AIP QA Manual

for

PEP Copyediting

(Last Update: Wednesday, April 27, 2011)

© 2011 American Institute of Physics

Last update: 4/27/11 1

Dedication
This manual was compiled by Barbara Graham and Dorothy Oddo with the assistance of
Barbara Rupp. It is dedicated to the Physics Essays Publication, the authors who
contribute to these journals, and all of our colleagues who continuously endeavor to
enhance the quality of the science we communicate to the world.

Note: For convenience, hyperlinks are shown in blue. These include all table citations in
text, citations to other sections, and mail to [email protected] links.

Last update: 4/27/11 2

 The Role of the Copy Editor

The primary function of a Copy Editor is to apply style requirements to an

author’s manuscript and edit for grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Become well versed with style documentation.

Preserve the author’s voice and content.
Seek support/consultation, when needed.
Utilize one’s general knowledge and copyediting judgment to
consistently provide AIP with an optimal quality product.

Last update: 4/27/11 3

 Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9
KISS SHEET - PEP .......................................................................................................... 10
I. ―HEAD‖ MATERIAL ................................................................................................... 12
Title ............................................................................................................................... 12
Byline: Authors and Affiliations ................................................................................... 12
Country Names ..................................................................................................... 14
Footnotes to the Head ................................................................................................... 15
Received/Accepted/Published Dates ............................................................................ 17
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 17
Key words ..................................................................................................................... 18
Copyright Line .............................................................................................................. 18
II. SECTION HEADINGS................................................................................................ 19
General Instructions ...................................................................................................... 19
III. GUIDELINES FOR COPYEDITING THE BODY OF THE PAPER (A–Z) ............ 20
Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................... 20
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... 22
Acknowledgments—Tagging Funding Sources ................................................... 22
Appendices .................................................................................................................... 22
Artwork and Diagrams .................................................................................................. 23
Asterisks ........................................................................................................................ 23
Author Queries .............................................................................................................. 23
Block Quote .................................................................................................................. 25
Boldface Type ............................................................................................................... 25
Bond Dashes ................................................................................................................. 25
Braces and Brackets ...................................................................................................... 26
British Spellings ............................................................................................................ 26
Capital or Lowercase Letters ........................................................................................ 27
Capitalization ........................................................................................................ 27
Case Fractions ............................................................................................................... 29
Center Dot ..................................................................................................................... 30
Changes Requiring Editor‘s Approval .......................................................................... 30
Chemical Elements ....................................................................................................... 30
Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes .................................................................................... 30
CID Numbers in Place of Page Range .......................................................................... 30
Colons ........................................................................................................................... 31
Commas ........................................................................................................................ 31
Companion Papers ........................................................................................................ 31
Computer Programs and Languages ............................................................................. 31
Contractions .................................................................................................................. 31
Dates ............................................................................................................................. 32
Derivative ―d‖ ............................................................................................................... 32
Disclaimers ................................................................................................................... 32

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 Displayed Equations ..................................................................................................... 32
DOIs .............................................................................................................................. 32
Em Dash Use................................................................................................................. 34
En Dash Use .................................................................................................................. 34
Errata ............................................................................................................................. 35
Fences ........................................................................................................................... 36
Fonts .............................................................................................................................. 37
Bold ....................................................................................................................... 37
Italics ..................................................................................................................... 37
Roman ................................................................................................................... 38
Other ..................................................................................................................... 38
Footnotes in Text .......................................................................................................... 38
Greek Letters ................................................................................................................. 39
Hyphenation Guidelines................................................................................................ 40
Italic Type ..................................................................................................................... 41
Letters ........................................................................................................................... 42
Lists ............................................................................................................................... 42
Lowercase ―ell‖ ............................................................................................................. 42
Manufacturers, Materials, and Proper Names............................................................... 43
Million/Billion .............................................................................................................. 43
New/Novel .................................................................................................................... 44
Nomenclature ................................................................................................................ 44
Note Added in Proof ..................................................................................................... 44
Numbers ........................................................................................................................ 44
Plurals ........................................................................................................................... 47
Numbers ................................................................................................................ 47
Variables ............................................................................................................... 47
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................... 47
Possessives .................................................................................................................... 48
Prefixes and Suffixes .................................................................................................... 48
Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes ............................................................................ 49
Quotation Marks ........................................................................................................... 50
Roman Functions .......................................................................................................... 51
Roman Type .................................................................................................................. 51
Scientific Notation ........................................................................................................ 52
Sections Cited in Text ................................................................................................... 52
Semicolons .................................................................................................................... 52
Spectroscopic Notation ................................................................................................. 53
State Names .................................................................................................................. 53
Suffixes ......................................................................................................................... 53
Superscripts and Subscripts .......................................................................................... 53
Theorems, Lemmas, Proofs, etc .................................................................................... 54
Trade Names and Related Terms .................................................................................. 54
Trademark and Copyright Symbols .............................................................................. 54
Units of Measure ........................................................................................................... 55
Prefixes to units of measure .................................................................................. 57

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 Verb Tense .................................................................................................................... 58
Wording ........................................................................................................................ 59
Article/Paper/Letter............................................................................................... 59
Between................................................................................................................. 59
Compare(d) ........................................................................................................... 59
Compensate ........................................................................................................... 59
Comprised ............................................................................................................. 59
Data ....................................................................................................................... 59
Diameters .............................................................................................................. 59
et al........................................................................................................................ 59
Firstly, etc. ............................................................................................................ 59
Laboratory ............................................................................................................. 60
Lastly/Finally ........................................................................................................ 60
Like ....................................................................................................................... 60
Microns/Micrometers (Submicrons/Submicrometers).......................................... 60
Order of ................................................................................................................. 60
Subsection ............................................................................................................. 60
That and Which ..................................................................................................... 60
Versus/Vs .............................................................................................................. 60
Wave Words.......................................................................................................... 60
IV. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 61
Reference Citations in Text .......................................................................................... 61
General Information .............................................................................................. 61
Full References in Text ......................................................................................... 61
Identifying Collaborators ...................................................................................... 61
Labeled Parts ......................................................................................................... 62
Reference Citations in Headings ........................................................................... 62
Reference Citations Within References ................................................................ 62
Missing Citations/References ....................................................................................... 62
Reference Section Heading ........................................................................................... 62
Reference List ............................................................................................................... 63
Asian Names ......................................................................................................... 63
Companion Papers ................................................................................................ 63
et al........................................................................................................................ 63
Ganged References ............................................................................................... 63
Given Names and Initials ...................................................................................... 65
Jr., Sr., II, etc. ........................................................................................................ 65
Punctuation ........................................................................................................... 65
To be Published, Submitted, Unpublished ............................................................ 65
Missing Information.............................................................................................. 66
Page Ranges .......................................................................................................... 66
Preprints ................................................................................................................ 66
Journal Reference.......................................................................................................... 66
Book Reference ............................................................................................................. 67
Conference Proceedings................................................................................................ 67
Supplementary Material for Publication ....................................................................... 67

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 Copyeditor Responsibilities ...................................................................... 68
Standard Format for a Supplemental Material Reference......................... 68
Copyediting a Supplemental Material Reference ..................................... 68
E-prints .................................................................................................................. 69
Online Magazine/Newspaper ................................................................................ 70
Report Titles.......................................................................................................... 70
Web Addresses...................................................................................................... 70
Thesis Titles .......................................................................................................... 70
DOIs ...................................................................................................................... 70
CID Numbers in Place of Page Range .................................................................. 70
Computer Programs (set in small caps) ................................................................ 70
Patent..................................................................................................................... 70
Patent Pending .......................................................................................... 71
Personal Communication ...................................................................................... 71
V. FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... 72
Figure Citations in Text ................................................................................................ 72
Captions ........................................................................................................................ 73
Artwork and Diagrams .......................................................................................... 73
Defined Terms ...................................................................................................... 73
Lines, Curves, and Data Symbols ......................................................................... 73
Multimedia ............................................................................................................ 73
Reference Citations ............................................................................................... 73
Reprinted Figures .................................................................................................. 74
Color in Figures ............................................................................................................ 74
Color/Color Online ............................................................................................... 74
VI. TABLES ..................................................................................................................... 75
Title (Caption) ............................................................................................................... 75
Rules ............................................................................................................................. 75
Spanner/Straddle Rules ......................................................................................... 75
Table Parts .................................................................................................................... 75
Columns ........................................................................................................................ 75
Headings ............................................................................................................... 75
Column Data ......................................................................................................... 76
Equations................................................................................................... 77
Fractions .................................................................................................... 77
References ................................................................................................. 77
Table Footnotes ............................................................................................................. 77
VII. MATHEMATICS ...................................................................................................... 78
Equations—In Text ....................................................................................................... 78
Equations—Displayed .................................................................................................. 78
Integrals and Limits .............................................................................................. 78
Fences ................................................................................................................... 79
Italics Versus Roman ............................................................................................ 79
Derivatives ............................................................................................................ 79
Ellipses .................................................................................................................. 79
Greek nu ................................................................................................................ 79

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 Equations—Numbering ................................................................................................ 79
Placing Equation Numbers ................................................................................... 80
Equations—Punctuation ............................................................................................... 81
Displaying Equations .................................................................................................... 82
Artwork ......................................................................................................................... 85
Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 85
Exponents...................................................................................................................... 85
Fractions ........................................................................................................................ 86
Slashing and Building Up Fractions ..................................................................... 86
Notation......................................................................................................................... 87
Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 87
VIII. PUNCTUATION ..................................................................................................... 88
Apostrophes .................................................................................................................. 88
Colons ........................................................................................................................... 88
Colon Use.............................................................................................................. 88
Comma Use—In Numbers............................................................................................ 89
When to Use Commas .......................................................................................... 89
Conjunctive Adverbs ................................................................................ 90
Compound Sentences ................................................................................ 90
Series ......................................................................................................... 90
When Not to Use Commas ................................................................................... 91
With Compound Verbs ............................................................................. 91
With Subordinate Clauses ......................................................................... 91
With Nouns and Modifying Adjectives .................................................... 91
Exclamation Points ....................................................................................................... 92
Quotation Marks ........................................................................................................... 92
Semicolons .................................................................................................................... 92
Proper Use of Semicolons ..................................................................................... 92
APPENDIX A: TABLES .................................................................................................. 94
Table 1—Alphabetical Listing of Chemical Elements ................................................. 94
Table 2—Computer Programs and Languages ............................................................. 95
Table 3—Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes .................................................................... 96
Table 4—Correct and Preferred Spellings .................................................................... 97
Table 5—Trade Names and Related Terms ................................................................ 104
Table 6—Abbreviations for States, Territories, and Provinces .................................. 106
Table 7—Standard Abbreviations for Units of Measure ............................................ 107
Table 8—Constants Represented by Symbols ............................................................ 118
Table 9—Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................... 120
Table 10—Greek Alphabet ......................................................................................... 170
Table 11—Roman Mathematical Functions ............................................................... 171
Table 12—Funding Agency & Research Center Listing ............................................ 175
Table 13—Publishing Organizations .......................................................................... 177

Last update: 4/27/11 8

INTRODUCTION
This manual is a guide to copyediting articles for the Physics Essays Publication (PEP)
journal. The basic framework of all PEP papers is as follows:

Title
Authors and Locations
Received, Accepted, Revised, Posted Dates
Abstract, followed by copyright line
Keywords
Body of the paper
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
Appendix
References

