EXPERIMENT No.

-1

AIM: To Study basic & User status Unix/Linux Commands.

1. pwd command = $pwd

1. Use the pwd command (present working directory) to find out the path of the current
working directory (folder) you’re in. The command will return an absolute (full) path,
which is basically a path of all the directories that starts with a forward slash (/). An
example of an absolute path is /home/username.

2. Dir command = $dir

To see the list of directories / folders in computer

3. clear command = $clear

To clear the screen
4. ls command = $ls
The ls command is used to view the contents of a directory. By default, this command will
display the contents of your current working directory.
If you want to see the content of other directories, type ls and then the directory’s path. For
example, enter ls /home/username/Documents to view the content of Documents.
There are variations you can use with the ls command:
ls -R will list all the files in the sub-directories as well
ls -a will show the hidden files
ls -al will list the files and directories with detailed information like the
permissions, size, owner, etc.

5. mkdir = $ mkdir foldername

mkdir command is used to create a folder or a directory
Example =
$mkdir ggct (where ggct is folder name)
$cd ggct (we have moved inside ggct folder using cd command)
6. cd command = $ cd foldername
To visit any folder / directory , we use cd command

7. rmdir = $ rmdir foldername

rmdir command is used to DELETE a folder or a directory
Example =
$rmdir ggct (where ggct is folder name)
$cd ggct (no such directory found because it is deleted)
8. touch = $ touch hello.txt
The touch command is used to create a file. It can be anything, from an empty txt file to an
empty zip file.
We have created a TEXT file inside ggct folder
9. vi = $ vi hello1.txt
The VI editor is the most popular and classic text editor in the Linux family. Below, are some
reasons which make it a widely used editor –
1) It is available in almost all Linux Distributions
2) It works the same across different platforms and Distributions
3) It is user-friendly. Hence, millions of Linux users love it and use it for their editing needs

10. cp =
$ cp hello.txt ~/ggits/
Use the cp command to copy files through the command line.
It takes two arguments:
The first is the location of the file to be copied,
the second is where to copy.

11. mv =
$ mv hello.txt hello1.txt
The mv command is used to rename a file.
12. ping = $ ping www.google.com
Use ping to check your connection to a server.
The use of this command for simple users like us is to check your internet connection. If it
pings the Google server (in this case), you can confirm that your internet connection is active!
13. cat = $ cat hello.txt
Use the cat command to display the contents of a file. It is usually used to easily view
programs

14. wc = $ wc hello1.txt
The wc (word count) command in Unix/Linux operating systems is used to find out number
of newline count, word count, byte and characters count in a files
wc -l : Prints the number of lines in a file.
wc -w : prints the number of words in a file.
wc -c : Displays the count of bytes in a file.
wc -m : prints the count of characters from a file.
wc -L : prints only the length of the longest line in file
 EXPERIMENT No.-2

AIM: Study & use of commands for performing various operations with
Unix/Linux Operators.

There are 5 basic operators in bash/shell scripting:

1 Arithmetic Operators
2 Relational Operators
3 Boolean / Logical Operators
4 File Test Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
These operators are used to perform normal arithmetics/mathematical operations.
There are 7 arithmetic operators:

A. Addition (+): Binary operation used to add two operands.

B. Subtraction (-): Binary operation used to subtract two operands.
C. Multiplication (*) :Binary operation used to multiply two operands.
D. Division (/) :Binary operation used to divide two operands.
E. Modulus (%) :Binary operation used to find remainder of two operands.
F. Increment Operator (++) : Uniary operator used to increase the value of operand by
one.
G. Decrement Operator (- -) : Uniary operator used to decrease the value of a operand
by one

Program of Arithmetic Operators

1. Addition (+):
x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x + $y ))
2. Subtraction (-)
x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x - $y ))

3. Multiplication (*)
x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x * $y ))

4. Division (/)
x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x / $y ))

5. Increment Operator (++)

x=8
echo $(( x ++ ))
echo $(( x ++ ))

