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Finite Element Method in Mechanical Vibration

The document discusses the application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) in mechanical vibration analysis, outlining its importance in solving complex engineering problems where analytical solutions are not feasible. It details the steps involved in FEM, including discretization, selection of element types, and the assembly of global matrices, as well as the significance of mass and stiffness matrices. Additionally, it highlights practical considerations, factors affecting accuracy, and the use of software tools for FEM analysis, concluding that FEM is a valuable tool for predicting structural behavior under dynamic loads.

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22 views8 pages

Finite Element Method in Mechanical Vibration

The document discusses the application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) in mechanical vibration analysis, outlining its importance in solving complex engineering problems where analytical solutions are not feasible. It details the steps involved in FEM, including discretization, selection of element types, and the assembly of global matrices, as well as the significance of mass and stiffness matrices. Additionally, it highlights practical considerations, factors affecting accuracy, and the use of software tools for FEM analysis, concluding that FEM is a valuable tool for predicting structural behavior under dynamic loads.

Uploaded by

khlyftkhlyft666
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Finite element method in mechanical vibration

analysis

Submitted to:
Prof. Muftah .H Abdel Qader
University of Sirte, Faculty of Engineering ,Mechanical
Department

Submitted by:
Khalifa .M Khalifa
2041083
Introduction:
The response of simple structures, such as uniform axial, torque and
beam elements, may be obtained by solving the differential
equations of motion together with the appropriate boundary
conditions, in many practical situations either the geometrical or
material properties vary, or it may be that the shape of the
boundaries cannot be described in terms of known functions. Also,
practical structures consist of an assemblage of components of
different types, namely, beams, plates, shells and solids. In these
situations, it is impossible to obtain analytical solutions to the
equations of motion which satisfy the boundary conditions
But there is a way to solve these problems related to the various
engineering difficulties related to the engineering analysis of
vibration. This method is called the finite element method.
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a powerful numerical technique
used for solving complex engineering problems, including vibration
analysis. Here's an overview of how FEM is applied to vibration
analysis.
There are a number of techniques available for determining approximate
solutions to system:
1-Rayleigh–Ritz Method
2-Finite Element Displacement Method
3-Numerical Integration
4-Torsional Vibration of Shafts

Basics of Vibration Analysis:


-Free Vibration: Occurs without external forces. Characterized by natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
-Forced Vibration: Occurs with external forces. Characterized by the system's
response to these forces.

-Steps in FEM for Vibration Analysis:

1-Discretization of the Structure:


-Divide the structure into smaller, simpler parts called elements.
-Nodes are points where the elements connect.
2-Selection of Element Type:
Choose appropriate elements (e.g., beams, plates, solids) based on the
structure.
3-Derivation of Element Equations:
Establish the mass matrix Me and stiffness matrix Ke from the element
matrices.
4- Assembly of Global Matrices:
Assemble the global mass matrix M and stiffness matrix K from the element
matrices.
5- Application of Boundary Conditions:
Apply constraints and loads to the global matrices.
6- Solution of Eigenvalue Problem (for free vibration):
Solve Ku=ω2Mu to find natural frequencies (ω) and mode shapes (u).
7-Dynamic Response Analysis (for forced vibration):
Solve the dynamic equilibrium equation Mu¨+Cu˙+Ku=F(t) to find the
response u(t)

1. Mass Matrix (M)


Mass Matrix (M) The mass matrix represents the distribution of mass
within the finite element model. It can be either a lumped mass matrix
or a consistent mass matrix.
2. Stiffness Matrix (K)
The stiffness matrix represents the stiffness properties of the elements,
indicating the relationship between nodal displacements and applied
forces.
Formulation:
For a simple 1D bar element, the mass and stiffness matrices can be
derived as follows:
1D Bar Element:
Element Length: L
Cross-sectional Area: A
Young's Modulus: E
Density: ρ

Consistent Mass Matrix (M):

M= [ ]
ρAL 2 1
6 1 2

Stiffness Matrix (K):


K= [
EA 1 −1
L −1 1 ]

Practical Considerations:
1-Mesh Density: A finer mesh provides more accurate results but
increases computational cost.
2-Damping: Include damping (C)for realistic models.
3-Nonlinearity: Consider nonlinearities if large deformation or material
nonlinearities are present.

Accuracy of finite element method:

1.Degree of refinement of the finite element mesh


2.Appropriateness of the finite element types used to model a
machine/structure
3.Boundary conditions used at the limits of the finite element model.
Factors that affect the accuracy of result:
1. The number of elements required to provide good results is
dependent upon many factors including :
A. The complexity of the mechanical system.
B. The complexity of the mode shape
being studied.

C. Element type.
D. Material properties.
E. Nonlinearities.
2. Boundary conditions also effect the Accuracy of the finite element
solution. Boundary conditions are mathematical constraints applied to
the finite element model to account for items that are not directly
included in the model.
Structural dynamic modification studies:
Because a finite element model provides a more detailed mathematical
description of a mechanical system than an experimental model, it is
well suited for structural dynamic modification studies. An
experimental model is typically a stick diagram that vaguely resembles
the mechanical system being studied. The evaluation of structural
modifications using experimental models is very limited and should be
done only with an understanding of the approximations involved.
Figure 2 contains a three-dimensional view of a finite element model of
a piping system. The piping and supports were experiencing excessive
vibrations and fatigue failures due to the excitation of resonance by
pressure pulsations produced by a reciprocating compressor
Figure 2 FEM model of piping
system

Figure 3 EMA model of piping


system

Software Tools:
Several software tools are available for FEM vibration analysis, such
as:
1. ANSYS
2. ABAQUS
3. COMSOL Multiphysics
4. MATLAB (withPDEToolbox)

Conclusion
evaluate the effectiveness of proposed solutions to vibration
problems, regardless of the complexity of the modification. Because a
finite element study uses numerical models that have a greater
degree of resolution and refinement than experimental models,
results obtained from a finite element analysis may be more accurate
than those of any experimental model. Finite element analysis is a
valuable tool for evaluating the structural dynamic characteristics of
machines and structures during the design stage, even prior to
prototyping. The method can be used to estimate operating stress
levels and fatigue life of mechanical components and to estimate the
natural frequencies and mode shapes for equipment and supporting
structures., allowing engineers to predict the behavior of structures
under various conditions. By discretizing the structure and solving the
resulting equations, engineers can determine natural frequencies,
mode shapes, and responses to dynamic loads

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