Solutions of MATH201 (2016-2017)

Dr. Ahmad Bazzi

May 14, 2018

1 Problem 1
Find the tangent and normal line to the surface x2 + y 2 − z 2 = 6 at the point
(3, 1, 2).

We know that the tangent plane equation is

fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y − y0 ) + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z − z0 ) = 0 (1)

We also know that the normal line to the surface is

x = fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )t + x0 (2)
y = fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )t + y0 (3)
z = fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )t + z0 (4)

So for both equations we need fx (x0 , y0 , z0 ), fy (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and fz (x0 , y0 , z0 ).

To compute them we compute the derivatives

fx = 2x (5)

fy = 2y (6)
fz = −2z (7)
This means that
fx (3, 1, 2) = 2(3) = 6 (8)
fy (3, 1, 2) = 2(1) = 2 (9)
fz (3, 1, 2) = −2(2) = −4 (10)

1
2 Problem 2
Consider the region in the xy-plane given by D. Find the extreme values of

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 2x − y (11)

over D.
First, let us compute the Lagrangian

L = f − λg (12)

where g = x2 + y 2 − 5

L = (x2 + y 2 + 2x − y) − λ(x2 + y 2 − 5) (13)

We compute the gradient now

∇L = ∇f − λ∇g (14)

∇f = fx i + fy j (15)
where
fx = 2x + 2 (16)
and
fy = 2y − 1 (17)
Also
gx = 2x (18)
and
gy = 2y (19)
So

2x + 2 − λ(2x) = 0 (20)
2y − 1 − λ(2y) = 0 (21)
x2 + y 2 − 5 = 0 (22)

that is
1
x= (23)
λ−1
1
y= (24)
2 − 2λ
x2 + y 2 − 5 = 0 (25)

Get λ then x, y.

2
3 Problem 3
We have to find if the following sum converges or diverges
∞ 
X 1 1 
− sin( ) (26)
n=1
n n
Notice that
1 1 1 1
sin( ) ' − ( )3 + . . . (27)
n n 3! n
So
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− sin( ) ' − ( − ( )3 ) ' ( )3 (28)
n n n n 3! n 3! n
Converges by the p-test.

4 Problem 4
Notice that
1 1 1 1 1
f (x) = = = = =−
5x + 6 5(x + 2 − 2) + 6 5(x + 2) − 10 + 6 5(x + 2) − 4 4 − 5(x + 2)
(29)
Now notice that
1 1
f (x) = − (30)
4 1 − 54 (x + 2)
Using
∞
1 X
= rn (31)
1 − r n=0
For r = 54 (x + 2), we get
∞
1 X 5
5 = ( (x + 2))n (32)
1− 4 (x + 2) n=0
4
Hence
∞
1X 5
f (x) = − ( (x + 2))n (33)
4 n=0 4
Converges when |r| < 1, i.e.
5
| (x + 2)| < 1 (34)
4
i.e.
4
|x + 2| < (35)
5
i.e.
4 4
− <x+2< (36)
5 5
i.e
4 4
− −2<x< −2 (37)
5 5

3
5 Problem 5
x2
This is the area bounded by y = and y = 1. Notice that the x axis is bounded
√ 3
between ± 3, i.e.

(a)
√ √
− 3≤x≤ 3 (38)
2
x
≤y≤1 (39)
3
(40)
√
Z 3 Z1
dydx (41)
√
− 3 x2
3

(b)

0≤y≤1 (42)
p p
− 3y ≤ x ≤ 3y (43)
(44)
√
Z1 Z 3y
dxdy (45)
√
0 − 3y

(c) For polar coordinates

x = r cos θ (46)
and
y = r sin θ (47)
that is
x2
y= (48)
3
becomes
r2 cos2 θ
r sin θ = (49)
3
that is
r cos2 θ
sin θ = (50)
3
that is
3 sin θ
r= (51)
cos2 θ
Also
y=1 (52)

4
gives
r sin θ = 1 (53)
that is
1
r= (54)
sin θ
So
3 sin θ 1
2
≤r≤ (55)
cos θ sin θ
and
0≤θ≤π (56)
(d) EASY choose the first integral to solve.

