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INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF
THINGS (IOT)
BETCK105H

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Agricultural IOT
Introduction
Agricultural lOT systems perform crop health monitoring, water management, crop
security, farming vehicle tracking, automatic seeding, and automatic pesticide
spraying over the agricultural fields.
IOT-enabled technologies are widely used for increasing crop productivity,
generating significant revenue and efficient farming.

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Components of an agricultural IOT

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The different components of an agricultural IOT are discussed as follows:

• Cloud computing:
Sensors such as the camera, devices to measure soil moisture , soil humidity , and soil pH-
level are used for serving different agricultural applications.
These sensors produce a huge amount of agricultural data that
need to be analyzed. Sometimes, based on the data analysis, action needs to be
taken, such as switching on the water pump for irrigation.

• Sensors:
sensors are the major backbone of any IOT application. Similarly, for agricultural IOT
applications, the sensors are an indispensable component. A few of the common sensors
used in agriculture are sensors for soil moisture,humidity,water level and temperature.

• Cameras:
Imaging is one of the main components of agriculture. Therefore,
multispectral, thermal, and RGB cameras are commonly used for scientific
agricultural IoT. These cameras are used for estimating the nitrogen status,
thermal stress, water stress, and crop damage due to inundation, as well as
infestation. Video cameras are used for crop security

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• Satellites:
In modern precision agriculture, satellites are extensively used
to extract information from field imagery. The satellite images are used in
agricultural applications to monitor different aspects of the crops such as crop
health monitoring and dry zone assessing over a large area.
• Analytics:
Analytics contribute to modern agriculture massively. Currently, with
the help of analytics, farmers can take different agricultural decisions, such as
estimating the required amount of fertilizer and water in an agricultural field
and estimating the type of crops that need to be cultivated during the upcoming
season. Moreover, analytics is not only responsible for making decisions locally
it is used to analyze data for the entire agricultural supply chain. Data analytics
can also be used for estimating the crop demand in the market.
• Wireless connectivity:
One of the main components of agricultural IoT is wireless
connectivity. Wireless connectivity enables the transmission of the agricultural
sensor data from the field to the cloud/server. It also enables farmers to access
various application services over handheld devices, which rely on wireless
connectivity for communicating with the cloud/server.

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• Handheld devices:
Over the last few years, e-agriculture has become very popular. One of the
fundamental components of e-agriculture is a handheld device such as a smart phone.
Farmers can access different agricultural information, such as soil and crop conditions
of their fields and market tendency over their smart phones. Additionally, farmers can
also control different field equipment, such as pumps, from their phones.

• Drones:
Currently, the use of drones has become very attractive in different applications such
as surveillance, healthcare, product delivery, photography, and agriculture. Drone
imaging is an alternative to satellite imaging in agriculture.
In continuation to providing better resolution land mapping visuals, drones are
used in agriculture for crop monitoring, pesticide spraying, and irrigation.

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Agricultural food chain

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Advantages of IOT in agriculture

• Automatic seeding

• Efficient fertilizer and pesticide distribution

• Water management

• Real-time and remote monitoring

• Easy yield estimation

• Production overview

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Case Studies

In-situ assessment of leaf area index using IoT-based agricultural system

LAI is a dimensionless quantity which indicates the total leaf area per unit ground
area. For determining the canopy (the portion of the plant, which is above the
ground) light.

Architecture

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LAI system as hardware and software components

One of the important components in this system is the wireless sensor network
(WSN), which is used as the LAI assessment unit.
The authors used two types of sensors:
(i) ground-level sensor (G)
(ii) reference sensor (R).

Hardware
For sensing and transmitting the data from the deployment fields to a centralized
unit, such as a server and a cloud, different hardware components are used in the
system.
The commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) TelosB platform is used in the system.
The TelosB motes are equipped with three types of sensors: temperature,
humidity and light sensors.
A Raspberry-Pi is used as a cluster head, which connects with four ground
sensor notes.

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Communication
The LAI system consists of multiple components such as WSN, IoT gateway, and IoT
based network. All of these components are connected through wired or wireless
links. The public land mobile network (PLMN) is used to establish connectivity
between external IoT networks and the gateway. The data are analyzed and visualized
with the help of a farm management information system (FMIS) which resides in the
IoT-based infrastructure.
Software
Software is an essential part of the system by which different operations of the
system are executed. In order to operate the TelosB motes, TinyOS, an open-source
low-power operating system is used. Typically in this system the data acquired from
the sensor node is stored with a timestamp and sequence number .
IoT Architecture
The MQTT broker runs in the Internet server of the system. This broker is
responsible for receiving the data from the WSN. In the system, the graphical user
interface (GUI) is built using an Apache server. The visualization of the data is
performed at the server itself. Further, when a sensor fails, the server informs the
users. The server can provide different system-related information to the
smartphone of the registered user.