Program of Arithmetic Operators

5. Decrement Operator (- -)
x=8
echo $(( x - - ))
echo $(( x - - ))
 2. Relational Operators
Relational operators are those operators which defines the relation between two operands.
They give either true or false depending upon the relation. They are of 6 types:‘
A. ==’ Operator : Double equal to operator compares the two operands. Its returns
true(1) is they are equal otherwise returns false(0)
B. ‘!=’ Operator : Not Equal to operator return true(1) if the two operands are not equal
otherwise it returns false(0).
C. ‘<' Operator : Less than operator returns true(1) if first operand is lees than second
operand otherwse returns false(0).
D. ‘<=' Operator : Less than or equal to operator returns true(1) if first operand is less
than or equal to second operand otherwise returns false(0)
E. ‘>’ Operator : Greater than operator return true(1) if the first operand is greater
than the second operand otherwise return false(0).
F. ‘>=’ Operator : Greater than or equal to operator returns true(1) if first operand is
greater than or equal to second operand otherwise returns false(0)

Program of Relational Operators

== Operator : Double equal to

x=7
y=3
echo $(( $x == $y ))

!= Operator : Not Equal to

x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x != $y ))

Program of Relational Operators

‘<' Operator : Less than operator
x=7
y=3
echo $(( $x < $y ))

‘<=' Operator : Less than or equal to

x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x <= $y ))

‘>’ Operator : Greater than operator

x=7
y=3
echo $(( $x > $y ))

‘>=’ Operator : Greater than or equal to

x=8
y=2
echo $(( $x >= $y ))
 3. Boolean Operators
Logical Operators : They are also known as boolean operators. These are used to perform
logical operations.
They are of 3 types:
➢ Logical AND (&) : This is a binary operator, which returns true if both the operands
are true otherwise returns false.
➢ Logical OR (||) : This is a binary operator, which returns true is either of the operand
is true or both the operands are true and returns false if none of then is false.
➢ Not Equal to (!) : This is a uninary operator which returns true if the operand is false
and returns false if the operand is true.

Program of Boolean Operators

Logical AND (&)
x=7
y=3
If (($x==7 & $y==3))
Then
echo “True”
else
Echo “False”
Fi
Logical OR (||)
x=7
y=3
If (($x==7 || $y==3))
Then
echo “True”
else
Echo “False”
fi

Program of Boolean Operators

Not Equal (!)
x=7
If (( ! $x==7))
then
echo “True”
else
Echo “False”
fi

4. File Test Operators

Files used to test various properties associated with a Unix file.
Assume a variable file holds an existing file name "test" the size of which is 100 bytes and
has read, write and execute permission on
The file tests include:
➢ Checking for existence of the file.
➢ File is readable, writeable or executable.
➢ Type of the file and so on.
The syntax is shown below:
if [ -option filename ]
then
do something
else
do something
fi
EXAMPLE
If [ -f $FILE ]
then echo "$FILE exists and is a regular file"
else
echo "Either $FILE does not exist or is not a regular file"
fi

-b file Checks if file is a block special file; if yes, then the condition
becomes true.
-c file Checks if file is a character special file; if yes, then the condition becomes
true.
-d file Checks if file is a directory; if yes, then the condition becomes true.
-f file Checks if file is an ordinary file as opposed to a directory or special file; if
yes, then the condition becomes true.
-g file Checks if file has its set group ID (SGID) bit set; if yes, then the condition
becomes true.
-k file Checks if file has its sticky bit set; if yes, then the condition becomes true.
-p file Checks if file is a named pipe; if yes, then the condition becomes true.
-t file Checks if file descriptor is open and associated with a terminal; if yes,
then the condition becomes true.
EXPERIMENT No.-3

AIM: Create a file called wlcc.txt with some lines and display how many
lines, words and characters are present in that file.

