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Power system Protection-1 Assignment

The document discusses power system protection, focusing on the importance of protection schemes to maintain stability by isolating faulty components. It covers advantages of static relays, the operation and limitations of Buchholz's relay, and details on distance and differential relays, including their functions and mechanisms. Additionally, it highlights the role of backup relays and arc quenching mediums used in power transformers.

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6 views

Power system Protection-1 Assignment

The document discusses power system protection, focusing on the importance of protection schemes to maintain stability by isolating faulty components. It covers advantages of static relays, the operation and limitations of Buchholz's relay, and details on distance and differential relays, including their functions and mechanisms. Additionally, it highlights the role of backup relays and arc quenching mediums used in power transformers.

Uploaded by

alex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

MPSE 815

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1

BY

IDRIS ISYAKU

NDA/PGS/EEE062023/3436

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRRCAL/ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, NIGERIA DEFENCE ACADEMY. KADUNA

STATE.

NOVEMBER, 2023
Question 1

a. Why protection?

The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power


system stable by isolating only the components that are under
fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible in
operation. The devices that are used to protect the power
systems from faults are called protection devices.
It is fair to say that without discriminative protection it would be
impossible to operate a modern power system. The protection is
needed to remove as speedily as possible any element of the
power system in which a fault has developed

b. What are the advantages of static relays?

Definition: The relay which does not contain any moving parts is
known as the static relay. In such type of relays, the output is
obtained by the static components like magnetic and electronic
circuit etc. The relay which consist static and electromagnetic relay is
also called static relay because the static units obtain the response
and the electromagnetic relay is only used for switching operation.
The following are the benefits of static relays.

1. The static relay consumes very less power because of which the
burden on the measuring instruments decreases and their
accuracy increases.
2. The static relay gives the quick response, long life, high reliability
and accuracy and it is shockproof.
3. The reset time of the relay is very less.
4. It does not have any thermal storage problems.
5. The relay amplifies the input signal which increases their
sensitivity.
6. The chance of unwanted tripping is less in this relay.
7. The static relay can easily operate in earthquake-prone areas
because they have high resistance to shock.

c. Explain the principle of operation of Buchholz’s relay

Working of Buchholz relay: Whenever a minor fault occurs inside the


transformer, heat is produced by the fault currents. The produced
heat causes the decomposition of transformer oil and gas bubbles are
produced. These gas bubbles flow in the upward direction and get
collected in the Buchholz relay. When the fault occurs inside the
transformer, the temperature of the oil increases. The oil evaporates
in the form of the gas. The generation of the gas depends on the
magnitude of the fault occurs inside the transformer. The internal
failure occurs in the transformer either because of the insulation
breakdown between the winding or the winding have the weak initial
contact.

d. What are the draw backs of Buchhoz’s relay


Limitations of Buchholz Relay

The following are the disadvantages of Buchholz relay.

1. The relay is used only in oil immersed transformer.


2. It can only detect the fault below oil level.
3. This relay does not protect the connecting cables. Hence separate
protection is used for the cables.
4. The response time of the relay is high.
The minimum operating time of the relay is 0.1 seconds.

Question 2

a. With the help of a well labeled diagram, explain the followings

1. Distance relay

Distance protection relay is the name given to the protection, whose


action depends on the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The
time of operation of such protection is a function of the ratio of
voltage and current, i.e., impedance. This impedance between the
relay and the fault depends on the electrical distance between them.
The principal type of distance relays is impedance relays, reactance
relays, and the reactance relays.
The voltage is computed from the potential transformer, and the
current is derived from the current transformer, to determine the
impedance. Now, two essential torques play a critical part in the
relay’s operation. The one deflects torque, while the other restores
torque. The importance of these two torques for relay functioning
cannot be overstated. The deflecting torque is generated by the
secondary current of the current transformer, and the restoring
torque is provided by the voltage of the potential transformer in a
distance relay. The restoring torque is larger than the deflecting
torque under normal operating circumstances.

As a result, the relay stays in a non-operational state. When a fault


arises, however, the fault currents rise, increasing the deflecting
torque. As a result, the deflecting torque exceeds the restoring
torque, and the relay engages. It closed the circuit by moving its
dynamic elements whenever the deflecting torque was raised. The
travel circuit has been completed.

The circuit breaker is activated after the trip circuit is closed. The
circuit tripping might essentially be an electromagnetic switch. When
the circuit is turned on, the breaker’s closed contacts open. The
problematic line is isolated from the healthy section of the system
when the connections are opened. The fault line is isolated in this
manner. When the contacts open, an arc forms between them, which
must be extinguished.

2. Differential relay
The relay which works once the phasor difference for a minimum of
two or above the same electrical quantities exceeds a fixed amount is
known as a differential relay. Generally, most of the relays work when
any quantity goes beyond a fixed value however, this relay works
based on the difference between two or more same electrical
quantities.

The function of a differential relay is to provide high-speed, sensitive


& naturally selective protection. These relays will not provide safety
to turn-to-turn winding faults within machines and transformers due
to the small growth within the generated current by those faults,
which stay under the relay’s pickup sensitivity.

Differential Relay Circuit

In the above differential relay circuit, there are two current


transformers which are connected to any face of the power
transformer like one CT is connected on the primary side and the
other is connected at the secondary side of the PT (power
transformer). This relay simply compares the flow of currents on both
sides. If there is any unbalance in the current flow of the circuit then
this relay tends to operate. These relays can be current differential,
voltage balance & biased differential relays.

3. Biased differential relay


It works on the principle of comparison between the phase angle and
the magnitude of the same electrical quantities. In a biased differential
relay, the bias is defined as a ratio of the number of turns of
restraining and operating coil.

b. What are the functions of backup relay


Backup relays are extra relaying schemes attached to the equipment
or part of the network with their own relaying system. The main
function of backup relay is to operate in any failure of tripping of
circuit breaker due to main relays.
c. What are the arc quenching mediums used in power transformers.

Quenching the arc refers to the stoppage of the arc and/or metal
transfer. If you are having to break high voltages care must be
advised to minimize the amount of current flowing at the time of
contact opening to minimize the metal transfer. Minimizing the current
will prolong the life of the contacts.
The filling material may be chalk, plaster of paris, quartz or marble
dust and acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium. Under
normal load conditions, the fuse element is at a temperature below its
melting point. Therefore, it carries the normal current without
overheating.

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