ECEN 315

Fundamentals of Control
Lecture #2: Introduction to Control Systems

By

Mohamed Saeed Darweesh

Associate Professor
Electronics and Computer Engineering Program
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Nile University
IEEE R8 Young Professionals Chairman
IEEE Egypt Section Secretary ْ َ
‫ِبحم ِد ِه تعالى‬
This Lecture Logistics

❑ Chapter 1

❑ K. Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering,” 5th Edition, 2010

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Why Control?

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Why Control?

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Why Control?

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Why Control?

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Why Control?

❑ Modern society has sophisticated control systems, which are

crucial to their successful operation.

❑ Approximations in building the mathematical model are a

source of errors.

❑ Presence of disturbances (external or internal).

Reasons to build control systems:

❑ Remote Control

❑ Convenience of Input Form

❑ Compensation for Disturbance

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What is Control System?

System:

❑ An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired

purpose.
❑ A system that can regulate itself and another system.

Control System:

❑ A system controlling the operation of another system.

❑ A device, or set of devices to manage, command, direct or
regulate the behavior of other device(s) or system(s).

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What is Control System?

Fundamental Control Concepts

Maintain a variable of process at a desired value while rejecting

the effects of outside disturbances by manipulating another system
variable.

h 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 depends on ℎ
If 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛, ℎ constant
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 > 𝑄𝑖𝑛, tank empties
𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 < 𝑄𝑖𝑛, tank overflows
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What is Control System?

❑ A manual control system for regulating the level of fluid in a

tank by adjusting the output valve.

❑ The operator views the level of fluid through a port in the side
of the tank.

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Definitions

Control System:
❑ An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.

Process (Plant):
❑ A device or a physical system that is under control (e.g.,
Water tank).
❑ The input and output relationship represents the cause-and-
effect relationship of the process.

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Definitions

Control System:
❑ Automatic control systems use mathematical descriptions of
subsystems to reduce complex components to inputs and
outputs.

Signals flow between components in system based on arrow direction

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Definitions
Controller:
❑ Element used to calculate the required action to achieve the
target performance.

Controlled Variable:
❑ The quantity that is measured and controlled (water level).
Normally controlled variable is the output of the control
system.

Manipulated Variable:
❑ The quantity that is varied by the controller so as to affect the
value of controlled variable (output flow rate).

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Definitions

Disturbance:
❑ It is a signal that tends to adversely affect the value of the
system. It is an unwanted input of the system.

Internal Disturbance:
❑ A disturbance that is generated within the process (e.g., a hole
in the tank).

External Disturbance:
❑ A disturbance that is generated outside the system (e.g.,
temperature effect on flow).

Problem?

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Definitions

Actuator:
❑ Transform the controller command (manipulated variable) to a
form that the system can understand. Also, apply the controller
decision to the plant (tank).

Feedback/Measurement (Sensor):
❑ Element used to monitor and quantify the controlled variable
(human eye).

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Automotive Control Example

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Types of Control Systems

Open Loop Control Systems

Utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired
response.

◼ Output has no effect on the control action.

◼ In other words, output is neither measured nor feedback.

Examples:
Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric Fan, Microwave Oven.

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Types of Control Systems

Open Loop Control Systems

Controller
Tank level may vary
with outside
disturbances and
system changes
Final control
element

Valve Output Tank

setting flow Level

Control
Controller Tank
Valve

Disturbances

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Types of Control Systems

Closed Loop Control Systems

Utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the desired
output response.

◼ Output has effect on the control action.

Examples:
Air Conditioner, Traffic Control System.

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Types of Control Systems

Closed Loop Control Systems

Valve Output
Desired Value setting flow
Tank
Level

+ Control
Controller Tank
- Valve

Level
Measurement

Measured
level

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Types of Control Systems

Continuous Data System Vs Discrete Data System

In a continuous data control system, all system variables are a
function of a continuous-time 𝑡.

A discrete-time control system involves one or more variables that

are known only at discrete time intervals.

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Types of Control Systems

Time invariant vs Time variant

When the characteristics of the system do not depend upon the
time itself then the system is called a time-invariant control
system.

The time-varying control system is a system in which one or more

parameters vary with time.

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Types of Control Systems

Time invariance
A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads to an identical time shift in the
output signal.

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Classification of Control Systems

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Types of Control Systems

Feedback Control System

A system that maintains a prescribed relationship between the
output and some reference input by comparing them and using the
difference (i.e. error) as a means of control.

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Control Systems Examples

Automatic tracking system

Automatic tracking system is a feedback control system in which
the reference input or the desired output is tracking trajectory, e.g.
path planning problem.

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General Control System

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General Control System

A good control system is a system that will:

❑ Generate a response quickly and without oscillation (good
transient response).
❑ Have low error once settled (good steady-state response).
❑ Will not oscillate wildly or damage that system (stability).

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Control System Analysis and Design

❑ Step 1: Modeling
◼ By physical laws
◼ By identification methods

❑ Step 2: Analysis
◼ Stability, controllability and observability

❑ Step 3: Controller Design

◼ Continuous and digital control

❑ Step 4: Full System Analysis

❑ Step 5: Simulation
◼ C, C++, Python, MATLAB, Simulink

❑ Step 6: Implementation

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Control System Analysis and Design

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Control System Quote

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Where to find me?

❑ My Office at UB2-S09-B

❑ Email: [email protected]

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