6 Problem 6
Use
f (x0 + h, y0 ) − f (x0 , y0 )
fx (x0 , y0 ) = lim (57)
x→∞ h
and
f (x0 , y0 + h) − f (x0 , y0 )
fy (x0 , y0 ) = lim (58)
x→∞ h

7 Problem 7
We have to compute the center of mass of a solid of a constant density bounded
from below by the cone p
z = x2 + y 2 (59)
and above by the plane z = 1.
p
The required region is bounded by the cone z = x2 + y 2 and above by z = 1
(i.e. above by the circle x2 + y 2 = 1). The density is constant hence we can say

ρ(x, y, z) = k (60)

where ρ stands for density. It is clear from the context that

p
x2 + y 2 < z < 1 (61)

Upon cutting the cone at z = 1, we get

x2 + y 2 = 1 (62)

or p
y=± 1 − x2 (63)
Therefore y varies as p p
− 1 − x2 < y < 1 − x2 (64)

5
 √
Also since y = ± 1 − x2 at the boundaries, then we must have 1 − x2 > 0 or
x2 < 1 or −1 < x < 1, so x is bounded as

−1 < x < 1 (65)

The three boundaries in this scenario are

−1 < x < 1 (66)

p p
− 1 − x2 < y < 1 − x2 (67)
and p
x2 + y 2 < z < 1 (68)
We can now compute the mass using the formula
Z Z Z Z Z Z
m= ρ(x, y, z)dzdydx = k dzdydx (69)

Setting the boundaries we get

√
Z1 Z1−x2 Z1
m=k dzdydx (70)
√
−1 − 1−x2
√
x2 +y 2

which evaluates to
√
Z1 Z1−x2 p
m=k 1− x2 + y 2 dydx (71)
√
−1 − 1−x2

Here it is useful to use polar coordinates as

x = r cos θ (72)

and
y = r sin θ (73)
which means
x2 + y 2 = r 2 (74)
hence p
x2 + y 2 = r (75)
and dxdy = rdrdθ. Now at the boundaries

−1 < x < 1 (76)

i.e
−1 < r cos θ < 1 (77)

6
Also
1 − x2 > 0 (78)
that is
1 − r2 sin2 θ > 0 (79)
that is
r2 sin2 θ < 1 (80)
that is
−1 < r sin θ < 1 (81)
This means that r can not exceed 1 and 0 < θ < 2π so the integral becomes

Z2πZ1
m=k (1 − r)rdrdθ (82)
0 0

That is
Z2πZ1
m=k (r2 − r)drdθ (83)
0 0

and now the math is easy. In a very similar manner, we compute

Z Z Z
Mxy = zρ(x, y, z)dV (84)
Z Z Z
Myz = xρ(x, y, z)dV (85)
Z Z Z
Mxz = yρ(x, y, z)dV (86)

(87)

And the center of mass is computed as

Myz
xm = (88)
m
Mxz
ym = (89)
m
Mxy
zm = (90)
m

8 Problem 8
Notice that
n+1
Z ∞ Zn
X
f (x)dx ≤ an ≤ a1 + f (x)dx (91)
1 n=1 1

7
 1
For an = n, we get
n+1
Z ∞ Z n
1 X 1 1
dx ≤ ≤ a1 + dx (92)
x n=1
n x
1 1
or
n+1
Z Zn
1 1 1 1
dx ≤ 1 + + . . . + ≤ a1 + dx (93)
x 2 n x
1 1
But a1 is the first sum in the series so a1 = 1, so
n+1
Z Zn
1 1 1 1
dx ≤ 1 + + . . . + ≤ 1 + dx (94)
x 2 n x
1 1