Step1- TO CREATE A FILE WE USE touch COMMAND

$ touch wlcc.txt

Step 2- TO WRITE MATTER IN TEXT FILE, WE USE

cat>FileName COMMAND
$ cat>wlcc.txt
Hello World
How Are You
We are learning Linux
(Ctrl+z) will bring out from writing mode.

Step 3- TO SEE / CHECK THE CONTENT OF FILE WE USE

cat COMMAND
$ cat wlcc.txt
 EXPERIMENT No.-4

AIM:
Append ten more simple lines to the wlcc.txt file created above and split the
appended file into 3 parts.
> What will be the names of these split files?
> Display the contents of each of these files.
> How many lines will be there on the last file?

Step 1- TO CREATE A FILE WE USE touch COMMAND

$ touch wlcc.txt

Step2- TO WRITE MATTER IN TEXT FILE, WE USE

cat>FileName COMMAND

$ cat>wlcc.txt
Hello GGCT
How Are You
We are learning Linux
(Ctrl+d) will bring out from writing mode.

Step 3- TO SEE / CHECK THE CONTENT OF FILE WE USE

cat COMMAND
$ cat wlcc.txt

Step 5- TO COUNT THE WORDS, LINES ,WE USE

wc COMMAND
$ wc wlcc.txt

The wc (word count) command in Unix/Linux operating systems is used to find out number
of newline count, word count, byte and characters count in a files
wc -l : Prints the number of lines in a file.
wc -w : prints the number of words in a file.
wc -c : Displays the count of bytes in a file.
wc -m : prints the count of characters from a file.
wc -L : prints only the length of the longest line in a file.

TASK1-
Append ten more simple lines to the wlcc.txt file created above ( we have uploaded 05
lines)
Step 6 - TO APPEND LINES ,WE USE echo COMMAND
$ echo “Some Text Line” >> wlcc.txt
We have added
05 Lines in file
wlcc.txt
Check the file
$ cat wlcc.txt

TASK2- split the appended file into 3 parts.

Step 7- TO SPLIT THE FILES ,WE USE split COMMAND
Syntax:
split [options] name_of_file prefix_for_new_files
Split the file wlcc.txt into three separate files called newaa, newab and newac..., with each
file containing 22 bytes of data.
split -b 22 wlcc.txt new
TASK3-
A. What will be the names of these split files?
B. Display the contents of each of these files.
C. How many lines will be there on the last file?

A. What will be the names of these split files?

We have to use ls command to see the all file list.
$ls
New files names are
newaa , newab , newac, newad, newae

B. Display the contents of each of these 03 files?

We have to use cat command to see the all file list.
$cat newaa

$cat newab

$cat newac
B. How many lines will be there on the last file?
We have to use wc-l command to see line
$wc –l newac

EXPERIMENT No.-5

AIM: Given two files each of which contains names of students.

Create a program to display only those names that are found on both the
files

1→TO CREATE A FILE WE USE touch COMMAND

WE HAVE TO CREATE 02 FILES

$ touch fileone.txt
$ touch filetwo.txt

2→TO WRITE MATTER IN TEXT FILE, WE USE cat>FileName COMMAND

$ cat> fileone.txt
Mohan
Sohan
Ajay
(Ctrl+d) will bring out from writing mode.

$ cat> filetwo.txt
Kishan
Pawan
Ajay
(Ctrl+d) will bring out from writing mode.

TASK1-

Create a program to display only those names that are found on both the
files.
$ comm fileone.txt filetwo.txt
Output Will be
Ajay
 EXPERIMENT No.-6

AIM: Create a Program to Find Out INODE Number of a File

What is INODE Number ?

➢ The inode stands for index node or index number is a data structure in a Linux
file system that stores information about a file and directory.
➢ File systems in general have two parts, those are metadata and actual data.
➢ Each file has an inode containing metadata about the file.
➢ Each file in a filesystem has a unique inode number. Inode numbers are
guaranteed to be unique only within a filesystem.

What INODE Store ?