Last update: 4/27/11 9

KISS SHEET - PEP
Styling Variable Requirements

ARTICLE CAN BEGIN TITLE? YES

ACRONYMS PERMITTED IN TITLE? SPELL OUT, HOWEVER, ACRONYMS IN
PARENTHESES ALLOWED
INITIAL CAP- USE IN TITLE? FIRST WORD, PROPER NOUNS
ADD PACS? NO
ADD KEYWORDS? YES
FOOTNOTES TO HEAD? (A,1 OR *) a), b), etc.
BYLINE—STATE—FULL /LONG/POSTAL? SPELL OUT STATE NAMES
ADD USA TO BYLINE? YES
ABSTRACT—INCLUDES WORD? YES, FOLLOWED BY COLON
ABSTRACT—FL OR INDENTED? FL
ADD ©? YES
ADD E-MAIL? YES, AS FOOTNOTES
STANDARD AIP HEADINGS? YES
ACRONYMS PERMITTED IN HEADS? YES
ARTICLES PERMITTED IN HEADS? YES
FIRST ¶ AFTER HEADING-FL/INDENTED? BEGINS ON A PARAGRAPH INDENT
FOOTNOTES PERMITTED IN TEXT? YES, SET WITH SUPERSCRIPT NUMBER
REFS—BIBLIOGRAPHIC /NUMERICAL? NUMERICAL
NUMERICAL REF—SUPERSCRIPT/ONLINE? SUPERSCRIPT
EQUATION PARTS—ROMAN/ITALIC? ROMAN. PRIMES AND NUMBERED BY
SECTION ALSO ALLOWED
EQUATIONS IN APPENDIX? (A1), (A2), (B1), (B2), etc.
―FIGS‖ —BEGIN CAPTION? FIG.
―FIGS‖ —BEGIN SENTENCE IN TEXT? FIGURE/FIGURES
―FIGS‖ —MIDSENTENCE IN TEXT? FIG./FIGS.
FIGURE PARTS—ROMAN/ITALIC? ROMAN
FIGURE CAPTION ENDS WITH PERIOD? YES
TABLE RULES? DOUBLE-SINGLE-DOUBLE
TABLE NUMBERS—ROMAN/ARABIC? ROMAN NUMERALS
TABLE PARTS—ROMAN/ITALIC? IA, IB, MUST BE RUN IN AS ONE TABLE
TABLE CAPTION ENDS WITH PERIOD? YES
―ACKNOWLEDGMENTS‖? YES, ALWAYS PLURAL
LISTS—ROMAN/NUMBER/ALPHA/BULLET? ALL ARE ACCEPTABLE/FOLLOW THE
AUTHOR
BRITISH SPELLING PERMITTED? ONLY ALLOWED IN AFFILIATIONS,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, AND REFERENCES

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 NOVELTY PERMITTED? YES
―et al.‖ —ROMAN/ITALIC? ITALIC
―PAPER‖, ―ARTICLE‖, ―LETTER‖? FOLLOW AUTHOR
COMPUTER CODE STYLE? SMALL CAPS
―VERSUS‖ IN TEXT? SPELL OUT
―VERSUS‖ IN CAPTIONS? ―VS‖
4 DIGIT NUMBER—COMMA/ HALF-SPACE? CLOSED UP
5 DIGIT NUMBER—COMMA/ HALF-SPACE? THIN SPACE
6 DIGIT NUMBER—COMMA/ HALF-SPACE? THIN SPACE
TAN D—CLOSED UP/HALF-SPACE? THIN SPACE
10˚C—CLOSED UP/HALF-SPACE? THIN SPACE
VECTORS—BOLD/OVERARROW? FOLLOW AUTHOR
FIRST LETTER AFTER COLON, IC?, LC? INITIAL CAP
pH pH (italic ―p‖ roman ―H‖)

Last update: 4/27/11 11

I. ―HEAD‖ MATERIAL
Title
Follow the authors‘ manuscript, not the production sheet, for the correct title.
The first word in the title is initial cap. All other words appear lowercase they are
a proper noun, or they are followed by a period or a colon. In that case set the
words initial cap.
Titles may start with an article (e.g., A, The, An).
Spell out all acronyms; however, acronyms set within parentheses are acceptable.
Footnotes to the title are allowed. Footnotes will be indicated by a superscript
letter with a closing parenthesis.

Example:

Inherent spin versus hidden variables theorema)

___________________________________
a)
In memory of two outstanding scientists. They are the…

Sample titles:

Nuclear magic numbers based on a quarklike model is compared with the

Boltzmann distribution model from nuclear abundance in the universe and low
energy nuclear reactions

An experimental method to test DET

Periods are only used in a title in a series paper:

The simultaneous time and frequency detection in femtosecond coherent Raman

spectroscopy. I. Theory and model calculations

Byline: Authors and Affiliations

Authors should be presented in the order that is supplied on the manuscript (not
on the production sheet).
Author names will appear first, followed by their respective affiliations set with a
superscript number underneath the authors‘ names. If more than one author
appears at the same location, they share the same superscript number. If authors
are at the same institution, but different departments, they should have separate
affiliation numbers.

Last update: 4/27/11 12

 Smith,1 Jones,2 and Thompson3,4
1
Affiliation 1
2
Affiliation 2
3,4
Affiliation 3 and Affiliation 4

If there is only one affiliation, do not assign a footnote indicator.

When there is a suffix in a name (Jr., Sr.) insert a comma between the last name
and the suffix. When the suffix is II, III, etc., do not insert a comma.
Titles are not allowed (e.g., Dr., Prof., Mr., Mrs., etc.).
Degrees are not allowed (e.g., Ph.D., D.Sc., M.S., etc.).
Footnotes to the author are allowed.
In U.S. affiliations, spell out the state names (for example, change NY to New
York). See Table 6—Abbreviations for States, Territories, and Provinces.
In Canadian affiliations, spell out province names (for example, change ON to
Ontario).
Street addresses in the affiliations are allowed if author supplied them.
For affiliations that are in English, Dept., Inst., and Univ. should be spelled out;
however, leave what the author has for non-English affiliations.
Do not spell out acronyms and abbreviations (other than the exceptions listed
above) in the affiliations if the author does not do so in the original manuscript.
Boldface type show examples of abbreviations and acronyms allowed in author
affiliations.

Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731, USA

Materials and Engineering Physics Program, Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa 50011,
USA
Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Independence Ave. 68,
220072 Minsk, Belarus

Country names are mandatory for both foreign and domestic affiliations (country
names must appear in English). When omitted, the author should be queried. See
information regarding Country Names below.
Zip codes are mandatory in U.S. addresses. Ensure that ―, USA‖ follows the
zip code in U.S. addresses.
The Department name and Institute should appear before University.
The author may change his/her affiliation at any time. The affiliation does not
have to represent where the work was done and the change in the location does
not have to appear in a footnote.

Last update: 4/27/11 13

 Sample byline

A. E. Hubbard,1 J. W. Hughes,1 I. O. Bespamyatnov,2 T. Biewer,3 I. Cziegler,1 B.

LaBombard,1 Y. Lin,1 R. McDermott,1 J. E. Rice,1 W. L. Rowan,2 J. A. Snipes,1 J.
L. Terry,1 S. M. Wolfe,1 and S. Wukitch1
1
Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02129, USA
2
Fusion Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712,
USA
3
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831,
USA

Country Names

Respect the country name used by the author on the manuscript, but make sure
that the author uses either the short or long country name as listed in the CIA
World Factbook.
Never change a country name after the author has seen page proofs without
showing the author the revised page proofs for approval.
When adding a missing country to an affiliation, use the short form, except for
(i) North Korea, South Korea, and China for which you should use the long form
and (ii) the U.S. for which you should use ―USA‖.
When adding Taiwan to an affiliation (for example, adding the country to
Taipei), simply use ―Taiwan‖. Do not use ―Taiwan, Republic of China‖,
―Taiwan, China‖, or ―Taiwan, People’s Republic of China‖.
Change ―Great Britain‖ to ―United Kingdom‖ before the author proof stage (not
after). If the author uses simply ―England,‖ ―Scotland‖, ―Wales‖, or ―Northern
Ireland‖, then leave those country names as is; don‘t change any of those to
―United Kingdom‖. Don‘t change ―Ireland‖ to ―United Kingdom‖.

Examples of Preferred Country Names (preferred forms are highlighted):

Short form = South Korea  Long form = Republic of Korea

Short form = North Korea  Long form = Democratic People‘s Republic of Korea
Short form = China  Long form = People‘s Republic of China
Short form = United Kingdom  Long form = United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland (note: Great Britain includes England,
Scotland, and Wales)
Short form = Hong Kong  Long form = Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Short form = Taiwan  Long form = none

Last update: 4/27/11 14

Footnotes to the Head
Insert a footnote indicator for the e-mail address. A superscript letter next to each
author corresponds to their e-mail address (found on the production sheet) if it is
not already there. Do not include the words ―Email‖ or ―E-mail address‖.
Telephone and FAX numbers are allowed in footnotes or references if the author
has used them in his paper.
―Present address,‖ Permanent address,‖ ―Current address,‖ ―Former address,‖ ―On
leave from,‖ ―Now at,‖ and other similar information is allowed in the byline
footnote. It is set before the e-mail address.

John Smitha) and Mary T. Jonesb)

Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA

_____________________________
a)
Permanent address: 123 Main St., Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA;
[email protected]
b)
[email protected]

Standard affiliation line containing the e-mail of one author:

Karl De Paepea)
P.O. Box 1174, Virden, Manitoba R0M 2C0 Canada
a)
[email protected]

Affiliation line containing the e-mail of two authors:

Mushfiq Ahmad1,a) and Mohammad Shah Alam2,b)

1
Department of Physics, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
2
Department of Physics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-
3114, Bangladesh

_____________________________
a)
[email protected]
b)
[email protected]

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 Affiliation line with three or more authors containing footnotes to the
authors:

N. Ghahramani,1,a) H. Hora,1,2,b) G. H. Miley,3 M. Ghanaatian,4 M. Hooshmand,4

K. Philberth,5 and F. Osman1,c)
1
School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Penrith
NSW, Australia
2
Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney
2052, Australia
3
Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
4
Department of Physics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
5
Thanning, 82544 Egling, Germany
a)
On Sabbatical Leave from Shiraz University, Iran.
b)
[email protected]; [email protected]
c)
Now at Department of Mathematics, Trinity College, Summer Hill 2130,
Australia.

Last update: 4/27/11 16

Received/Accepted/Published Dates

Received and accepted dates should be taken from the production sheet.
Any change to the received or accepted dates MUST BE APPROVED BY THE
EDITOR before publication.
Send a query to [email protected] for missing dates.

(Received 2 May 2007; accepted 6 June 2007; published online 15 July 2007)

Abstract
The abstract is set flush left as ―Abstract: …‖ and contains an English version and
a French version.
The abstract must be a single paragraph for both the English and French versions.

o Abstract: style for the English version and it ends with a copyright line.
o The French version begins with Résumé: and does not get a copyright line.

Pubnotes and Errata do not have abstracts. Notes and Comments may or may not
have an abstract depending on the journal.
Define all acronyms at first occurrence. Note: Acronyms must be defined at first
occurrence in both the abstract and the body of the paper.
If an acronym is used only once in the abstract, spell out the definition and delete
the acronym.
If an acronym is defined in the body of a paper, and that definition is used more
than once in the abstract, the acronym must be introduced at first occurrence in
the abstract as well.
The abstract must be self-contained, hence references cannot be cited by number.
References mentioned in the abstract are styled as follows: [J. So, J. Chem. Phys.
125, 013122 (2006)]. Ensure that references mentioned in the abstract are also
included in the body of the paper and in the reference list. The first reference cited
in the main text will be Ref. 1: this does not have to be the reference mentioned in
the abstract.
Tables and displayed math are not allowed in an abstract.
The use of ―new‖ or ―novel‖ is allowed. Do not remove these words unless
instructed to on the manuscript cover sheet.

Last update: 4/27/11 17

Key words
Key words are listed after the French version of the abstract.
Initial cap each word in the list.
Key words are separated by a semicolon, and a period is inserted after the last
word.
Query the author if words are missing.

AU: Please provide the KEYWORDS for this article.

Example:

Key words: Buckingham Pi Theory; ElectroMagnetics; Equivalence Principle;

Gravity; Physical Modelling; Polarizable Vacuum; Zero-Point-Field.

Copyright Line

Add the copyright information at the end of the abstract.

Example: © 2010 Physics Essays Publication.

Last update: 4/27/11 18

II. SECTION HEADINGS

#1 heading: bold, all caps, with a roman numeral.

