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Questions About Logical Thinking

The document contains a series of multiple-choice questions focused on logical reasoning, including topics such as fallacies, types of arguments, truth values, and logical equivalences. Each question is accompanied by the correct answer and a brief explanation. The content is aimed at assessing understanding of basic principles in logic and reasoning.

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32 views7 pages

Questions About Logical Thinking

The document contains a series of multiple-choice questions focused on logical reasoning, including topics such as fallacies, types of arguments, truth values, and logical equivalences. Each question is accompanied by the correct answer and a brief explanation. The content is aimed at assessing understanding of basic principles in logic and reasoning.

Uploaded by

omarshahzad2030
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Muhammad Sufian

F24-2194
Section A
BSAI
2nd semester
Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following arguments commits the fallacy of "begging the question"?
A) The sky is blue because it's blue.
B) All bachelors are unmarried.
C) If it rains, the ground gets wet.
D) I think, therefore I am.
Answer: A
Explanation: This is a circular argument—it assumes what it’s supposed to prove, offering
no real reason or evidence.

2. What distinguishes an inductive argument from a deductive one?


A) Inductive arguments guarantee the truth of the conclusion.
B) Deductive arguments are always false.
C) Inductive arguments suggest probability, not certainty.
D) Deductive arguments are based on opinions.
Answer: C
Explanation: Inductive reasoning leads to probable conclusions based on evidence;
deductive reasoning guarantees the conclusion if the premises are true.

3.Which of the following is an invalid deductive argument?


A) If P, then Q. P. Therefore, Q.
B) If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.
C) If P, then Q. Q. Therefore, P.
D) If P, then Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q.
Answer: C
Explanation: This is the fallacy of affirming the consequent. Just because Q is true doesn’t
mean P caused it.

4. Which of the following is a compound proposition?


A) 5 is a prime number
B) x + 2 = 5
C) If x > 2, then x² > 4
D) x is a variable
Correct: C
Explanation: Compound propositions use logical connectives (like “if-then”, “and”, “or”) to
combine simple ones. C is an implication.

5. The truth value of the proposition "P ∧ Q" is false when:


A) P is true, Q is true
B) P is true, Q is false
C) P is false, Q is true
D) Both B and C
Correct: D

6. Which truth table corresponds to the logical operation “exclusive OR (XOR)”?


A) True only when both inputs are true
B) True when inputs are different
C) False when inputs are different
D) Always false
Correct: B
Explanation: XOR (⊕) is true when exactly one of the inputs is true.

7. Which of the following propositions is a tautology?


A) P ∧ ¬P
B) P ∨ ¬P
C) P → ¬P
D) ¬(P ∧ Q)
Correct: B
Explanation: A tautology is always true regardless of truth values. “P ∨ ¬P” is the Law of
the Excluded Middle.
8. Which of the following is logically equivalent to “P → Q”?
A) ¬P ∧ Q
B) ¬P ∨ Q
C) P ∧ Q
D) P ∨ ¬Q
Correct: B
Explanation: The implication “P → Q” is logically equivalent to “¬P ∨ Q”. This comes
directly from its truth table.

9. Which expression is a contradiction?


A) P ∨ Q
B) P ∧ Q
C) ¬(P ∧ Q)
D) P ∧ ¬P
Correct: D
Explanation: A contradiction is always false. “P ∧ ¬P” can never be true.

10. How many rows will a truth table have for a compound proposition with 4 distinct
variables?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 24
Correct: C
Explanation: The number of rows = 2ⁿ. With 4 variables, 2⁴ = 16.

11. Which of the following is logically equivalent to ¬(P ∨ Q)?


A) ¬P ∧ ¬Q
B) ¬P ∨ ¬Q
C) ¬P ∧ Q
D) P ∨ ¬Q
Correct: A
Explanation: This is De Morgan’s Law: ¬(P ∨ Q) ≡ ¬P ∧ ¬Q.

12. Which of the following is a universal proposition?


A) There exists a number that is even.
B) All integers are rational numbers.
C) x is a real number.
D) Some animals are mammals.
Correct: B
Explanation: Universal propositions use terms like "all" or "every" and apply to an entire
domain. Option B applies universally to all integers.

13. What kind of proposition is “There exists an x such that x² = 4”?


A) Universal
B) Existential
C) Conditional
D) Biconditional
Correct: B
Explanation: This uses the existential quantifier ("there exists") and asserts that at least one
value of x makes the statement true.

14. Which of the following is not a proposition in mathematical logic?


A) 2 + 3 = 5
B) x + 4 = 9
C) If 5 > 2, then 3 < 4
D) 10 is divisible by 2
Correct: B
Explanation: x is an unbound variable—until a value is assigned, it does not have a definite
truth value. Hence, it's not a proposition

15. Which of the following is a biconditional proposition?


A) If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2
B) A number is even if and only if it is divisible by 2
C) All even numbers are divisible by 2
D) If x > 2, then x² > 4
Correct: B
Explanation: Biconditional means "if and only if" . The condition must be true in both
directions.

16. Which of the following is a singular proposition?


A) All odd numbers are not divisible by 2
B) There exists a prime number greater than 100
C) 7 is a prime number
D) Some numbers are irrational
Correct: C
Explanation: Singular propositions assert something about a specific individual subject—in
this case, the number 7.

17. Which of the following is a contradiction?


A) P ∨ Q
B) P ∧ ¬P
C) P → Q
D) ¬P ∨ Q
Correct: B
Explanation: “P ∧ ¬P” is never true—it's false for every truth value of P. That makes it a
contradiction.

18. What is the result of "P biconditional Q" when P is true and Q is false?
A) True
B) False
C) Contradiction
D) Contingency
Correct: B
Explanation: Biconditional is only true when both P and Q have the same truth value. Since
they differ here, it's false.

19. Which of the following pairs of propositions are logically equivalent?


A) P ∧ Q and P ∨ Q
B) P → Q and ¬P ∨ Q
C) P ∧ Q and ¬(¬P ∨ ¬Q)
D) Both B and C
Correct: D
Explanation:
P ∧ Q ≡ ¬(¬P ∨ ¬Q) (De Morgan's Law)

20. A statement is satisfiable if:


A) It is always false
B) It is always true
C) It is true for at least one assignment
D) It is never true
Correct: C
Explanation: A satisfiable proposition is not a contradiction—it is true under at least one
truth assignment.

21. If two statements are logically equivalent, what is true about their truth tables?
A) One has more true values
B) Their truth values differ
C) Their truth values match in all rows
D) They both are tautologies
Correct: C
Explanation: Logical equivalence means their truth values are identical for all possible
combinations of variables.

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