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WMN Report Final

Diploma in Computer Engineering (Government Polytechnic Thane)

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Micro-Project Report
Wireless and mobile network
Report on SMSC Architecture

1.0 Rationale
The rationale for creating a report on SMSC deployment architecture is
to provide decision-makers and technical teams with the information and
insights they need to make informed decisions, improve system design,
optimize costs, and future-proof their SMS communication systems.
2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project:
• Aim-
The aim of a report on SMSC deployment architecture would be to provide an overview of
the different deployment architectures used for SMS communication systems, with a focus on
SMSCs.
• Benefits-
1. Improved Understanding: A report on SMSC deployment architecture provides a
comprehensive overview of different deployment architectures used for SMS
communication systems.
2. Better Decision-Making: With a better understanding of SMSC deployment architecture,
decision-makers can make informed decisions about selecting the appropriate deployment
architecture based on the specific requirements of the SMS communication infrastructure.
3. Improved System Design: The report can help technical teams to design more robust and
reliable SMS communication systems by highlighting the importance of fault tolerance,
load balancing, and scalability in SMSC deployment architecture.

3.0 Course outcome address-

1. Select cellular mobile system standard
2. Maintain wireless network technology.
3. Maintain wireless mobile application

4.0 Actual methodology followed

1. Planning the overview of the micro-project.
2. Preparing the proposal
3. Studying about the chosen topic.
4. Preparing the report.
5. Report submission

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5.0 Actual resourced used-

sr. Name of resource/material specifications Qty. Remark
no
1 Computer system Processor- 1 -
Intel®
RAM-6GB -64-
bit operating
system
windows 11
2 Word 2016 - 1 -
3 Notes - - -

6.0 Output of the micro project-

❖ Introduction

The SMSC was designed as an integral part of 2G mobile network, supporting several basic
message flows, which are mostly valid even in 2022:

• Person-to-Person (P2P)
• Application-to-Person (A2P/P2A). This was a real game changer. People in late 90s
were texting (and paying) as crazy to get new ringing tones, text-frames on their
monochromatic displays or at least a weather forecast or bus schedule. The A2P is
still a popular way how to create a significant wholesale interconnection and also
valid for MIoT (Mobile Internet of Things). Last but not least we shouldn’t forget
the importance of SMS in Two-Factor-Authentication (2FA).
• Technical enabler: Over the Air OTA messaging for (U)SIM provisioning. OTA is
still critical for many operators. Another example is an IP session wake-up, which
might be a key technical enabler for some Machine Type
Communication MTC/MioT applications.

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The main SMSC task is to provide an interworking between various interfaces (GSM, CDMA,
SMPP, SIP, ..) and the Store-and-Forward functionality. Meaning the SMSC provides a guaranteed
service. It receives an SMS, provides basic checks (e.g. charging) and if they pass, the SMS is
stored. The originator then receives an Acknowledgement, confirming that the SMS was accepted.
Note, that the SMSC is a server located in the originating network and therefore it primarily applies
originating services (although it is possible to apply terminating services too, using so-
called Home-routing).
Then comes the delivery phase. Based on the Routing Information retrieved from HLR, the SMSC
tries to deliver the message. If the delivery fails, the SMS is scheduled for a retry based on (error-
dependent) retry scheme. The sender of the SMS will only learn if the recipient has received the
SMS if she selected the Delivery Confirmation option. The basic flows are described in SMS in
2G/3G post.

❖ SMS Content

There are many attributes defining how to handle the SMS. We can send a simple SMS or
we can send a concatenated message. We can send SMS with a defined priority level. SMS
may contain binary data using User Data Header (UDH) or a command requesting SMSC
e.g. to send delivery receipt, defer the delivery or to send the message anonymously.

When it comes to the actual text payload, there are multiple character sets to choose from.
It is important to notice that as each character set is using a different number o bits, the
selection has an impact on the actual message length and therefore message segmentation.
By default the SMS length is 140 octets. With GSM-7bit alphabet we can write up to 160
characters per SMS. Whereas with UCS-2 it is only up to 70 characters. In case of
segmentation it is even less as UDH data, controlling the concatenated message, is part of
the payload.

❖ SMS Security

• SMS Spamming: an unsolicited SMS traffic received by a subscriber. There are no

specific technical aspects. The sending of messages follows the normal procedure.
• SMS Flooding: appears when a very large number of messages is sent to one or more
destinations. With specific technical aspects – Protocol is manipulated to send
messages bypassing the normal procedure for message sending.
• SMS Faking: is a specific case where SCCP or the MAP originator addresses are
manipulated and replaced wrongly or stolen from a valid subscriber. Thepurpose is to
deliver the SMS for free (impossible for the receiver network to invoice the correct
originator).
• SMS Spoofing: is related to an illegal use of the HPMN SMSC by a third party. To do
that, the A-MSISDN that originates the SMS is manipulated to be able to use the
HPMNu SMSC. Therefore, the SMS could be sent for free by the sending customer.
• Global Title GT scanning: is sending a SM-MO to ALL GTs of one network to detect
SMSC and especially SMSC not controlling the A-number. The final objective is to be
able to send the SMS for free.
• Open SMSC: is SMS-C not controlling the A-number. The SMSC can be used by
illegal customers (not part of HPMN).