I. PRELIMINARY

#2 heading: bold, 1st word initial cap, capital letter.

A. Samples and their preparation

#3 heading: bold italic, with an Arabic number.

1. An advanced dynamic adaptation of Newton

#4 heading: Paragraph indent, bold italic, lowercase letter.

a. Gravitational matter radius reduction

General Instructions

Headings may begin with an article (A, An, The).

Acronyms are allowed in a heading.
Words such as ―Experimental‖ and ―Theoretical‖ are permitted when used alone
in a heading.
―ACKNOWLEDGMENTS‖ is an unnumbered #1 heading.
CONCLUSION or CONCLUSIONS is acceptable; stet the author.
If the author numbers the section headings, the ―INTRODUCTION‖ and the
―CONCLUSION(S)‖ headings should also be numbered.
References and footnotes are not permitted in a heading.
Units of measurements or math functions that are usually lower case roman type
(e.g., cm, td, eV, sin, log, cos) should not be capitalized in headings or table
heads.
There can be an APPENDIX heading even if there are no other headings in the
article. Use ―APPENDIX‖ if there is only one heading. Use ―APPENDIX A‖ and
―APPENDIX B‖ when more than one appendix appears in the article. A
descriptive title must follow the appendix heading (e.g., APPENDIX A:
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA or APPENDIX: EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS). Query the author if any information is missing.

Last update: 4/27/11 19

III. GUIDELINES FOR COPYEDITING THE
BODY OF THE PAPER (A–Z)
A
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define all acronyms and abbreviations at their first occurrence. Query the author
if no definition is given.

AU: Please define FBG at first occurrence.

If you feel competent to do so, supply a valid definition and query the author to
check.

AU: Please check definition of SHG.

An abbreviation or acronym introduced in the abstract must be defined again

when it first appears in the body of the paper.
An acronym can have only one definition and that definition must be used
consistently throughout the paper. If the author first defines ONU as ―optical
network unit,‖ (s)he cannot redefine it at a later point as ―optical networking
unit.‖ If this happens, delete the acronym after the second definition and query the
author.

AU: An acronym can have only one definition. Since ONU has already
been defined as “optical network unit,” we are deleting the definition for
acronym for “optical networking unit” here. Please check.

NB: There may be cases where the second definition has more validity than the
first; use your judgment in how to proceed.

Ensure the author‘s consistent use of an acronym in text, figure captions, and
table captions.
Avoid redundancy. For example, if TIM has been defined as ―Twomey iterative
method,‖ ―TIM method‖ and ―TIM iteration method‖ are redundant.
Do not introduce the use of abbreviations and acronyms.
If an abbreviation such as ―ac‖ (alternating current) or ―dc‖ (direct current) starts
a sentence, set ―ac‖ as uppercase ―AC…‖ ―dc‖ as uppercase ―DC…‖.
Once an acronym has been used, it must be used consistently throughout the
article. If the author spells out an acronym after it has already been used and
defined, delete the wording and use the acronym.
A sentence may begin with an acronym.

Last update: 4/27/11 20

 Allow the author to redefine abbreviations and acronyms in the Conclusion
section.
Spell out abbreviations or acronyms that are used only once in the abstract and
delete the abbreviation or acronym.
An acronym that has been defined in the body of a paper must also be introduced
and defined at first occurrence in the abstract IF the definition is used more than
once in the abstract.
In the body of the article stet an abbreviation or acronym that appears only once
in text following its definition.
Keep the distinction between singular and plural acronyms. For example, if PMT
is defined as a ―photomultiplier tube,‖ then use PMTs when discussing more than
one photomultiplier tube. Set the plural of an acronym with an ―s,‖ not ― ‘s.‖
The use of the indefinite article (―a‖, ―an‖) is based on sound not spelling. ―a‖ is
used before a consonant and ―an‖ is used before a vowel sound.

o If the acronym begins with A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X, use ―an‖.

o If the acronym begins with B, C, D, G, J, K P, Q, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, use
―a‖.

Abbreviations and acronyms should be set roman. Exception: if an author has

consistently set acronyms/abbreviations that appear in math italic, leave as is,
even if those same acronyms/abbreviations are set roman in text. The key is to
ensure uniformity, i.e., roman throughout the paper, or roman in text, italics in
math.
Reference citations appearing after an acronym or a mathematical expression
should be set online.

Original text:

The situation for ESW7 turbulence in downward currents and for upward Birkeland
currents will be left for future work.

Figure 3 shows graphs of the results where the circles on the graphs show the points at
2.22 10−4 and −5.20 10−3 5.

Edited text:

The situation for ESW (Ref. 7) turbulence in downward currents and for upward
Birkeland currents will be left for future work.

Figure 3 shows graphs of the results where the circles on the graphs show the points at
2.22 10−4 and −5.20 10−3 (Ref. 5).

See Table 9–Abbreviations and Acronyms.

Last update: 4/27/11 21

Acknowledgments

―ACKNOWLEDGMENTS‖ is an unnumbered #1 heading and is always plural.

Follows any appendices and is set before references.
Multiple paragraphs are allowed.
Acknowledgment of an anonymous person (such as a Referee or Reviewer),
typists, family, friends, budget directors, etc. or a Fellowship is allowed and
should not be removed. Query the Editor if the author adds an outlandish
acknowledgment, such as an acknowledgment to a pet, at author proof stage.
Dedications, memorials, and awards are allowed.
Mr., Mrs., Ms. are allowed.
The acknowledgment section can contain the full names of the authors of the
paper. If initials are used, they should appear closed up (e.g., D.A.W.).
Spell out Professor.
Change ―Drs. P. Jones and M. Smith‖ to ―Dr. P. Jones and Dr. M. Smith.‖
When there is more than one ―Grant No.‖ use ―Grant Nos.‖ and, for more than
one ―Contract No.‖ use ―Contract Nos.‖
Company names do not have to be spelled out.
Leave all foreign spellings as is.
―I‖ and ―We‖ are acceptable.
It is assumed that all authors have contributed significantly to the work; specific
mention of the amount of the contribution is not allowed.

Acknowledgments—Tagging Funding Sources

Funding sources cited in the acknowledgments must be tagged.

Each contract sponsor or funding agency identified in the acknowledgments
should be tagged with Funding Source.
Corresponding contract, grant, sponsorship or similar numbers associated with a
funding agency must be styled with Funding Contract. NOTE: A contract
number may be associated with more than one funding agency.
An agency may be cited without a corresponding contract number.
Certain funding agencies also require an acronym (see Table 12–Funding
Agency and Research Center Listing). Copyeditors should add and style
required acronyms if they are not already present in the file.

Appendices

There can be an APPENDIX heading even if there are no other headings in the
article.
Use ―APPENDIX‖ if there is only one appendix, and ―APPENDIX A‖ and
―APPENDIX B‖ when more than one appendix appears in the paper.

Last update: 4/27/11 22

 A descriptive title must follow the appendix heading (e.g., APPENDIX A:
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA or APPENDIX: EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS). If there is no descriptive title, query the author to supply one.

AU: Please supply a title for Appendix B.

Number equations according to their Appendix section, i.e., (A1), (A2), etc., in
Appendix A; (B1), (B2), etc. in Appendix B, and so on.
Number figures and tables sequentially from those cited in text. If the last figure
in the body of the paper was Fig. 3, then the first figure in Appendix A is Fig. 4.
Do not use Table A1 or other combinations.
Use the plural ―Appendices,‖ not ―Appendixes.‖

Artwork and Diagrams

Artwork refers to items that will be added around keyed text, such as adding
horizontal braces to equations.
A diagram refers to an object that has no keyed items, such as a small figure that
appears as a displayed equation or within text or a table. Diagrams should be
boxed out to show that they will not be keyed and picked to insert a tag, e.g.,
pick;d1, etc. Flag as ―diagram‖ and give pages affected.

Asterisks
Asterisks naturally fall in a superscript position. An asterisk may appear
misleadingly low for a superscript (e.g., q *2 —which obviously means q*2 , not
q * 2 ). Carefully distinguish a superscript ( Aij* ) from a superscript to a
*
superscript ( g m ). An asterisk may be used to denote a complex conjugate and
occasionally is centered on the line as an operator (e.g., a convolution sign):
f x *g x .

Author Queries

Insert author queries legibly and concisely, in the file closest to the text in
question. Be as specific and as concise as possible.

Examples

AU: Please check rewording of sentence beginning with ___________.

Last update: 4/27/11 23

 AU: Please clarify sentence beginning with __________.

AU: Please define ______ at first occurrence.

AU: Please note that ______________ have been renumbered in sequential order.
Please check edits of same.

AU: _____________was not cited in text. Please verify placement of same.

AU: Please amend Fig. caption 3 so that the figure is understood in the black-and-
white print version and/or send an amended figure.

AU: Please provide the keywords for this article.

AU: Please provide a description for Fig. ___ parts.

Last update: 4/27/11 24

B
Block Quote
It is not recommended to list the block quote before the Introduction.
Allow the author to place the block quote at the end of the paper before the
references (see example below). Block quote is indented on both sides of the
column with the name flush right underneath the quote.

Boldface Type
See Fonts.

Bond Dashes
Use an en dash for a single bond if no other bond type is used in the article;
otherwise, use single, double, and triple bonds between chemical bonds when
more than one bond type is present

Last update: 4/27/11 25

Braces and Brackets
See Fences.

British Spellings

British spellings are only allowed in the affiliations, Acknowledgments, and

References; British spellings should not appear anywhere else in text.

Last update: 4/27/11 26

C
Capital or Lowercase Letters
If the author is referring to another letter in the Letters section, the ―L‖ in Letter
should be capitalized.
Use initial cap for paper titles in the reference list.
A capital letter always follows a colon in title, headings, text, and references.

Capitalization
1. In general, adjectives and nouns formed from proper names are capitalized:

Gaussian, Ohmic, Hermitian, Hamiltonian, Rydberg, Reggeon, Pomeron.

There are three kinds of name-derived noun that are always lowercase:
(i) units of measure [―... is measured in gauss (ohms, fermis, rydbergs) ...‖],
(ii) particles (fermion, boson), and
(iii) minerals (scheelite, fosterite).

2. Symbols and abbreviations preserve their ordinary capitalization (i) in titles, (ii) in
headings, and (iii) at the beginning of a sentence:

(i) bcc structure of GaP (Zn,O)

(ii) 2. dHvA, ANALYSIS AT 150 kG
(iii) rf transmission has...
(iv) ac must be converted to dc...

―X ray‖ is the important exception: (i) X-ray structure..., (ii) X-RAY

ANALYSIS..., (iii) X-ray induced....

N.B.: x ray is not hyphenated unless it is being used as an adjective, as in ―x-ray

structure.‖

A few abbreviations (i.e., e.g., cf., pp.) are capitalized at the beginning of a
sentence (I.e., E.g., etc.); it is strongly recommended that these capitalized forms
be replaced, at least in text, with a word or phrase (―in other words‖ for I.e., ―For
example‖ for E.g., etc.).

3. Phrases or sentences that follow colons begin with initial cap letters. If a colon
introduces a list of sentences, they all begin with capital letters.

―Our experience with diamond suggests several conclusions bearing on future

XPS studies: First, surface contaminants can contribute substantially to the
observed spectra. Second, available calculations giving the density of states

Last update: 4/27/11 27

 within a valence band are not directly useful for qualitative results. Each state
must be weighted by its XPS cross section. Third....‖

However, if the author prefers lowercase, the rule is flexible; each paper must be
self-consistent.