Inode stores the following information about a file.
✓ Size of the file.
✓ Device ID
✓ User ID (UID)
✓ Group ID (GID)
✓ Information about permissions (read, write, execute, etc)
✓ File access privileges (owner, group and others)
✓ Time stamps information such as file access, file modification, file deletion and
inode number change.
✓ Information about soft links and hard links
✓ Location of the file on the file system

How To Check Inode Number Of The File In Linux?

Use the ls command with -i option to view the file inode number.
The inode number of the file will be shown in the first field of the output.
Check INODE Number using ls –li Command
$ls -li FILENAME

Practical
1. Create a file using touch command
$touch myfile.txt
2. Add content in file
$cat> myfile.txt
Hello there
We are learning
Linux Practical

3. Check INODE Number using ls –li Command

$ls -li myfile.txt
 EXPERIMENT No.-7
AIM: Study & use of the Command for changing file permissions.

File Permissions in Linux

➢ Linux is a multi-user operating system which can be accessed by many users
simultaneously.
➢ Linux can also be used in mainframes and servers without any modifications.
➢ But this raises security concerns as an unsolicited or malign user can corrupt,
change or remove crucial data.
For effective security, Linux divides authorization into 2 levels.
1. Ownership
2. Permission

What is OWNERSHIP of Linux Files ?

Every file and directory on your Unix/Linux system is assigned 3 types of owner,
given below.
1. User
A user is the owner of the file. By default, the person who created a file becomes its
owner. Hence, a user is also sometimes called an owner.
2. Group
A user- group can contain multiple users. All users belonging to a group will have the
same access permissions to the file.
3. Other
Any other user who has access to a file. This person has neither created the file, nor he
belongs to a usergroup who could own the file. Practically, it means everybody else.
Hence, when you set the permission for others, it is also referred as set permissions for
the world.
What is PERMISSIONS of Linux Files ?
Every file and directory in your UNIX/Linux system has following 3 permissions
defined for all the 3 owners discussed above.
1. READ: (r)
This permission give you the authority to open and read a file. Read permission on a
directory gives you the ability to lists its content.
2. WRITE: (w)
The write permission gives you the authority to modify the contents of a file. The
write permission on a directory gives you the authority to add, remove and rename
files stored in the directory.
3. EXECUTE: (x)
User with execute permissions can run a file as a program.

HOW TO CHECK PERMISSIONS ?

We use command
ls -l
We have made a ggctfolder and created a file
myfile.txt
and wrote some lines and then checked its file permission
ls -l
WHAT WE GOT ?
While checking File permission of myfile.txt we got
-rw-r--r--

- Dash (-) means file and d means directory or folder

rw- OWNER
Read the file
Write or edit the file
He cannot execute the file since the execute bit is set to '-'.
r-- GROUP
Read the file
Cannot Edit/Write the file as edit bit is set to –
Cannot Execute the file as execte bit is set to -
r-- WORLD
Read the file
Cannot Edit/Write the file as edit bit is set to –
Cannot Execute the file as execte bit is set to -

CHANGE FILE PERMISSION

➢ We can use the 'chmod' command which stands for 'change mode'.
 ➢ Using the command, we can set permissions (read, write, execute) on
a file/directory for the owner, group and the world.
Syntax:
chmod permissions filename

There are 2 ways to use the command -

1. Absolute mode
2. Symbolic mode

1. Absolute(Numeric) Mode
In this mode, file permissions are not represented as characters but a three-
digit octal number.
The table below gives numbers for all for permissions types.

