to Linear Algebra 2™ Edition.

defined by integrals, Fundamental Theorem of integral
Ramji La! : Algebra Vol. fl.
catculus, primitives, change of variables, Second Mean Value
M. Artin: Algebra. Theorem, Integral Test.
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 Unit-4 B.A/B.Sc.— I!
Convergence of Improper Integrals PAPER III — MECHANICS
Integrals over infinite intervals with bounded integrands, (Effective from Session 2010-2011)
Convergence of such integrals, Necessary and sufficient
conditions, Case of positive integrands, comparison
Statics
test,
y-test, absolute convergence, convergence of integrals of Unit — 1
product of two functions, Abel's and Dirichlet’s test Common centenary, virtual work and stability of
Convergence of integrals with unbounded integrands. equilibrium.
Dynamics ofa Particle
Unit-5
Unit—2
Metric Spaces
Rectilinear Motion : Simple Harmonic Motion including
Definition and examples of Metric spaces, Open balls,
the cases of horizontal and vertical elastic strings, Motion
interior, boundary, closure and accumulation points, Open
under inverse square law, Motion in resisting media, Motion
and closed sets, Interior and closure of sets, Limits of
of varying mass.
sequences in Metric spaces, Cauchy sequences,
Unit-3
Completeness.
Motion in plane : Kinematics and kinetics of motion,
Books Recommended velocity and acceleration in Cartesian, polar and tangential &
S.C. Malik : Mathematical Analysis. normal coordinates, determination of path under a given force.
Smith & Albrecht : Fundamental Concepts of Analysis.
Unit-4
G.F. Simmons : Topology & Modern Analysis. Constrained Motion : Motion in a vertical circle,
eS

D. Widder : Advanced Calculus. Cycloidai motion.

Arora & Bansi Lal : Real Analysis. Unit-5

Shanti Narayan : Real Analysis. Motion under Central Forces : Conservation of angular
momentum, areal velocity, differential equation to the path of
T. M. Apostol : Mathematical Analysis.
a particle moving under a central attractive force, (p, r) equation
to the path, energy equation, Kepler's laws of planetry motion.
Books recommended :

1. SL Loney: Statics.
2. PL. Srivastava : Elementary Dynamics.
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 B.AJ/B.Sc. Part —lil
map, Even and Odd permutations, Alternating groups, Norma!
(Effective from Session 2011-2012) subgroups of S_.
Thereshall be 4 papers each consisting of 5 units. Unit-3
Each unit will have 14 lectures schedule and hence 70 Group action : Definition and Examples including
lectures per paper. The first three papers will be of 60 marks regular and Inner Conjugation action, Orbits and Isotropy
credit and the fourth will be of 45 marks credit. One question groups. Class formula with special reference to Inner
with an altrnate will be asked from each unit. Students will conjugation, Conjugacy ciases and centralizer, Normalizer
have to attempt all questions. and Conjugacy class of subgroups, Prime power order group
and its center being non-trivial, Abelian property of groups of
PAPER —1: ABSTRACT ALGEBRA
order p’, Classification of groups of order p?, Classification of
Unit— 1 groups of order upto &. ,
Semigroups, Groups : definition, elementary properties
Unit -—4
and Examples including V,, Q,, D,, Z,,. U_. Group of
Symmetries
Rings, Subrings, Homomorphisms, Examples of rings
of regular n-gons, Matrix groups and group of
including Z_, Z[i]. Z[w], Matrix rings, Quaternion rings, ideals,
Rigid motion of R" (Example). Homomorphisms,
quotient rings, Fundamental Theorem of homomorphism,
lsomorphisms, (To determine homomorphism between
Correspondence Theorem, Integral domains, characteristic
groups given above), Subgroups, Subgroup generated by a
of an integral domain, Division rings and Fields, Field of
subset, Cyclic groups, order of an element. Classification of
Cyclic groups, Subgroups of above groups, Group of fractions of a commutative integral domain, Polynomial ring
automorphisms, center of a group, coset decomposition, over Commutative ring with identity, and over fields, division
algorithm, remainder and factor theorem, Ideals of F[X].
Lagrange Theorem and applications to number Theory.
(Euler's Theorem, Fermat Theorem and Wilson’s Theorem). Unit-—5