4. Do not capitalize

case (i) row 3 example 3 column

sample 1 reaction 7 counter 12 type 4A
experiment 1 curve B condition 1 problem (3)
model 4A (exception below)
assumption 1

If a commercial model number is given, however, the word ―model‖ is

capitalized:

Model HP 597

Capitalization should also be kept minimal in

Avogrado‘s number Bohr radius Debye temperature

Green‘s function Ohm‘s law

On the other hand, the prominence gained by capitalization befits not only
Appendix A, Equation (16), Figure 2, Section 3, Table 1 but also other parts of
the paper:

Corollary 1 Definition 2 Lemma 2 Axiom III

Paper II Proposition 3 Theorem 1 Subsection 2.A

Note also the following particular cases:

general theory of relativity Fermi‘s ―golden rule‖

second law of thermodynamics

5. References in text to the sections of a paper entitled Introduction, Conclusion, or

Appendix are capitalized if the reference is specifically to that section:

Readers indifferent to methodology may proceed directly to our Conclusion ...

We calculate, in Appendix A, the rapidly converging expression ...

But

Our conclusion is that ...

Last update: 4/27/11 28

 6. Comment, Addendum, Letter, Note, Erratum, and Communication should be
capitalized only when they denote bona fide literary form (as opposed to, say,
someone‘s informal remark or private letter); ―paper‖ and ―report‖ should not be
capitalized (except as in Paper I).

7. Names for alphabets are lowercase: Greek, Latin, roman, gothic (―... where the
Greek symbols refer to...‖). (Names of languages are capitalized : ―...a paper
written in Greek....‖)

8. The names ―Earth,‖ ―Sun,‖ and ―Moon‖ are capitalized when used in connection
with the names of other bodies of the Solar System. (―The planets Venus and
Earth, respectively, second and third in order outward from the Sun, resemble
each other closely.‖) However, compounds are not capitalized: sunlight, sunlamp,
sunphotometer, moonlight.

9. Names for apparatus and equipment types are usually common nouns and
therefore lowercase (high-flux beam reactor, zero-gradient synchrotron; betatron,
cyclotron, enhancetron, klystron, thyratron); a few are proper nouns (Stanford
Linear Accelerator, Pliotron, Bevatron, Channeltron, Cosmotron). Note that some
proper names may sound like common nouns: Very Large Telescope, Multiple
Mirror Telescope.

10. The names of specific commercial dyes are capitalized: Rhodamine 6G,
Anthracene Blue WR, Disperse Fast Violet 6B; however, types of dye are not
capitalized (aniline) and the chemical compounds are not capitalized. A list of dye
names is found in Webster’s Third New International Dictionary under ―dye.‖

11. In headings, articles (―a,‖ ―an,‖ and ―the‖), coordinating conjunctions (including
―but‖ and ―yet‖), and prepositions (including ―between‖ and ―among‖) are not
capitalized (unless they are the first word in the heading); adverbs and pronouns
(including ―as,‖ ―that,‖ and ―also‖) are capitalized.

12. Trade names must be capitalized (Dewar, Plexiglas) (see Table 5—Trade Names
and Related Terms). A few names that are not trade names but are commonly
mistaken for trade names (epoxy, silicone) are included to allay doubts. Note that
a phrase may be a trade name in one context but not in another; for instance,
―ping-pong‖ is a trade name only when it refers to a table game; ―monopoly‖ is a
trade name only when it refers to the board game.

Case Fractions

See Fractions.

Last update: 4/27/11 29

Center Dot
Used for dot (or scalar) products: p k . A center dot should not be used for
simple products (change 2 ab to 2ab ) for decimals or for 3 4 10 6 eV .
Multidots should never be deleted or changed to multicrosses ( ) around
boldface characters.
Stet center dots used before or after fencing in both displayed and in-text
equations.

Changes Requiring Editor’s Approval

If the author seems to be rewriting his/her article, where the authors are adding a
lot of text, making extensive changes, or the results are being changed, due to a
revision in an experiment, the article and the proof corrections must first be
reviewed and approved by the Editor before the changes are made.
IMPORTANT: Any change to the order of author‘s names, or addition or
deletion of an author‘s name, MUST BE APPROVED BY THE EDITOR before
publication. Any change to the received or accepted dates MUST BE
APPROVED BY THE EDITOR before publication.

Chemical Elements
Stet the author‘s inconsistent use of the symbol for a chemical element (N) versus
the chemical name (nitrogen), as well as that of a chemical formula (H2CO)
versus the chemical compound name (formaldehyde).
See Table 1–Alphabetical Listing of Chemical Elements.

Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes

In general, roman chemical prefixes and suffixes obey the ordinary rules for
prefixes and suffixes (parahydrogen, di-MeB) and italic chemical prefixes and
suffixes are hyphenated (cis-dimenthylethylene, dimethylnitrosamine-h6 ); number
prefixes are also hyphenated (1,2-dimethylbutylene). Exceptions and examples of
unusual usage are noted in Table 3—Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes.

Do not change the author‘s usage for chemical compounds.

CID Numbers in Place of Page Range

The six-digit citation identification (CID) number may be used in references in

place of a page number or page range.

. . .Phys. Rev. B 100, 106004 (2005).

. . . Opt. Express 12, 041804 (2007).

Do not query author for a page range.

Last update: 4/27/11 30

 Authors will sometimes combine a CID number with a page range:

. . . J. Chem. Phys. 131, 011802-1−011802-4 (2009).

The first six digits are the only ones required— delete all the numbers that
follow:

. . . J. Chem. Phys. 131, 011802 (2009).

Colons

See Punctuation.

Commas

See Punctuation.

Companion Papers

When the author refers to a companion paper and, in text, writes Paper I, Paper II,
etc., the ―P‖ in Paper should be capitalized.

Computer Programs and Languages

Computer programs and languages are set in small caps.

See Table 2–Computer Programs and Languages.

Contractions
Contractions are not allowed in scientific and technical writing. Always spell out.

Last update: 4/27/11 31

D
Dates

Write out dates in text in full, i.e., ―The experiment was conducted on August 9,
1961.‖
Always 1980s, never 80s or ‗80s.

Derivative ―d‖

Set derivative ―d‖ as roman. Derivatives will either be in both a numerator and a
denominator, e.g., dx/dy, or following an integral sign (because that ends the
integral phase). Derivatives can have superscripts. Usually it will be d2, which
means second-order derivative, but derivative d can have other powers, e.g., d3
(third-order derivative). Derivatives will never have subscripts. If ―d‖ has a
subscript, it is most likely a variable.
If the discussion in the text either before or after the occurrence of a ―d‖ implies a
change, difference, derivative, derivate, time change, integration function, or
partial the ―d‖ is most likely a derivative and should be set roman.

Disclaimers
Disclaimers are allowed as long as they have been approved by the Editor. Do not
remove them from accepted manuscripts unless instructed to on the manuscript
cover sheet.
Any disclaimer added after the manuscript has been accepted should be approved
by the Editor.

Displayed Equations

See Equations—Displayed.

DOIs

The CE should get missing information from the DOI (if available) and query the
author for verification. If replacing et al. with the full author list, a query to the
author will be necessary.
DOIs are not generally permitted in the reference section of the printed journal.
AGU journals are an exception to this rule. The doi (note lowercase style) should
display in a reference when the following AGU journals are cited:

GBC Global Biogeochem. Cycles JGE J. Geophys. Res.

GGG Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst. POC Paleoceanography

Last update: 4/27/11 32

 GPR Geophys. Res. Lett. RAS Radio Sci.
JGA J. Geophys. Res. RGS Rev. Geophys.
JGB J. Geophys. Res. SWP Space Weather
JGC J. Geophys. Res. TCT Tectonics
JGD J. Geophys. Res. WRE Water Resour. Res.

These AGU journals are inactive, but may still be cited:

GEO Geotectonics
GMA Geomagn. Aeron. Revised January 2009 19
IGA Int. J. Geomagn. Aeron.
IZA Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys.
IZE Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Phys. Solid Earth
ONL Oceanology
RGP Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.

When one of these journals is cited, style the reference in the following way:

S. R. Kawa and S.-J. Lin, J. Geophys. Res. 108(D6), 4201, doi:10.1029/2002JD002268 (2003).

(Note the addition of the doi.)

Last update: 4/27/11 33

E
Em Dash Use
Use an em dash as a substitute for parentheses or commas except where adjacent
to variables or an equation.

―The authors noted that the KdV equation—in the context of inverse
scattering theory—can be used to eliminate the number of waves of the
train.‖

The em dash is also a good alternative to bold parentheses or braces in a sentence

like

This recombination coefficient—the only coefficient for which the relation

1/ 4 a b X 1 0 is satisfied—is large compared with...

Do not substitute em dashes for commas or brackets if, after the substitution, an
em dash will be against a variable or an equation and could be mistaken for a
minus: avoid

―the three remaining Qm — P , N , and R —in a baryon are in...

En Dash Use
The en dash has two functions: (i) as a range dash, used to mean ―through,‖ and
(ii) as a ―long hyphen,‖ used to mean ―or,‖ ―to,‖ or ―and.‖
Use an en dash:

o to denote a range, i.e., 100–500 ppm.

o to join compound surnames, i.e., de Haas–van Alphen formula.
o Note: In acronyms derived from compound surnames the author may
choose to use no dash, e.g., Hartree–Slater (HS); however, if the author
chooses to use a dash in the acronym it must be an en dash to match with
the spelled out definition, i.e., Hartree–Slater (H–S).

Two-author names: use en dash

o Banerjee–Andrews: A. Banerjee and M. J. Andrews

o Born–Oppenheimer: M. Born and R. Oppenheimer
o Bose–Einstein
o Clausius–Clapeyron: Rudolf Clausius and Émile Clapeyron

Last update: 4/27/11 34

 Single-author names: use hyphen

o Hele-Shaw
o Newton-John
o Lennard-Jones

Errata

An example of an Errata is as follows:

Erratum: Interaction mechanics: An Einstein-Friendly interpretation of

quantum theory [Phys. Essays 22, 334 (2009)]

Last update: 4/27/11 35

F
Fences
Fences are parentheses, ( ); square brackets, [ ]; and curly braces, { }. In text order
set parentheses within parentheses according to the sequence {[()]}:

―The impurity ion {recall that the susceptibility [see Eq. (4)] receives a Curie term
from the impurities} will exhibit a spin resonance with...‖

However, notational peculiarities sometimes make it necessary to change the

normal sequence:

―Longitudinal propagation (along the [100] axis) exhibits no such anisotropy.‖

Bring any missing fences to the author‘s attention.

(1) A sentence in parentheses inserted into another sentence takes neither an initial
capital nor a period:

(i) This is clearly not the case (see Fig. 2).

(2) An isolated sentence in parentheses has an initial capital and a period inside the
final parentheses.

(ii) Equation (58) represents the effect of the magnetic anisotropy. (Note that Tc
was defined for zero field and zero magnetic anisotropy.)

A short parenthetical sentence looks better at the end of a previous, longer

sentence [form (i) above], and a long parenthetical sentence looks better self-
contained [form (ii)]; but if the parenthetical sentence has direct bearing on the
previous sentence, then form (i) is appropriate, regardless of length.

(3) When parentheses are used, parentheses should surround labels: (a), (b), (c), and
(i), (ii), (iii), not a), b)....

(4) Do not economize on parentheses in citations of equations and figures:

In the Korringa product [Eq. (6)]... not (Eq. 6)

In Eqs. (13), (14), and (16)... not (13, 14, 16)
In Figs. 4(a) and 4(b)... not 4(a,b)
In Figs. 2(a)–2(c)... not 2(a-c)

(5) The following shorthand, a peculiarity of scientific English, is correct:

―The upper (lower) index refers to the longitudinal (transverse) branch.‖

Last update: 4/27/11 36

Fonts

Follow the author with respect to bold and italic. As long as the author is
consistent, and there are no specific instructions regarding the use of bold or
italic, follow the author‘s lead. Query [email protected] if there are any
questions.

Bold
Bold (W). Follow the author.

Italics
Italic (S). All single letter variables are set italic.

(1) The use of italics for emphasis on key words or phrases is allowed. The author
may italicize the same words throughout the paper if he chooses.