Number Permission Type Symbol

0 No Permission --- (three dash)

1 Execute --x
2 Write -w-

3 Execute + Write -wx

4 Read r--

5 Read + Execute r-x

6 Read +Write rw-

7 Read + Write +Execute Rwx
Example of Absolute Numeric Mode
chmod 764 myfile.txt ➔ (7 Owner , 6 Group, 4 World)

Note: Chmod is not working in GitBash software on Windows

EXPERIMENT No.-8

AIM: Write a pipeline of commands, which displays on the monitor as well

as saves the information about the number of users using the system at
present on a file called userlist.txt
What is Pipe in Linux ?
➢ The Pipe is a command in Linux that lets you use two or more commands
such that output of one command serves as input to the next.
➢ The output of each process directly as input to the next one like a
pipeline. The symbol '|' denotes a pipe.
➢ Pipes help you mash-up two or more commands at the same time and run
them consecutively.
➢ $ cmd1 | cmd2

Example
Step1- Create a file using touch command
$touch abc.txt
Step2- Write some words/lines in the file abc.txt
$cat>abc.txt
Hello There
I am learning Linux
(Ctrl+z)

Step3- User Pipe command

Now we will combine two command using PIPE
Number1-
cat command → to display the content
Number2-
grep command to search
grep -i h → this will search lines with h letter Upper and Lowe case
$ cat abc.txt | grep -i h
What is Redirection of Commands in Unix ?
One of the most powerful shell operators is the pipe (|). The pipe takes output from
one command and uses it as input for another.
However Redirection is used to save the command output to a file.
We use angel tag >
$ cmd1 > file
STEP-1
To display the numbers of users using the Linux system we use below command
$who -q

STEP-2
To display and save the file we will combine two commands using > symbol
$who –q > userlist.txt
 EXPERIMENT No.-9

AIM: Execute shell commands through vi editor

What is the VI editor?

➢ The VI editor is the most popular and classic text editor in the Linux
family. Below, are some reasons which make it a widely used editor –
➢ It is available in almost all Linux Distributions
➢ It works the same across different platforms and Distributions
➢ It is user-friendly. Hence, millions of Linux users love it and use it for
their editing needs
➢ There are advanced versions of the vi editor available, and the most
popular one is VIM which is Vi Improved.
➢ Some of the other ones are Elvis, Nvi, Nano, and Vile. It is wise to learn
vi because it is feature-rich and offers endless possibilities to edit a file.

To work on VI editor, you need to understand its operation modes. They can
be divided into two main parts.
➢ Vi Editor Command mode:
➢ vi Editor Insert mode:

1. vi Editor Command mode:

➢ The vi editor opens in this mode, and it only understands commands
➢ In this mode, you can, move the cursor and cut, copy, paste the text
➢ This mode also saves the changes you have made to the file
➢ Commands are case sensitive. You should use the right letter case.

2. vi Editor Insert mode:

➢ This mode is for inserting text in the file.
 ➢ You can switch to the Insert mode from the command mode by pressing
'i' on the keyboard
➢ Once you are in Insert mode, any key would be taken as an input for the
file on which you are currently working.
➢ To return to the command mode and save the changes you have made you
need to press the Esc key

To launch the VI Editor -Open the Terminal (CLI) and type

vi <filename_NEW> or <filename_EXISTING>

How to use vi editor

Step1- Create a file using touch command
$touch abc.txt
Step2- Write some words/lines in the file abc.txt
$cat>abc.txt
Hello There
I am learning Linux

(Ctrl+z)
Step3- Type vi with file name and press enter
$ vi abc.txt
Vi editor Screen will display.
File will open in vi editor

PRESS i for Insert Mode (to write in the file)

Now you can write anything in file
ADDED 03 NEW LINES IN THE FILE

TO SAVE FILE
Press
Shift+zz - Save the file and quit
ESCAPE
Press esc key in keyboard
QUIT
Press Ctrl+z to move out from vi editor

VI Editing commands ?
You should be in the "command mode" to execute these commands. VI
editor is case-sensitive so make sure you type the commands in the right
letter-case.
i- Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode)
a - Write after cursor (goes into insert mode)
A - Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode)
ESC - Terminate insert mode
u - Undo last change
U - Undo all changes to the entire line
o - Open a new line (goes into insert mode)
dd - Delete line
3dd - Delete 3 lines.
D- Delete contents of line after the cursor
C - Delete contents of a line after the cursor and insert new text.
Press ESC key to end insertion.
dw - Delete word
4dw - Delete 4 words
cw - Change word
x - Delete character at the cursor
r- Replace character
R - Overwrite characters from cursor onward
s- Substitute one character under cursor continue to insert
S - Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the line
~ - Change case of individual character

AIM: Installation, Configuration & Customizations of Unix/Linux.