Notice that Z
1
dx = ln x (95)
x
so
x=n+1 1 1 x=n
ln x ≤1+ + . . . + ≤ 1 + ln x (96)
x=1 2 n x=1
or
1 1
ln(n + 1) − ln(1) ≤ 1 + + . . . + ≤ 1 + ln(n) − ln(1) (97)
2 n
But ln(1) = 0, that is
1 1
ln(n + 1) ≤ 1 + + . . . + ≤ 1 + ln(n) (98)
2 n
Divide all sides by ln(n3 ) that is
ln(n + 1) 1 + 12 + . . . + 1
n 1 + ln(n)
≤ ≤ (99)
ln n3 ln n3 ln n3
Taking the limits on all sides we get
ln(n + 1) 1 + 12 + . . . + 1
n 1 + ln(n)
lim 3
≤ lim ≤ lim (100)
n→∞ ln n n→∞ ln n3 n→∞ ln n3
Notice that the lower bound is computed as
1
ln(n + 1) ln(n + 1) 1 n 1
lim = lim = lim n+1 = lim = (101)
n→∞ ln n3 n→∞ 3 ln n n→∞ 3 1 n→∞ 3 n + 1 3
n

where we have applied L’Hopital twice. Similarly,

1 + ln(n) 1 + ln(n) 1 1 + ln(n) 1 1 + ln(n) 1 1 1 1
lim 3
= lim = lim = lim = lim (1+ ) = (1+0) =
n→∞ ln n n→∞ 3 ln n n→∞ 3 ln n 3 n→∞ ln n 3 n→∞ ln n 3 3
(102)
So we can observe that the upper and lower bounds of the series converge to 13 ,
therefore by SQUEEZE (or the Sandwich theorem), our series should converge
towards 13 .

8
9 Problem 9
First of all, let us do a change of variable of dA as

dA = det(J)dudv (103)

where J is the Jacobian matrix as

 ∂x ∂x

J = ∂u ∂y
∂v
∂y dudv (104)
∂u ∂v

Let us compute all 4 partial derivatives as

∂x 1
= (105)
∂u 2
∂x 1
= (106)
∂v 2
∂y 1
=− (107)
∂u 2
∂y 1
= (108)
∂v 2
(109)

Hence using the Jacobian definition, we get

 ∂x ∂x   1 1

∂u ∂v 2 2
dA = det( ∂y ∂y )dudv = det( 1 1 )dudv = (0.25+0.25)dudv = 0.5dudv
∂u ∂v
−2 2
(110)
Notice also how the denominator in the integration becomes
u+v v−u
x+y = + =v (111)
2 2
So our integration becomes
Z Z Z Z
1 1
(0.5dudv) = 0.5 dudv (112)
v v
R R

Now let us transform our boundaries to (u,v) domain. The equation

y=x (113)

becomes
v−u u+v
= (114)
2 2
where upon cancelling we get
u=0 (115)
which is the first boundary. Then, we do the same for the second boundary, i.e.

x−y =4 (116)

9
which is
u+v v−u
− =4 (117)
2 2
2u = 8 (118)
or
u=4 (119)
So, to sum up here, u is varying between 0 and 4. Now, the third boundary line
gives
x+y =1 (120)
that is
u+v v−u
+ =1 (121)
2 2
that is
2v = 2 (122)
that is
v=1 (123)
As for the last boundary we have

x+y =3 (124)

that is
u+v v−u
+ =3 (125)
2 2
that is
2v = 6 (126)
which is v = 3. So v varies between 1 and 3. The integration is now set as
Z3 Z4 Z3 Z3 Z3
1 u 4 4 1 3
0.5 dudv = 0.5 dv = 0.5 dv = 2 dv = 2 ln(v) = 2(ln(3)−ln(1)) = 2 ln(3)
v v 0 v v 1
1 0 1 1 1
(127)

10 Problem 10
The region D is bounded below by the plane z = 0, on the sides by x2 + y 2 = 1
and above by the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4. (a) We need to set up the integral
using the following order dzdydx. It is clear from the context
p that z moves from
0 till the sphere that is z 2 = 4 − x2 − y 2 or simply z = 4 − x2 − y 2 . Therefore,
p
0 < z < 4 − x2 − y 2 (128)

Since we are bounded by the sides of the cylinder, which follows the following
equation x2 + y 2 = 1, then we must have

y 2 = 1 − x2 (129)