(i) Text paragraphs should never be entirely italics, nor should very long phrases
or sentences. Change to roman.
(ii) A prefix may be italicized (―non-time dependent‖), but italicizing part of a
word instead of the whole word is awkward and usually makes no useful
distinction (―cannot‖ means as much as ―cannot,‖ and is more readable).
(iii) Exception: a theorem, corollary, or other such formal statement may be
italicized to set it off.

(2) References to words as words should not be italicized (but may be enclosed in
quotation marks):

―Identical‖ will be used to indicate...

(3) Latin and other non-English words are italicized (in situ, in vacuo, a priori); a
foreign word in roman type has been domesticated: (bremsstrahlung, versus, vice
versa). Some words break this rule; others depend on context and usage [―ansatz‖
in the singular is comfortably anglicized, but the English plural (―ansatzes‖)
abuses the German original, and it is therefore better to use the German forms
(Ansatz and Ansätze) when both the singular and the plural appear in a paper]. For
particular cases, see Table 4—Correct and Preferred Spellings.

(4) Genus, species, and bacteria names set italic.

Last update: 4/27/11 37

Roman
Roman (S). Acronyms and multiletter abbreviations in math (e.g., ―max‖ for
maximum) are set roman. Bold roman is used for vector notation. As a general
rule, any single letter variable that is bold should also be roman. Roman numerals
are typically used for Periodic Table groups (IIIA, IVAs, S II–VI); charge, bonding,
and liquid-phase designations; and the ―law of thermodynamics‖ in, e.g., H (I).

Other
Small capitals (S). Small capitals are used for logical operators (AND, XOR, NAND) and
for ionization states (Xe VI).

Sans serif (S)

Open font ( R )

Script ( S or S ). Script is used infrequently. Author script is usually set in tcal

font.

German. Identify the letter at first appearance. A few variables are German. The
functions Real and Imaginary are sometimes set as R and I (German are and
eye).

Footnotes in Text
Text footnotes are set with a superscript number next to each citation in text and
can appear on any page.

Example:

description of space-time as a Polarizable Vacuum1 (PV) derived from the

superposition of electromagnetic (EM) fields. Utilizing EGM, EM fields may be
applied to affect the state of the PV and thereby facilitate interactions with the
local gravitational field.

_____________________________
1
The Polarizable Vacuum Model representation of GR is a heuristic tool for
understanding the theory and is isomorphic to GR in the weak field
approximation.

Last update: 4/27/11 38

G

Greek Letters

See Table 10—Greek Alphabet.

Use Greek letters for some bonding orbitals and the bonds they generate.

π bond σ orbital σ* orbital

Hyphenate unit modifiers of a Greek symbol and a noun or adjective.

α-helix γ-ray π-electron

Use Greek letters, not the spelled-out words, for chemical and physical terms.

γ radiation, not gamma radiation

β particle, not beta particle
α-amino acid, not alpha amino acid
β-naphthol, not beta naphthol

Last update: 4/27/11 39

H
Hyphenation Guidelines

Follow the author‘s lead and ensure consistency. Do not introduce new
hyphenation.
Do not hyphenate ―ly‖ words.
Prefixes are closed up, not hyphenated.

Last update: 4/27/11 40

I

Italic Type

See Italics.

Last update: 4/27/11 41

L
Letters
When an author refers to his letter as a letter, the ―l‖ in letter should be lower
case. When an author refers to his article as a letter, the word letter should be
changed to article or paper. If the author is referring to another letter in the Letters
section, the ―L‖ in Letter should be capitalized.

Lists
Items in a list, whether in text or displayed, may be labeled with numbers, letters,
or bullets. Follow the author. Labels using parentheses should use both left and
right parentheses, e.g.,

(1) This is a list entry.

1. This is another list entry.

(a) This is another list entry.

A colon may be used to introduce a list in text:

To summarize, the reasons for the improved efficiency at a certain optimal

distance between the two crystals are these: (1) Kerr lens refocusing, (2)
achievement of optimal phase shift, and (3) the possibility of independent
optimization.

Lowercase ―ell‖

When an author uses lowercase script ―ells‖, check the remaining file to see if
author also uses regular lowercase italic ―ells‖. If the author uses only the
lowercase script ―ells‖, set all lowercase script ―ells‖ as lowercase italic ―ells‖. If
the author uses both lowercase italic and lowercase script ―ells‖, set each as the
author has it.

Last update: 4/27/11 42

M

Manufacturers, Materials, and Proper Names

See Table 5–Trade Names and Related Terms.

When the author is referring to a piece of equipment, the company name should
be listed along with the City/State or Province/Country. Query the author for
missing locations of all company names.

Example:

―Eight phantoms containing nylon filaments in proprietary soft-tissue-mimicking

material (CIRS Inc., Norfolk, VA) were interrogated.‖

Million/Billion
Change the words ―million‖ and ―billion‖ to ―× 106‖ and ―× 109,‖ i.e., ―six million
years from now‖ should be written as ―6×106‖ years from now.

Last update: 4/27/11 43

N
New/Novel

New and novel are allowed. Do not remove these words unless instructed to on
the manuscript cover sheet.

Nomenclature
Style with a #1 heading.
The Nomenclature can be placed either before the Introduction or after the
Acknowledgments; follow the author.
The text should be set within one column and should not exceed this width unless
the data is too extensive.

NOMENCLATURE

Note Added in Proof

―Note added in proof.‖ may be a third subheading if a separate paragraph is added

in proof (usually at the end of the paper before the Acknowledgments).
When the added note consists of more than one paragraph, the heading ―Note
added in proof” should at least be a second subheading to help make it clear that
what is added in the proof is more than just the first of the added paragraphs.
The Editor must approve this section, which is added by the author typically at the
proof stage.

Numbers

Numbers of less than 10 000 are closed up and unpunctuated: 1200. Digits to the
right of a decimal point do not count: 4620.010. In spectroscopy numbers of five
or more digits are written with thin spaces instead of commas (conflict with the

Last update: 4/27/11 44

 European convention of using commas for decimal points is thereby avoided): 12
000, 6 427 020. In spectroscopy digits to the right of a decimal point also follow
this rule: 24.077 094 3. Other numbers use commas; however, page numbers have
neither commas nor spaces. These rules do not affect patent, grant, contract,
sample, model, type, report, and zip code numbers, which have peculiarities of
punctuation and spacing that must be respected: U.S. Patent 1,700,472; contract
AT(11-1)-11980.

In general, use words for numbers up through ten (―one equation,‖ ―ten tests‖;
first, second, third ..., tenth, tenfold) and numerals for numbers above ten (―11
equations‖, ―20 tests‖; 21st, 22nd, 23rd, ..., 30th, 11-fold). There are exceptions,
some of which are listed below.

(i) Spell out numbers above ten if they begin a sentence: ―Twenty-five values
were obtained....‖ But never spell out a number, regardless of position, if it
takes three or more words to do so: ―125 values were obtained...‖ (and, if it
can be done simply, recast the sentence so that it begins with a word: ―We
obtained 125 values for...‖).

(ii) Prevent the collision of two numbers written in numerals (―40 12 cm

tubes‖) by spelling out the first of the numbers (forty 12 cm tubes‖) [―but
125 12 cm tubes‖; see exception (i) above].

(iii) Fractions may be written in words (one seventh, one half) or in numerals
[either slashed (1/7) or, when possible, staggered (numerator over
denominator, ½)]—but always, for example, 1/48 rather than ―1/148th,‖
which is redundant (―one-forty-eighth-th‖).

(iv) Spell out ―hundred‖ and ―thousand‖ only in designations of unspecified

amounts (―several hundred collisions,‖ but ―200 collisions‖).
(v) The words ―billion‖ and ―trillion‖ have no place in technical writing (they
mean different things in different countries). Change ―billion‖
(1,000,000,000) to ― 109 ,‖ ―trillion‖ (1,000,000,000,000) to ― 1012 ,‖ and,
for consistency, ―million‖ (1,000,000) ― 106 .‖

Example: three trillion (3,000,000,000,000) cats becomes 3 1012 cats.

(vi) For consistency, write all the numbers as numerals in lists containing
numbers less than and greater than ten: ―Groups of 8, 52, and 256 particles
... .‖
(vii) Numbers used as nouns are always numerals:

(a) factor of 4
(b) sample 2, counter 4
(c) ratio of 3:5
(d) values of 3 and 7

Last update: 4/27/11 45

 Orders of magnitude are always preceded by an Arabic numeral: 2 orders
of magnitude.

―Unity‖ and ―zero‖ are sometimes exceptions: ―value of zero.‖ Observe

the excellent clarity of case (d) in a sentence like ―Its eigenvalues are such
that one is much greater, and the other much less, than 1.‖

(viii) Coefficients are always numerals (and closed up): 3x , 2 J A 7c . (― 20 k ―

means ― 20 k ‗s” instead of ―20 times k ―; i.e., if k 2 , then 20 k is forty;
but if you count the k ‗s, there might be 20 of them, 20 k ‗s).

(ix) The dimensions of matrices should be given in numerals: a 2 2 matrix.

(x) An author may use numerals instead of words in adjectives like ―3-point,‖
and ―4-constraint‖—but only in cases in which (a) the author is consistent
and (b) the adjective appears so often that changing the numerals to words
would involve an unreasonable amount of labor. Otherwise, change to
―three-point‖ and ―Four-constraint.‖

(xi) The number before a unit of measure is always written in numerals: 0.5 cm,
6 V, 107 meV .

Naked decimals are not allowed:

.03 add a zero to the left of the decimal: 0.03

106. delete the decimal point: 106

Do not add a zero to the right of the decimal point: that would create an accuracy
not intended by authors (that accuracy is intended by authors if they write 106.0,
and the number should not be fooled with). Note, however that in certain
spectroscopic tables naked decimals may appear and are intentional; query the
author if in doubt.

Decimals go on the line (1.0, not 1 0 ) and should not be represented by commas
(1.0, not 1,0).
Inexactness in the last digit of a number is expressed either (a) by setting the digit
as a subscript or superscript 0.074393 or (b) by setting the digit in italic type
(0.074 393). This is found in spectroscopy in particular.

Last update: 4/27/11 46

P

Plurals
Numbers
To pluralize numbers, add ―s‖ to words or numerals.

. . .several tens of electron volts. . .

Since the late 1950s much work has. . .

Variables
To pluralize single and multiple letter variables add an apostrophe and ―s‖ (‘s).

a‘s x‘s A‘s Kx‘s

Note, however, that the singular form may serve as a plural:

. . .for various Mr‘s. . .

and

. . .for various Mr. . .

are both permissible. If the author has pluralized a variable by simply adding an
―s,‖ the copyeditor should insert the apostrophe.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Uppercase acronyms and are pluralized by adding ―s‖:

CCDs LCDs MQWs TCBs

Note: If the author has consistently pluralized uppercase acronyms by adding ― ‗s‖
(apostrophe ―s‖: CCD‘s, LCD‘s), stet that notation.

Lowercase acronyms are pluralized by an apostrophe and ―s‖ (‘s):

rms‘s ac‘s bp‘s hfs‘s

Abbreviations are pluralized by adding ―s‖:

Eqs. Figs. Secs.

Last update: 4/27/11 47

 Exception: Do not add an ―s‖ to standard plural abbreviations such as ―pp.‖
(pages) and ―MSS‖ (manuscripts).

Possessives
Form the possessive of all names by adding ‗s, regardless of the number of
syllables or final letter: Green‘s, Jones‘s, Kramers‘s, de Gennes‘s.

The following forms are correct, but the second is strongly preferred:

...when Smith and Jones‘s theory is applied...

...when the Smith–Jones theory is applied...

The following forms are incorrect:

...the Smith and Jones theory... ...Smith-and-Jones theory...

...the theory of Smith–Jones... ...when Smith‘s and Jones‘s theory...

(but compare ―Smith‘s and Jones‘s theories,‖ which is correct if it refers to

different theories). ―The theory of Smith-Jones‖ would be correct if Smith-Jones
were one person.

―Roper et al.‘s work‖ is awkward and should be changed to ―the work of Roper et
al.‖ ―Roper‘s et al. work‖ and ―the Roper et al. work‖ are grotesque.