Unit — 2 Linear Congruences and an algorithm to find solutions

of linear congruences, group of units of Z_, Chinese
Product of groups, Normal Subgroups, Quotient
groups,
remainder Theorem, quadratic residues, Euler’s Criterion,
Correspondence theorem, Fundamental Theorem
of homomorphisms,
Legendre Symbol, Gauss’ Quadratic Reciprocity Theorem.
1* and 2% lsomorphism Theorem and
their applications, commutator subgroups, Abelianizer. Multiplicativity of Euler's phi function, Divisor function, sum of
divisor function and Moebius functions, Moebius Inversion
Symmetric Groups, Representation of a finite group
Theorem and its some applications.
as a symmetric group and as an orthogonal group, Cycle
and Transposition, decomposition of permutations, Alternating
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 B.A/B.Sc.— Part lll
Books Recommended :
(Effective from Session 2011-2012)
1. I.N. Herstein : Topics in Algebra, 2% Edition, Wiley
Eastern Ltd. 1988. Paper l}: ADVANCED ANALYSIS
M. Artin : Algebra, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Unit —1
Delhi, 1994.
Limits and Continuity
J.B. Fraleigh : Narosa Publishing House. New Dethi
Limits of a function between Metric spaces, Continuity,
1998.
Characterization of continuity in terms of open sets, closed
Ramji Lal: Algebra Vol. |, Shail Publication.
sets and closures, Continuity of linear transformations and
David M. Burton : Elementary Number Theory, Tata inner product function. Examples from functions between
MeGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd_, New Delhi 2007. Euclidean spaces, Repeated limits.
1}, Niven, H. S. Zuckerman, H.L. Montgomery : The Compact Metric spaces, Total Boundedness,
Theory of Numbers, John Wiley & Sons, India, 2000. Sequential compactness, Lebesgue Covering Lemma,
Uniform continuity, Preservation of compactness under
continuous maps, Completeness of metric spaces.
Unit—2

Functions of Several Variables

Partial derivatives, Directional derivatives,

differentiability of functions of several variables, Sufficient

conditions for continuity and differentiability in terms of partia!
derivatives, algebra of differentiabie functions, Differentiability
of composite function, Chain rule of differentiation, Total
differentials, Mean value Theorem for real valued functions.

Unit-3

Applications of Partial differentiation

Homogeneous functions and Euler's Theorem,
Equality of Mixed derivatives, Young's & Schwarz’ Theorems,
Higher differentials, Taylor's Theorem, Maxima and Minima

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 for real valued functions of several variables. Necessry and T.M. Apostol : Mathematical Analysis.

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sufficient conditions. Saddle noints, Lagrange’s Multipliers.
D. Widder : Advanced Calculus.
Jacobian Matrix anc determinants, Implicit Function
Arora & Bansi Lai : Real Analysis.
Theorem (Proof only forf IR? —, IR), inverse Function
Theorem (Statement only}. Functional dependence. Shanti Narayan : Mathematical Analysis.

Conway ; Functions of one complex variable

Unit-— 4
Uniform Convergence
Pointwise and uniform convergence of sequences and
series of ftinctions, Necessary & sufficient conditions.
(Cauchy's criterion). Weierstrass. Abei's & Dirichlet’s test

—
for uniform convergene. Term by term integration and
differentiation of infinite sequences & series of functions.

Power series, interval of convergence. uniform

convergence of power series, Abef's limit theorem, Taylor and
Maclaurin series for functions of one variable, Standard
functions (sine, cosine, exponential. logarithmic) defined by
power series and ther properties.

Unit—5
Complex Analysis
Convergence of Power series over C. Differentiability
offunctionsf:D + C(D « ©), Analyticity, Cauchy-Riemann
equations, Analyticity of functions defined by power series
inside the circ!e of convergence, Complex standard functions
exp Zz, Sinh z, cosh z. cos z, sin z, log z and their
representation in terms of real functions

Books Recommended :
1. S.C. Malix - Mathematical Analysis.
2. GF. Simmons: fopoiogy & Modern Analysis.