10
or simply p
y=± 1 − x2 (130)
So p p
− 1 − x2 < y < 1 − x2 (131)
2
Finally 1 − x > 0 so that the above square root is well-defined, hence

x2 < 1 (132)

hence
−1 < x < 1 (133)
So, we can now set the integral as
√ √
4−x2 −y 2
Z1 Z1−x2 Z
dzdydx (134)
√
−1 − 1−x2 0

(b) If we transform everything to cylindrical coordinates we get that dV =

rdzdrdθ. Using the z bounds, i.e.
p
0 < z < 4 − x2 − y 2 (135)

but x2 + y 2 = r2 hence p
0<z< 4 − r2 (136)
Since −1 < x < 1 then −1 < r cos θ < 1. Also, since 0 < θ < 2π because we are
considering the bounds of the cylinder, i.e. all the cylinder then we must have
0 < r < 1, i.e. the integration becomes
√
Z2πZ1 Z4−r2
rdzdrdθ (137)
0 0 0

(c) First of all, upon a change of variable from cartesian to spherical we can
replace dV by
dV = ρ2 sin θdρdφdθ (138)
It is clear that 0 < θ < π2 since we are including the lower plane z = 0 up till
the sphere. Let us now write down the equations that transform us to Spherical
coordinates

x = ρ sin θ cos φ (139)

y = ρ sin θ sin φ (140)
z = ρ cos θ (141)

Upon substituting the above in the equation of the cylinder, we get

x2 + y 2 = 1 (142)

11
that is
(ρ sin θ cos φ)2 + (ρ sin θ sin φ)2 = 1 (143)
or
ρ2 sin2 θ cos2 φ + ρ2 sin2 θ sin2 φ = 1 (144)
or
ρ2 sin2 θ(cos2 φ + sin2 φ) = 1 (145)
But since (cos2 φ + sin2 φ) = 1 then we get

ρ2 sin2 θ = 1 (146)

so
1
ρ2 = (147)
sin2 θ
or
1
ρ= (148)
sin θ
This gives a lower bound on ρ since we are told that the region is bounded by
the sides of the cylinder up to the sphere

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 (149)

or
ρ2 = 1 (150)
or
ρ=1 (151)
So
1
<ρ<1 (152)
sin θ
and also 0 < φ < 2π since we are revolving around all the cylinder as in the
case of Cylindrical coordinates. The boundaries are now
π
Z2 Z2π Z1
ρ2 sin θdzdrdθ (153)
0 0 1
sin θ

11 Problem 11
(a) Let us write down the Linearization formula of a function at point (a, b)

g(x, y) = g(a, b) + gx (a, b)(x − a) + gy (a, b)(y − b) (154)

we are given (a, b) = (2, 1) (this means that a = 2 and b = 1) and g(a, b) = 4,
and
∇g(a, b) = gx (a, b)i + gy (a, b)j = 2i + 4j (155)

12
hence

gx (a, b) = 2 (156)
gy (a, b) = 4 (157)

Therefore, we get

g(x, y) = g(2, 1) + gx (2, 1)(x − 2) + gy (2, 1)(y − 1) (158)

But we just said that g(2, 1) = 4, gx (2, 1) = 2 and gy (2, 1) = 4 hence

g(x, y) = 4 + 2(x − 2) + 4(y − 1) (159)

Now Let us replace the point we want i.e. for x = 2.2 and y = 1.1 that means

g(2.2, 1.1) = 4 + 2(2.2 − 2) + 4(1.1 − 1) = 4 + 2(0.2) + 4(0.1) = 4.8 (160)

So
g(2.2, 1.1) = 4.8 (161)
Similarly, we can do the same thing for h(2.2, 1.1) i.e.

h(x, y) = 5 + 4(x − 2) + 2(y − 1) (162)

Now Let us replace the point we want i.e. for x = 2.2 and y = 1.1 that means

h(2.2, 1.1) = 5 + 4(2.2 − 2) + 2(1.1 − 1) = 6 (163)

So
h(2.2, 1.1) = 6 (164)
(b)

13