Learn to spot imaginary possessives. ―Kramers doublet‖ is correct, not Kramer‘s,

Kramers‘, or Kramers‘s. ―Higgs field‖ is likely; ―Higgs‘s field‖ is possible;
―Higg‘s field‖ is wrong. A ―Taylor series‖ is correct, not Taylor‘s. But people
may correctly refer to ―a Green‘s function,‖ or a ―Green function.‖ Note also, ―a
Brewster angle,‖ but ―Brewster‘s law.‖

Prefixes and Suffixes

Prefixes and suffixes are closed up to their root word.

multiconstituent quasilinear premidnight

pseudostate phononlike citywide

Last update: 4/27/11 48

 Exceptions:

Do not close up prefixes or suffixes if doing so will produce a double letter. Insert
a hyphen instead.

non-negative semi-inifinite electro-optical

parallel-like

Do not close up prefixes or suffixes that are affixed to a proper noun, symbol, or
numeral.

Pyrex-like pseudo-P 12-fold

―Free‖ words are hyphenated: divergence-free.

―Like‖ words are closed up (―phononlike‖) unless they include a proper name
(―Pyrex-like‖) or a double consonant (―parallel-like‖).
―Self‖ words are hyphenated: self-consistent.
―Type‖ words are hyphenated: vanadium-type. But ―type‖ is not hyphenated
when it is part of a predicate adjective: ― . . .is n type.‖
If the prefix or suffix is added to two or more words, hyphenate them all:

pseudo-wave-function non-time-dependent

Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes

In general, roman chemical prefixes and suffixes follow the ordinary rules:

Close up to the root word: parahydrogen

Hyphenate if affixed to a proper noun: di-MeB

Italic chemical prefixes and suffixes are hyphenated:

cis-dimenthylethylene dimethylnitrosamine-h6

Number chemical prefixes are hyphenated:

1,2-dimethylbutylene

Exceptions and examples of unusual usage are noted in Table 3—Chemical

Prefixes and Suffixes.

See also Hyphenation Guidelines

Last update: 4/27/11 49

Q
Quotation Marks
See Punctuation.

Last update: 4/27/11 50

R
Roman Functions
Roman functions, e.g., sin, cos, tan, etc., are always set roman.
Insert a thin space before and after all Roman functions except when
preceded/followed by fractions, fences, or radicals.
See Table 11—Roman Mathematical Functions.

Roman Type
See Roman.

Last update: 4/27/11 51

S
Scientific Notation
Calculator notation (Exx) must be changed to scientific notation (×10xx)

change 6.745E–3 to 6.745×10–3

change 6.751E+3 to 6.751×10+3

Sections Cited in Text

When referring to sections and subsections of the paper in text, always use the full
word, i.e., Section I, Subsection I.A, Subsection IV.B.1.
Likewise, if an author mentions a section by the actual section title as opposed to
the section number, change to ―Section X‖ (e.g., ―in the Experimental section‖
becomes ―in Section II‖).
Exceptions: References in text to the sections of a paper entitled Introduction,
Conclusion, or Appendix may be referred to by that title rather than a section
number if the reference is specifically to that section. Capitalize the name of the
section:

Readers indifferent to our methodology may proceed directly to our

Conclusions.
We calculate, in Appendix A, the rapidly converging expressions.

Semicolons

See Punctuation.

Special Topic or Special Issue

―Special Topic‖ articles only belong to a section of a published issue. When
authors refer to other articles in a Special Topics section, they should not use the
phrase ―Special Issue.‖
A ―Special Issue‖ only contains articles devoted to that singular topic. Regular
articles do not appear in a ―Special Issue.‖

Last update: 4/27/11 52

Spectroscopic Notation

Line labels and configurations use italic letters, prescripts, superscripts,

subscripts, numbers on line, and parentheses. By convention, a single superscript
o is set as a degree sign, not as an italic o. (It stands for odd as opposed to even).
Superscripts and subscripts left align.
2 s 2 2 p 5 f 9 6 H15/2 7 s 2

When necessary, prescripts should be preceded by thin spaces to distinguish them

from superscripts.
2s 2 p

Spin numbers and quantum numbers are italic or Greek ( I , J , K 0 ,7 , , , l, g ) and

may be expressed as slashed fractions: 3/2.
Ionization states are expressed as small cap roman numerals: Fe XX, 249 Cf I.
[Note that regular size Roman numerals are typically used for Periodic Table
groups (IIIA, IVAs, SII–VI); charge, bonding, and liquid-phase designations; and in
the ―law of thermodynamics‖ in, e.g., H (I)].
Transitions are said to be allowed or forbidden; they may be expressed with
arrows or en dashes used to mean ―to‖: 1 S 0 1 P1 .

State Names
States are spelled out in author affiliations and are abbreviated in text and in the
reference section. See Table 6—Abbreviations for States, Territories, and
Provinces.

Suffixes

See Prefixes.

Superscripts and Subscripts

The default position for subscripts and superscripts is aligned left: dx0dy 0 ,
nq
2a 2 / w3 Qmp . This does not mean that they cannot be set differently when
appropriate. For example, T , , a[ ,T , are all valid setups. If the author has
set superscripts and subscripts staggered, Tx, y 2a,b , and they have been set that way
consistently throughout the paper, it is okay to leave as is. If, however, the
compositor has set staggered superscripts and subscripts in the default aligned left
position, do not change.

Last update: 4/27/11 53

T

Theorems, Lemmas, Proofs, etc.

Do not allow large areas of italic (or bold) text.
Single words can be italic at their first appearance, but do not allow several
sentences or paragraphs to remain italic, except for Theorems, Lemmas, Proofs,
etc.

o Theorem 1. The text can be lightface roman or italic (use what the author has
supplied).

o Proof:, Lemma:, Proposition:, Example:, Corollary:, etc. (i.e., lightface

italic). The text can be lightface roman or italic (use what the author has
supplied).

o Theorem: (i.e., boldface roman). The text can be lightface roman or italic
(use what the author has supplied).

o Proof:, Lemma:, Proposition:, Example:, Corollary:, etc. (i.e., lightface

italic). The text can be lightface roman or italic (use what the author supplied).

Trade Names and Related Terms

See Manufacturers, Materials, and Proper Names.

Trademark and Copyright Symbols

The trademark symbols ( , ) are used in PEP papers. The copyright symbol ( )
is used only in the copyright line following the abstract. It should be deleted
elsewhere in the file.

Last update: 4/27/11 54

U
Units of Measure

The conventions governing the usage of abbreviations for units of measure are
fixed and well established.

(1) In general, abbreviations for units of measure have but one form for both
singular and plural, are unpunctuated, roman, and a full space away from the preceding
number (always copymark for space, even if typed correctly):

0.8 Hz

1.8 MeV

14.5 K
A few abbreviations are closed up with the number: 6.5%, 0.4°. A few abbreviations
are a thin space away from the number: e.g., 25 °C (the thin space before the temperature
units must be marked).

(2) An abbreviation must be used after a number (and the number must be given
in numerals): ―a few volts,‖ but ―6 V‖ (not ―six V‖ or ―6 volts‖). On the other hand,
the abbreviation for a unit should be used even when there is no number if the unit is
more than one word: ― ... is measured in eV.‖ There are some contexts in which the use
of abbreviations and numerals, although correct by rule, shows bad taste and judgment:
In ―Much progress has been made in the last 5 yr...‖ a style suitable for the reporting of
data has been imposed upon a material not truly scientific (―...in the last five years...‖ is
more appropriate).

(3) The number preceding a unit of measure for which there is no abbreviation
should be given in numerals (and a slash should replace ―per‖ if the unit is a compound
unit): 3 statamperes 4 liters/mole

(The spelled-out unit should be given in the singular when it is hyphenated: ―The
container's volume is 6.4 liters...,‖ but ― ...the 6.4-liter wire.‖)

(4) Enforce the economy of

2 4 6cm2
0.7 and 0.8 Hz
1.0, 1.5, and 1.8 MeV
10–20 MeV

Last update: 4/27/11 55

But repeat the unit of measure (i) when it is an angle degree sign (―at 25°, 30°, and 35°‖),
(ii) when it changes within a series (―x, y, and z were measured at 1.0 MeV, 1.5 MeV, and
6.0 GeV‖), or (iii) when the numbers before the unit are far apart (a sentence such as:
―The sample was cooled first to 30, then to 12, and finally to 4 K‖ is commendably terse;
a sentence such as ―Stable at 17.3, the pitch begins to vary considerably at 17.4 °C‖
achieves economy at the expense of clarity).

(5) If a number has an error attached and is less than a full space away from the
unit, an ambiguity arises that must be resolved with the help of parentheses: ―2.0 ± 0.4
keV‖ is unambiguous, but ―2.0 ± 0.4%,‖ while it usually means ―(2.0 ± 0.4) %,‖ might
mean ―2.0( ± 0.4% ),‖ and a decision must be made in favor of one of the two possible
meanings. Compare ―(2.0 ± 0.4) °‖ (or, better, ―2.0° ± 0.4°‖), ―(2.0 ± 0.4) °C.‖ A similar
ambiguity is resolved with the help of parentheses in ―(2.0 ± 0.4) 10-3 keV.‖

(6) Percents of numbers with units are expressed in the form ―22 MeV + 10%‖
(not ―22 + 10% MeV‖) .

(7) Compound units are expressed as follows:

4 g/cm2 (not 4 g per cm2 )

4 g cm2 s2 (not 4 g-cm2-s–2 or 4 g·cm2·s–2 )

The form ―1 erg/cm3/s‖ is ambiguous and unacceptable; it should be corrected to ―1

(erg/cm3 )/s‖ or ―1 erg/cm3 s‖ or ―1 erg cm-3 s-1‖ (but not ―1 erg cm3 s‖). Study the
particular units involved (and, if necessary, query the author) to decide how to correct the
multiple slashing.

(8) Study the following examples of units containing or adjoining (i) words, (ii)
variables, (iii) symbols used as abbreviations, and (iv) physical quantities:

(i) 9 lines/in., 40 counts/(20 MeV)

(ii) 4CA 1/3F
(iii) 6 e/cm2, 3.5 n/s
(iv) 1 MeVIc, 1.2 eV/ a02

In examples (i), the words act as parts of compound units: numbers are given in
numerals, and a solidus replaces ―per.‖ Note that the words are lowercase and in the
plural (but use the singular when the word is hyphenated: ―the 1200-groove/mm
grating‖). Units are spaced off, but variables are closed up, as example (ii) demonstrates.

Authors may use single-letter italic symbols instead of words in certain compound
units. The symbol is spaced off as if it were a word, as in examples (iii) (e is for
electrons, n for neutrons) .

If the unit of measure implied by a physical quantity is on an equal footing with

Last update: 4/27/11 56

the unit given explicitly, the symbol for the physical quantity is treated as part of a
compound unit, as in examples (iv) (c is the velocity of light and MeVIc a measure of
momentum; ao is the Bohr radius and eV/ao a measure of energy per area).

(9) The following prefixes (roman and closed up) can be used, without definition,
to indicate decimal fractions or multiples of a unit:

Prefixes to units of measure

1 9
d deci 10 n nano 10 da deca 10 G giga 109
2 12
c centi 10 p pico 10 h hecto 102 T tera 1012
3 15
m milli 10 f femto 10 k kilo 103 P peta 1015
6 18
micro 10 a atto 10 M mega 106 E exa 1018

Avoid a double prefix (―m,µs,‖ ―kMW‖) if it has a single-prefix equivalent (―ns,‖

―GW‖). Prefixed units are single units and do not need parentheses to be raised to a
power: kG-1, mCi2, GeV2. Be wary of authors' abuse of this convention: ―µs-1‖ always
means ―(10-6 s)-1‖ and cannot be used to mean ―10-6 s -1‖; on the other hand, ―GeV/c2‖
only means ―GeV/(c2),‖ never ―(GeV/c)2.‖

See Table 7—Standard Abbreviations for Units of Measure.