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 B.A./B.Sc. Part — Ill
HYDRODYNAMICS
(Effective from Session 2011-2012)
Unit-—4
Paper Ill : ADVANCED MECHANICS
(a) Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches, Equation of
Statics (Using Vector Technique) continuity in different coordinates system, boundary surfaces,
Forces in three dimensions, Line Coordinates of aline, velocity potential, stream lines.
Central Axis and Wrench, Resultant wrench of two wrenches, (b) Euler's equation of motion, steady motion,
Nul line, Nui plane, Nul point with respect to a system of forces, Bernoulli's equation, Impulsive motion.
conjugate forces and conjugate lines.
Unit-—5
DYNAMICS Motion in two dimensions, stream function, irrotationa!
motion, complex potential, sources and sinks, doublets, image
Unit —2
system of a simple source with respect to plane, a circle and
Moment of Interia asphere, image system of a doublet with regard to a plane, a
Moment and product of inertia of some circle and a sphere, Circle Theorem.
standard
bodies, Principal axes, Momental Ellipsoid of a body. Books Recommended :

Unit -3 1. Mata Ambar Tiwari & R.S. Sengar : A Course in Vector

Analysis and its Applications.
(a) D’Alembert’s principle
S.L. Loney : Dynamics of a Particle and of rigid bodies.
The general equation of motion, Motion of the Centre
A.S. Ramsey : A Treatise on Hydrodynamics.
of inertia and motion relative to the centre of inertia.

(b) Motion about a fixed Axis :

Moment of the effective forces about the axis of rotation,

moment of momentum about the axis of rotation, kinetic energy
of the body rotating about a fixed axis. equation of motion
about axis of rotation, reactions of the axis of rotation.

(c) Velocity and acceleration of a moving particle in

cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates.

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 B.A/B.Sc. Ill Predictor corrector pairs - Adam-Sashforth -Moulton’s and
(Effective from Session 2011-2012) Milne’s formulas, Second orde: equations : fayier series and
Runge-Kutia-Nystraom Method,
Paper IV : NUMERICAL METHODS
Ual-S
Unit-1
Numerica! Linear Algebra -
Need for numerical methods, floating point
Solution of System of equations . auss Clim-nation,
representation, rounding off rules.
LU-factorisation, Cholesky’s method, Gsuss-Jacob: and
solution of arbitrary equations : Fixed point iteration
Gauss-Seidel iteration formulas. Curve fitting by Least Square
method, Bisection method, Method of false position (Regula- oy Gerszhgorin circles.
method, Estimation of eigenvaiues
Falsi}, Newton-Raphson’s method.
Determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors by iteration
Unit -—2 (Power metinod}

Interpolation : Operators : A, v. tt. 8, E and D and Books Recommended :

their relationship, forward, backward and central difference-
1, E. Kreyszig : Advanced Engineering Mathematics
tables, Gregory-Newton Forward and Backward interpolation
2. K. Sankara Rao: Numerical Methods for Scientist and
formulas, Lagrange’s and Newton’s Divided difference
Engineers
interpolation formulas, inverse interpolation, Formulas based
on central differences : Gauss’, Stirling’s, Bessel’s and S.S. Sastry: intreductory Methods ci Nurmencal Analysis
Everett's interpolation formulas. Jain. lyengar & Jain > Numerical Methods for Scientific
and Engineering Computation.
Unit —3
5 FB. Hildebiand : Numerical Anaiysis
Cubic spline interpolation, clamped and natural
splines.

Numerical Differentiation and integration

Differentiation using interpolation formulas, Quadrature
formulas, Trapezoidal and Simpson’s One-third and Three-
eight rules.
Unit -—4
Numerical Methods for O.D.E.'s : First order equations,
Incremental Methods : Euler’s, Taylor series and Improved
Euler methods, Runge-Kutta method, Multistep methods,

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