There are many methods to install RHEL Linux on a system. In this tutorial, we will
learn how to install RHEL on a system that we want to use to prepare for
RHCSA/RHCE exam. RHEL installation process starts after booting the system
from the RHEL installation disk.

On the first screen, you will see the RHEL boot menu. The boot menu provides the
following three options.

1. Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux [version]

2. Test this media & install Red Hat Enterprise Linux [version]
3. Troubleshooting

The first option immediately starts the installation process. The second option checks
the integrity of the installation media before starting the installation process. The
checking process takes a significant amount of time. This is the default option. If
you do not select any option, Anaconda automatically selects this option after 60
seconds. Anaconda is the name of RHEL's installer program. The third option
provides options to troubleshoot the existing installation. It does not install RHEL.
You can use the Up and Down arrow keys to navigate between the options. To
select an option, press the Space key.
Select the first option, and press the Enter key.

The next screen shows a list of supported languages you can use during the
installation. The default is set to English. Keep the default language and click
the Continue button.
The next screen presents a single interface to configure all settings that the installer
program needs to install RHEL. Settings are classified into four sections:
Localization, Software, System, and User setting. There is no particular sequence
to configure these settings.

Compulsory settings are mentioned in red color with an icon. If you do not wish to
change optional settings, you can leave them, and the installer program will use
their default values.
Let's discuss these settings.

Keyboard
The default keyboard layout is English. If you want to add an additional keyboard
layout, you can use this option.

Language support
By default, the installer program supports only the language you have selected on
the previous screen. This option allows you to add support for an additional
language.

Time and date

This option allows you to localize the time zone, date, and time. Adjust the
required settings and click the Done button in the upper left corner to save the
changes and return to the Installation Summary screen.
 Connect to Red Hat
This setting allows you to download updates during the installation. If you have a
Red Hat account and an active subscription to Red Hat's subscription management
service, you can use this option. If you configure this option, the installer program
will check for updates during the installation. If it will find any updates, it will
install them during the installation. To configure this setting, you have to configure
the network settings.

Installation source
This option allows you to change the installation media. Generally, this option is
used to perform a network installation. To perform a network installation, select
this option and specify the protocol, hostname, or IP address of the network server,
and the path to the files. To use the default source, leave this setting intact. The
default source is the source you used to start the installation.

Software selection
This option allows you to select the base environment and add-on software
packages. Base environments are predefined groups of software packages designed
for specific usages. Since we will use this system to practice for RHCSA/RHCE
exam, we will select the 'Server with GUI' base environment. This environment
includes all packages that we need to perform the tasks that need to be performed
on the RHCSA/RHCE exam.

Installation destination
This option allows you to specify an available local disk or a remote disk for
partitioning and installing RHEL on it. By default, the installer program
automatically selects the local disk for automatic partitioning. You only need to
approve the action. If you approve the action, the installer program will
automatically create all necessary partitions on the selected disk. The installer
program will use the entire disk for partitioning. Since we are preparing this
system for the practice of the RHCSA/RHCE exam, we need some free space on
the disk to practice disk management-related topics. To do this, we have to create
necessary partitions manually.

If you have multiple disks, select the disk you want to use for the partitioning.
Then, select the Custom option and click the Done button.
If we select the Custom option on the Installation Destination screen, the next
screen allows us to specify the manual layout of the disk. To set up the
environment that we need to practice, we will use the following disk layout.