Last update: 4/27/11 57

V
Verb Tense

Ensure the author‘s consistent use of verb tense in the Introduction and the
Conclusion.

Last update: 4/27/11 58

W
Wording

Article/Paper/Letter

Follow the author for the use of ―article‖, ―paper‖, or ―letter‖ when the author
refers to his/her work.

Between

If using the word ―between,‖ follow by using the word ―and‖ (between 5 and 6).

Compare(d)

Use ―compare(d) with,‖ not ―compare(d) to.‖

Compensate

If the author uses ―compensate the‖ or something similar, OK to leave as is. No

need to change to ―compensate for the.‖

Comprised

Change ―comprised‖ to ―comprises‖ or ―composed.‖

Data

The word ―data‖ is plural.

Diameters

Diameters grow smaller and larger or greater and smaller, not higher or lower.

et al.
Set in italic type (et al.).

Firstly, etc.

Change the European ―firstly,‖ ―secondly,‖ etc., to the American ―first,‖

―second,‖ etc.

Last update: 4/27/11 59

Laboratory

Spell out ―laboratory.‖

Lastly/Finally

Change ―Lastly‖ to ―Finally.‖

Like

If the word ―like‖ does not mean ―similar to,‖ then change to ―such as.‖

Microns/Micrometers (Submicrons/Submicrometers)

The word ―microns‖ is never used in PEP journals. Instead, change to

―micrometers‖ when using words only and change to ― m ― (lowercase Greek
mu, lowercase roman m) when following numbers.

Order of

Use ―of the order of,‖ not ―on the order of.‖

Subsection

Allow the use of the word ―subsection‖ in text.

That and Which

Ensure the correct usage of ―that‖ and ―which.‖ Set a comma before ―which‖ not
before ―that.‖

Versus/Vs

Spell out in text; use ―vs‖ in captions and math

Wave Words

Follow the author. If the author consistently uses ―wavenumber‖, for example, do
not change to ―wave number.‖

Last update: 4/27/11 60

IV. REFERENCES
Reference Citations in Text
General Information
References are styled in a numerical format.
In text use superscript numbers for reference citations. Do not enclose the citation
in brackets or parentheses, unless the reference citation follows an acronym or a
mathematical expression (see Abbreviations and Acronyms).
Two references set as 1,2 and three or more set as 2–4 or 2–4,11.
Use ―Reference(s)‖ (at the beginning of a sentence) or ―Ref(s).‖ preceding
reference numbers in text.
Use last names only in text.

In Ref. 11 Greismer et al. found that by simply…

Here Jackson and Smith2…
Another subject presented in Avalon et al.4,6 is…

If references need to be renumbered, fix the reference order and query the author
to check the renumbering.

AU: References must be cited in numerical order, hence Refs. 3–7 have been
renumbered and all subsequent references have been renumbered accordingly.
Please check carefully throughout.

Full References in Text

Complete references are not allowed in text, tables, or figure captions (a complete
reference can only be used in the abstract). If necessary, change a full reference in
text, table, or figure caption to a reference number and incorporate it into the
reference list. It is not necessary to reorder the entire list of references to do this;
just add the missing reference to the end of the reference list. Always ask the
author to check.

Identifying Collaborators

Sometimes the position of a reference number makes it easier to identify

collaborators:

Abragam and Van Vleck12 and Perl14 have found…

Last update: 4/27/11 61

Labeled Parts
If the author refers to parts (a), (b), etc. in text, check that the sublabels also
appear in the reference list.
If the sublabels only appear in the reference section with no corresponding
citations in text, then delete them.
At least one part must be cited in text.

Reference Citations in Headings

Reference numbers should not be attached to headings. Relocate the citation to

the text if its correct place is apparent; if not, query the author

AU: References should not be cited in headings. Please check relocation of Ref.
7 citation to the text.

Reference Citations Within References

Do not permit superscript reference citations within references. Set them online.

Missing Citations/References

If a reference is not cited in text, but is on the reference list, insert the missing
reference at an appropriate point in the article and query the author.

AU: Reference 12 was not cited in text; therefore, please check our
placement.

If a reference is cited in text, but is not on the reference list, stet the citation in text
and query the author:

AU: Please note that Ref. 14 is cited in text but there is not a Ref. 14 on
the reference list. Please supply the appropriate reference, or delete the
citation of Ref. 14 from the text. In doing this, all the references will
have to be renumbered to ensure that they are still in sequential order

Reference Section Heading

The reference section does not get a heading.

Last update: 4/27/11 62

Reference List

Asian Names

In the case of Asian authors, if it is not evident which name is the surname, then
the entire name should appear. When it is apparent which name is the surname,
Asian names are given in Western order with initials for the given name.

Companion Papers

Do not insert ―, following paper.‖ and ―, preceding paper.‖ at the end of a

companion reference.

et al.
Query the author for a complete author list for all references containing et al.
Never truncate the author list in a reference. Exceptions to this rule are Gaussian
references and MOLPRO references. Shorten these to three authors followed by et
al. See example below:

M. J. Frisch, G. W. Trucks, H. B. Schlegel et al., GAUSSIAN 03, Revision B.04,

Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 2003.

MOLPRO,
a package of ab initio programs designed by H.-J. Werner and P. J.
Knowles, version 2002.6, R. D. Amos, A. Bernhardsson, A. Berning, et al.

If the author is not able to supply a full list of authors, leave the reference as the
author had supplied it. There is no limit to the amount of authors preceding et al.

Ganged References
A ―ganged‖ reference is a single reference that includes citations from more than
one source. Ganged references are allowed in all AIP journals that use numerical
style references. They are not allowed in JMP and CHA papers that use
bibliographic style references.

Same Author(s), Same Source

Do not repeat the author name(s) or journal title for the second and following
sources.
Separate sources with a semicolon.
Insert the volume number, page number, and year only for sources that follow the
first one.

Last update: 4/27/11 63

 1
Y. Hatano, Phys. Rep. 313, 109 (1999); 412, 45 (2000).
2
I. Sánchez and F. Martín, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7720 (1997); 110, 6702 (1999);
34, 4141 (2001).

Same Author(s), Different Sources

Do not repeat the author name(s) for the second and following sources.
Separate sources with a semicolon.
Insert journal title, volume number, page number, and year for all sources.
If the journal title is the same for two consecutive sources, insert ibid. in place of
the journal title for the second source.
3
D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. A 65, 062503 (2002); Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 213001
(2004); J. Chem. Phys. 121, 10957 (2004); Phys. Rev. A 74, 032501 (2006);
Acc. Chem. Res. 39, 207 (2006).
4
I. Sánchez and F. Martín, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 7720 (1997); Phys. Rev. B 110,
6702 (1999); ibid. 34, 4141 (2001).

Different Author(s), Same Source (use of ibid.)

Insert all author names for all sources.

Separate sources with a semicolon.
Insert ―ibid.‖ in place of the journal title, followed by the volume number, page,
number, and year for the additional sources.
5
T. Odagiri and N. Kouchi, Phys. Scr., T 110, 183 (2004); T. Odagiri, M. Murata,
M. Kato, and N. Kouchi, ibid. 37, 3909 (2004).
6
C. Y. R. Wu and D. L. Judge, J. Chem. Phys. 75, 172 (1981); M. Glass-Maujean,
ibid. 85, 4830 (1986); A. A. Wills, A. A. Cafolla, and J. Comer, ibid. 24, 3989
(1991).

Different Author(s), Different Sources

Insert all information for all sources.

Separate sources with a semicolon.
7
M. Murata, T. Odagiri, and N. Kouchi, J. Phys. B 39, 1285 (2006); P. Borrell, P.
M. Guyon, and M. Glass-Maujean, J. Chem. Phys. 66, 818 (1977).
8
E. A. Demler, G. B. Arnold, and M. R. Beasley, Phys. Rev. B 55, 15174 (1997);
A. V. Andreev, A. I. Buzdin, and R. M. Osgood III, J. Chem. Phys. 43, 10124
(1991); H. Stephen and T. Robertson, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic
Compounds (Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1963).

Last update: 4/27/11 64

 Same and Different Author(s), Same Source

Same author(s): Follow guidelines for Same author(s), same source.

Separate all sources with semicolons.
Different authors: Insert all author names, followed by ―ibid.‖ and volume
number, page number, and year.
9
P. S. Christopher, M. Shapiro, and P. Brumer, J. Chem. Phys. 123,
064313 (2005); 124, 184107 (2006); D. Gerbasi, A. S. Sanz, P. S. Christopher, M.
Shapiro, and P. Brumer, ibid. 126, 124307 (2007).

Given Names and Initials

First names are not allowed in the reference section; use author‘s first initials and
last name (with a full space in between). Exception: note that hyphenated names
have hyphenated initials.

J. T. Moorehouse J.-L. St. Pierre

Query the author to supply missing initials in the names of authors (or editors).
Note, however, some authors do have only one name.

AU: Please supply first initials for author (or editor) Jones in Ref. 7.

Note: It is possible to check on missing information by clicking on the DOI link

in the reference.

Jr., Sr., II, etc.

―Jr.‖ (Junior) is preceded by a comma; no comma before other familial
designations. Style as:

J. T. Moorehouse, Jr. K. M. Turncoat III

Punctuation

Use commas between lists of three or more authors.

To be Published, Submitted, Unpublished

Unpublished References

The author should be queried for an update to an unpublished reference.

For the journals that allow unpublished references, the author can use either
(unpublished) or (to be published) regardless of the presence of a journal name.

Last update: 4/27/11 65

 In Press or To Be Published

Either ―to be published‖ or ―in press,‖ is allowed, but the article title must also be
included. Use the following formats:

Author, ―Article title,‖ journal abbreviation (to be published).

Author, ―Article title,‖ journal abbreviation (in press).

Do not allow ―in preparation‖ or ―work in progress‖; change these to

―(unpublished).‖

Submitted

―Submitted‖ is allowed in the journal, but the article title must be included. Use
the following format:

Author, ―title,‖ journal abbreviation (submitted).

Missing Information

Query the author to supply any information that is missing from a reference:
paper title, volume number, page range, year, etc.

Page Ranges

Do not allow page ranges in journal references; use only the first page number.
Page ranges are acceptable in book and proceedings references.

Preprints

The words ―Preprint‖ and ―Report‖ can be used. Neither word is preferred; leave
what the author has.

Journal Reference

C. Weisbuch, M. Nishioka, A. Ashikawa, and Y. Arakawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69,

3314 (1992).

Note: Journal title is roman type, volume is bold, and there is no punctuation
before the parentheses. Article titles are not used.

Last update: 4/27/11 66

Book Reference

E. J. Lerner, The Big Bang Never Happened (Vintage Books, New York, 1991).
The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, edited by John Stachel, Vol. 1–9
(Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987–2002).

Conference Proceedings

Conference Proceedings should be styled as a journal reference.

J. Smith, AIP Conf. Proc. 841, 21 (2007).

All other Conference Proceedings such as IOP Conference Proceedings (IOP

Conf. Proc.), Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings (Mater. Res. Soc.
Symp. Proc.), etc. should be styled as book references.
When a Conference Proceeding is added to CrossRef, the style for this type of
proceedings should change from a book reference to a journal reference.
Proceedings following journal style will be added to this style sheet as they
become known.

SPIE proceedings should be styled as a journal.

J. Smith, Proc. SPIE 124, 367 (2007).

Supplementary Material for Publication

AIP‘s Electronic Physics Auxiliary Publication Service (EPAPS) is a depository

for material that is supplementary to articles published in AIP-owned and AIP-
member-society journals, but which is of too limited reader interest to warrant
publishing in full in the journal. As an electronic depository, it can also include
material that cannot at this time be integrated into the printed journal (e.g.,
movies).

References for supplemental material in AIP journals include the DOI of the
parent article so that a link will bring a user to the Scitation landing page, where
the material is readily accessible.

IMPORTANT: An article that contains supplemental material can have only

one reference citing that material. All citations of the supplemental material
in the text must link to that reference. The reference may contain multiple
descriptions of the content of the supplemental material (see Merging
Supplemental Material References).