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Commercial SMSCs have (licenced) features preventing or mitigating the above-mentioned threats.
A typical way how to detect a fraud traffic is to verify the IMSI and location (MSC/SGSN) of the
originator.

❖ SMS in 4G

The SMSC was designed for 2G/3G networks. In 4G we faced the issue how to implement
the messaging service. The original idea was to replace SMS with GSMA Advanced
Messaging – RCS Universal Profile. However it was quickly clear, that this won’t work
for everyone. Instead several options were devised. The key thing is that all of them are
using the legacy (2G/3G) SMSC.

➢ 4G SMS over SGsAP and MAP

With 4G introduction, an intermediate environment without IMS was specified. This is

called SMS over the Signalling Gateways SGs (evolved Gs interface) and it is a hybrid
approach that allows the transmission of native SMS from a CS infrastructure over the
LTE radio network. SMS over SGs was specified in 3GPP TS 29.118. The SGs based on
GS is used to handle mobility management and paging procedures between the EPS and
CS domain, however for SMS it is used to deliver both mobile originating and terminating
SMS.

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➢ 4G SMS over Diameter (SMS over NAS)

Diameter protocol was introduced with 4G to transport SMS between MME and SMSC. It
could also apply on some SGSN supporting EPS interfaces.
SMS in MME enables support of MO and MT SMS over LTE without requiring any
involvement of any MSCs. Instead of delivering MT-SMS via the MSC (which would
require the UE to be registered in the CS domain), the Short Messages pass directly
between the MME and the SMSC using a new Diameter-based interface SGd.

In the 4G context and as specified in 3GPP TS 24.301, the Non Access Stratum NAS
Protocol to carry the encapsulated SMS messages between the UE and MME is used. The
NAS is a set of protocols in the ePC, which in uour case is used to convey non-radio
signalling between UE and MME for LTE/E UTRAN. The SMS messages CP-DATA, CP-
ACK and CP-ERROR are carried in the NAS Message Container IE in the Uplink or
Downlink NAS Transport message within the NAS PDU. The Diameter protocol support
for SMS is defined in 3GPP 29.338.

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➢ SMS over MAP/Diameter (SMS over IP)

Apart from RCS messaging, 4G network envisioned support of the SMS sent over
SIP (aka SMSoIP). This is probably the most typical 4G messaging solution. However in
this case the actual messaging server is not withing the IMS network, as the service is
facilitated by the legacy SMSC positioned withing 2G/3G. Instead we are making use of
so-called Transport Level Interworking TLI. The TLI is implemented as IP-SM-GW,
placed between the IMS core and the legacy domain.

It is important to note that IP-SM-GW is connected to the HLR/HSS and is able to

communicate with it both with MAP or Diameter (standardized in 3GPP TS 23.204
v14.0.0).

❖ SMS in 5G

• In 5G we have again two options. Either we can make a use of existing IMS network and
use IP-SM-GW or the specification defines a new 5GS network element called SMSF,
which supports SMS over NAS transport.

• More specifically, in 5G the UE must and the network can support both SMS over
IP (same as in 4G) and SMS over NAS signalling methods. However, the network must
support at least one of the above methods, i.e. either SMS over IP or SMS over NAS
signalling method.

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➢ 5G SMS in MAP/Diameter (SMS over NAS)

SMS for 5G is defined in 3GPP 23.501 and the SMS architecture in 3GPP 29.891. Again, both
MAP and Diameter are supported in 5G between SMSF and SMSC.

The protocols group CT4 has decided that network protocols should be used for SBA. It will be
HTTP2 on top of TCP, (no longer SCTP!). 5G signalling (based on HTTP2/JSON) shall apply in
the 5G Core Network.

The 5G Support for SMS requires the following functionality:

• Support for SMS over NAS transport between UE and AMF. This applies to both
3GPP and Non 3GPP accesses.
• Support for AMF determining the SMSF for a given UE.
• Support for subscription checking and actual transmission of MO/MT-SMS
transfer by the SMSF.
• Support for MO/MT-SMS transmission for both roaming and non-roaming
scenarios.
• Support for selecting proper domains for MT SMS message delivery including
initial delivery and re-attempting in other domains.

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7.0 Skills developed-

1. Decision making and problem solving
2. Communicating Effectively.
3. Intercultural and language skills
4. Influencing and negotiating

8.0 Application of micro project-

A mobile application, most commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software
designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer. Mobile
applications frequently serve to provide users with similar services to those accessed on PCs.

9.0 Name and roll no. of student-

Roll number Name
33 Archit Patil

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