Name Mount point Size Description

boot /boot 500M To store the booting files
root / 10G To install RHEL
swap swap 1G To use as swap memory
The above layout is based on a 20Gib hard disk. Gib, Mib, and Kib units are
different from the GB, MB, and KB. These units are used in the multiple of 1024
instead of 1000. 1000 bytes are equal to 1KB while 1024 bytes are equal to 1Kib.

Click the Add button, select the mount point /boot, specify the size 500M, and
click the Add mount point button.
Click the Add button again, select / from the drop-down options of the Mount
Point, specify 10G in the Desired Capacity input field, and click the Add mount
point button.
Repeat the same process and add the swap partition.
After creating all necessary partitions, click the Done button.
Before creating partitions on the disk, the installation wizard shows a summary of
partitions that you have created. If it all looks good, click the Accept
changes button to approve the new disk layout.
After getting approval from the user, the wizard writes the changes to the disk.

KDUMP
KDUMP is a service that creates a crash dump when the kernel crash. Due to any
reason, if the kernel crash, this service exports a memory image of the kernel to
debug and determine the cause of a crash. By default, this service is enabled. You
don't need to change this setting.

Network and hostname

This setting allows you to configure a hostname and IP configuration on all
detected network interfaces. The default hostname is 'localhost.localdomain'. The
default IP configuration is off. On a normal installation, you should configure these
settings. But if you are installing RHEL on a virtual machine, I would recommend
you to leave these settings. These settings are system-specific settings. It means
these settings must be unique to each system on the network.

Virtual machines support the cloning feature that allows us to create a new virtual
machine from an existing machine. The new virtual machine will be the exact copy
of the existing machine. By using this feature, we can create as many RHEL virtual
machines as we need.

If you want to use the cloning feature, leave these settings. If you want to connect
the system to the network during the installation, configure these settings.

Security policy
This setting allows you to install RHEL under the several restrictions and
recommendations defined by Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP).
Rules and recommendations are grouped into profiles. In the production
environment, you can select a profile that matches your requirements. But in the
lab environment, you should keep the default profile.

User settings
The next compulsory setting is the root password. The root user account is used for
the system administration. Since the root user account has the highest privilege on
the system, the installation wizard forces us to use a complex password. If you
want to use a simple password, you have to type and confirm it twice.

User creation
This setting allows you to add a normal user account. If you want to add a normal
user account, you can use this option to add it.

That's all settings we need on the installation summary screen. To begin the
installation, click the Begin Installation button.
Once you click the Begin Installation button, the installation wizard applies all
settings you have made on the Installation Summary screen and install RHEL on
the disk.
The installation process can take several minutes. At the end of this process, you
will see the following screen. Click the Reboot System button.

After rebooting, you have to complete a couple of additional post-installation tasks.

First, you need to accept the license agreement. To do this, click the 'I accept the
license agreement' checkbox and click the Done button.
The next screen helps you register the system with Red Hat's subscription
management service and create a user account. In the lab environment, we don't
need to register the system to Red Hat's network. Leave this item intact. If you
haven't created a normal user account, you can create it here.

Click the Finish Configuration button to complete the installation.

If you have installed RHEL on a virtual machine and want to use the cloning
feature, use this stage of the machine. At this stage, the machine contains the
default installation of RHEL without any system-specific setting.
If you haven't created a normal user account, the next few steps will force you to
create a user account to log in. Click the Next button on the Welcome screen.

The next screen has a privacy option for the location service. Click the Off button
to turn off this feature.

The next screen allows the user to connect to his online account. Click
the Skip button.
On the next screen. you have to enter the name of the user. From the entered name,
the wizard automatically generates the username. If you want to use another
username, you can change it. After typing the name and username, click
the Next button.
On the next screen, set a password for the user account.

The next screen confirms the user creation. Click the Start using Red Hat
Enterprise Linux button.
When the user login the first time, Gnome the default desktop of RHEL presents
several help videos on the first screen. This screen will not appear the next time.
RHEL installation process has been completed. Now, you can use the system.