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Smart irrigation management system

This case study highlights a prototype of an irrigation management system developed
at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur funded by the Government of India.
The primary objective of this system is to provide a Web-based platform to the farmer
for managing the water supply of an irrigated agricultural field.

Architecture

1.Sensing and
actuating layer
2.Remote processing
and service layer
3.Application layer

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Vehicular IOT
Introduction
The evolution of IoT helps to form a connected vehicular environment to
manage the transportation systems efficiently. Vehicular IoT systems have
penetrated different aspects of the transportation ecosystem, including on-road
to off-road traffic management, driver safety for heavy to small vehicles, and
security in public transportation.
Architecture of the vehicular IoT

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• Device
The device layer is the bottom-most layer, which consists of the basic
infrastructure of the scenario of the connected vehicle. This layer includes the
vehicles and road side units (RSU). These vehicles contain certain sensors which
gather the internal information of the vehicles. On the other hand, the RSU works
as a local centralized unit that manages the data from the vehicles.
• Fog
In vehicular IoT systems, fast decision making is pertinent to avoid accidents and
traffic mismanagement. In such situations, fog computing plays a crucial role by
providing decisions in real-time, much near to the devices .Consequently the fog
layer helps to minimize data transmission time in a vehicular IoT system.
• Cloud
Fog computing handles the data processing near the devices to take
decisions instantaneously. However, for the processing of huge data, fog
computing is not enough. Therefore, in such a situation, cloud computing is
used. In a vehicular IoT system, cloud computing helps to handle processes that
involve a huge amount of data. Further, for long-term storage, cloud computing
is used as a scalable resource in vehicular IoT systems.

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Components of vehicular IoT

• Sensors
•Satellites
•Wireless connectivity
•Road side unit
•Cloud and fog computing
•Analytics

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Advantages of vehicular IOT

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Crime assistance in a smart IoT transportation system

Vehicular IOT infrastructure. The system highlights a fog framework for

intelligent public safety in vehicular environments .

The system works through the following three steps:

(i) The vehicle is equipped with a smart surveillance system, which is capable of
executing video processing and detecting criminal activity in real time.

(ii) A fog computing architecture works as the mediator between a vehicle and a
police vehicle.

(iii) A mobile application is used to report the crime to a nearby police agent.

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Architecture of Fog-FISVER

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Healthcare IOT
Architecture of healthcare IOT

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IOT-based healthcare services, the sensors are specifically designed to measure and
quantify different physiological conditions of its users/patients.
(i) Layer 1:
Layer 1 contains different physiological sensors that are placed on the human body. These
sensors collect the values of various physiological parameters. The physiological data are
analyzed to extract meaningful information.
(ii) Layer 2:
Layer 1 delivers data to Layer 2 for short-term storage and low-level processing. The devices
that belong to Layer 2 are commonly known as local processing units (LPU) or centralized
hubs. These units collect the sensed data from the physiological sensors attached to the
body and process it based on the architecture’s requirement.
(iii) Layer 3:
This layer receives the data from Layer 2 and performs application specific high-level
analytics. Typically, this layer consists of cloud architecture or high-end servers. The data
from multiple patients, which may be from the same or different locations, are accumulated
in this layer. Post analysis of data, some inferences or results are provided to the application
in Layer 4.
(iv) Layer 4:
The end-users directly interact with Layer 4 through receiver-sidetypically through
cellphones, computers, and tablets.

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Components of healthcare IOT

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Commonly used healthcare sensors

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Advantages and risk of healthcare IOT

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Case Studies
AmbuSens system

• Digitization and standardization of the healthcare data, which can be easily

accessed by the registered hospital authorities.

• Real-time monitoring of the patients who are in transit from one hospital to
another. At both hospitals, doctors can access the patients’ health conditions.

• Accessibility by which multiple doctors can access the patient’s health data at
the same time.

• Provision of confidentiality to the health data of the patients in the cloud.

• In the AmbuSens system, wireless physiological sensor nodes are used. These
sensor nodes make the system flexible and easy to use.

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Architecture

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