Last update: 4/27/11 67

 Note: An article can have more than one reference citing supplemental material
from other articles. For example,
25
See supplemental material in C. Lee, W. Yang, and R. Parr, Phys. Rev. B 37,
785 (1988).

Copyeditor Responsibilities
The copyeditor is responsible for inserting the EPAPS identification (ID)
number as detailed in step 2 below.

Supplemental material references include the following:

The DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3274822

The DOI URL will be inserted by the XML operator.

The EPAPS ID number: E-JCPSA6-133-012046

This number, which will be suppressed in print, must be inserted by the
copyeditor. The ID number contains four components, which are separated by
hyphens:

A capital ―E‖ (for ―electronic‖).

The six-character journal coden (see list below): JCPSA6
The journal‘s volume number (taken from the production sheet): 133
The paper‘s AIP ID number (taken from the production sheet): 012046
Note that the three-letter journal code included in the AIP ID number on the
production sheet (012046JCP) is not included here.

A brief description of the supplemental material.

If the author has not provided a description, the copyeditor should insert a
placeholder () in the reference and query the author for the description.

Standard Format for a Supplemental Material Reference

Bold indicates where and what specific information must be inserted:

1
See supplementary material at [AIP ID] [DOI URL] for [BRIEF
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL].

Copyediting a Supplemental Material Reference

Original Manuscript—In-Text Citations

The error bars represent statistical error due to limited sampling.2

Last update: 4/27/11 68

 The derivations of these expressions are placed in Appendix A of the
supplemental material3 for reference.
These vectors are reported in Fig. 1, while the tensor contractions, the
porphin geometry, and the operator decomposition definition are provided
in the supplemental data.4

Original Manuscript—Reference List

2
See Supplementary Material Document No. ________ for the mean square
displacements plots of the point with largest uncertainty.
3
See Supplementary Material Document No. ________ for Appendixes A and B.
4
See Supplementary Material Document No._________ for ________.

Copymarked Manuscript—Reference List

The copyeditor will insert the AIP ID number from the production sheet. If necessary, a
placeholder for a brief description of the material will be inserted along with an author
query.
2
See supplementary material at E-JCPSA6-132-009055 for the mean square
displacements plots of the point with largest uncertainty.
3
See supplementary material at E-JCPSA6-133-012052 for Appendixes A and B.
4
See supplementary material at E-JCPSA6-133-012046 for .

AU: In Ref. 4 please provide a brief description of the supplementary material.

Final Published Reference

2
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/1.5674822 for the mean
square displacements plots of the point with largest uncertainty.
3
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3453712 for
Appendixes A and B.
4
See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3274822 for tensor
contractions, the porphin geometry, and the operator decomposition definition.

E-prints
The author should be queried for a published reference when an E-print number is
given.
If the author supplies an E-print number and a published work in the same
reference, both are allowed to appear in the reference, making it a multipart
reference.

Last update: 4/27/11 69

Online Magazine/Newspaper

D. Whitehouse (ed.) BBC News Online, January 10, 2003.

Report Titles

Report titles are allowed if supplied by the author.

See National Information Technical Service Document No. UCRL-72650 (W. P.

Crowley, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-72650,
1970). Copies may be ordered from National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA.

Web Addresses
References containing URLs are permitted but should have additional text other
than the URL such as:
See http://www.wildlife.com/hummingbird for more information about hummingbirds.

Thesis Titles
Thesis titles are allowed if the author has supplied them.

DOIs
See DOIs.

CID Numbers in Place of Page Range

See CID Numbers in Place of Page Range.

Computer Programs (set in small caps)

Norman R. Briggs, computer code CRUX, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J.,
1972.

ZEMAX-EE version 3.0, ZEMAS Development Corporation, Bellevue, Wash., 2006.

Patent
W. L. Tolin and A. M. Laud, ―New process for developing x rays,‖ U.S.
patent 6,943,801 (March 3, 1977).

Style may vary somewhat for foreign-held patents:

W. A. Clarkson and P. Wang, ―Optical fiber device,‖ UK patent application

0600179.6 (January 5, 2006).

Last update: 4/27/11 70

 Patent Pending

W. L. Tolin and A. M. Laud, ―New process for developing x rays,‖ U.S. patent
pending (October 5, 1976).

A patent pending may include a number assigned when the patent application was
submitted as well as the date of submission to the U.S. Patent Office. Query
author to update information.

AU: Please update patent information in Ref. 3 if possible.

Personal Communication
D. Martin, TRIM Corp., City, State (use long abbreviation of state) (personal
communication, 2000).

The month and day may be included with the year. Note that the affiliation (if
any) and address must be included.

Last update: 4/27/11 71

V. FIGURES
Figure Citations in Text
Use ―Figure‖ at the beginning of a sentence, and ―Fig.‖ midsentence.
All figures must be cited in text in numerical sequence. If figures are cited out of
order, they must be renumbered.
Renumbering is NOT necessary in the following cases:

1. Skipped figure. If a figure is skipped, use your judgment to insert the citation
at an appropriate place and query the author.

AU: Fig. 5 was not cited in text. Please check its insertion here.

2. Figure precites. Authors may precite figures, out of numerical sequence,

which does not warrant renumbering. A precite mentions a figure in passing,
e.g., ―As will be shown below in Figs. 1, 2, and 15…,‖ but does not discuss
the figure in any detail. If the figure is cited and discussed in more detail at a
later citation, and it is apparent that that spot is the more appropriate location
to indicate its first citation, renumbering is not necessary. Add the word
―below‖ to the early mention to warn the reader that the figure belongs with a
later part of the paper and is not being cited as appearing here, e.g., ―. . .as we
will show in Fig. 15 below.‖

Insert a query to the author to verify the renumbering:

AU: Figures must be cited in numerical order. Please check

renumbering of Figs. 2–4.

A citation of part of a figure [―in Figure 1(a)‖] constitutes a citation of the entire
figure.
Figures with multiple parts may be labeled with a letter designation (set in roman
type), but it is not mandatory to do so. The author may use lowercase or capital
letters. Opening and closing parentheses must be inserted around all figure parts,
i.e., (a), (b), (c), or (A), (B), (C), etc. Single parentheses are not allowed.
Ensure that the case of the figure parts in text agrees with those in the caption and
figure.
Do not change labels for curves or for items inside a figure part, e.g., ―curve b) in
Figure 5‖ is acceptable.
Refer to Figures 4(a) and 4(b)... not 4(a,b); Figure 2(a)–2(c)... not 2(a-c)
When referring to figures within figures, use ―inset‖ not ―insert‖ or ―subfigure.‖

Last update: 4/27/11 72

Captions

The caption begins with ―FIG.‖ followed by an Arabic numeral.

A period is used at the end of the caption.
If an author refers to parts (a), (b), (c), etc., in the figure caption or text, but no
such labels appear in the figure, the labels must be added to the figure.

Artwork and Diagrams

See Artwork and Diagrams.

Defined Terms

If there are defined terms used in the figure captions, set term followed by a
comma, then definition followed by a semicolon.

FIG. 1. Experimental setup: R, laser rod; M1, laser mirror; PS, power supply; PD,
photodiode.

Lines, Curves, and Data Symbols

It is acceptable for an author to refer to or to describe symbols that appear in a
figure in the caption (open circles, closed circles, solid squares, etc.). The
copyeditor should not change the text in the caption to a symbol to match the
figure.

FIG. 2. Calculated band structure for the guided modes in a thin 2D photonic-
crystal slab. The solid curve represents the slab thickness; the dashed-dotted
curve the hole radius. Filled circles: even modes. Open circles: odd modes.

Multimedia

The Notes in the production sheet may include mention of multimedia. If movies
or videos (or other multimedia) accompany any of the figures, then a blurb
―(enhanced online)‖ should be included at the end of the figure caption (before
the closing period):

Reference Citations

Do not use superscript reference number citations in captions. Set them online.

FIG. 1. The coordinate system of the calculated ZFS parameters for linear
polyacenes and polyenes (see Ref. 12).

Last update: 4/27/11 73

Reprinted Figures

If there is an incomplete permission/credit line in a figure caption, the copyeditor

must insert an author query requesting that the author supply the full credit line. A
figure caption that says something like ―Figure from Smith et al.‖ or ―Figure used
with permission‖ are examples of incomplete permission/credit lines. A typical
example of a full credit line is: ―From Brown, The Best Book in the World, 4th
Edition. Copyright © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission
of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.‖

Color in Figures
Color/Color Online
If a figure is RGB (it appears in color in the online issue only), ―(Color online)‖
must appear in the figure caption. Example: FIG. 1. (Color online)
If a figure is CMYK (it appears in color in both the print and the online issue),
―(Color)‖ must appear in the figure caption. Example: FIG 1. (Color)
References in the caption, or in the body of the paper, to specific colors in color
online figures must be accompanied by other descriptive words so that the figure
will be understood by readers of the black-and-white print version.

Example 1:

FIG. 7. (Color online) Streamline pattern during the (a) thermal phase (red
curve), (b) trapped vortex phase (blue curve), and (c) counterflow phase
(yellow curve).

In this example the three curves mentioned in the figure caption are identified
only by their colors, which readers of the print version will not see.

In this case the copyeditor must insert the following query to the author:

AU: Please reword Fig. 7 caption without color words, so that the figure will be
understood by readers of the black-and-white print version.

Example 2:

FIG. 8. (Color online) Streamline pattern during the (a) thermal phase (red
solid curve), (b) trapped vortex phase (blue dashed curve), and (c)
counterflow phase (yellow dashed–dotted curve).

In this example the three curves mentioned in the figure caption are identified by
colors and descriptive words: solid, dashed, dashed–dotted. Although readers of
the print version will not see the colors, they will be able to distinguish the curves
from one another because of the descriptive terms used. An author query is not
required in this case.

Last update: 4/27/11 74

VI. TABLES
Title (Caption)
A table title (caption) consists of the word ―Table‖ followed by a roman numeral,
a period, and a description of the table.
Articles (A, An, The) may begin a caption.
The caption ends with a period.
If a reference is cited in the table caption do not use a superscript reference
number. Set the reference citation online.

TABLE I. The excess time delays for individual ―go‖ and ―return‖ journeys and
the effective excess time delays for complete go-return roundtrips of radar signals
between Earth and Venus for impact parameters R=0 (see Ref. 36).

If a title is missing, insert a ―black box‖ (■) and query the author to supply one.

AU: Please provide caption for Table 2.

Rules
Most tables need only three rules: a double rule between the caption and the
column headings, a single rule between the headings and the columns, and a
double rule below the entire table body, above any footnotes.
Tables without column headings need only two rules; a double rule under the
caption and an double end rule.
The use of rules within the table body are discouraged. Use double space instead.

Spanner/Straddle Rules
Extra horizontal rules (spanner, or straddle, rules) should be used to group column
headings under spanner headings:
An extra horizontal rule may be used to separate parts of a table when structure
requires it; otherwise there are no internal rules in tables.

Table Parts

Multipart tables (Ia, Ib) must be run in as one table.

Columns
Headings

The first word in every column heading is capitalized (symbols are exempt).
If there are units of measure in fences, break to set on a separate line.

Last update: 4/27/11 75

 Standard abbreviations and acronyms and abbreviations introduced in text may be
used in headings without definition.

Column Data
If the first column contains numbers, align the first column by decimal.
(Exception: If the column contains numbers with an inconsistent amount of digits
to the left or to the right of the decimal point, whereby aligning the decimals will
cause an uneven appearance in the column, align the column to the left.)
If the first column contains text, align the first column to the left.
In tables containing only two columns of data, where the data does not fill the
width of the table (leaving a lot of white space to the left or right of the column),
columns should be centered.
All other table columns containing math should align by the decimal point or
common math character (i.e., ±, ×, etc.); excluding the first column, table
headings should be centered.
When the same unit of measure is listed after each measurement in the body of a
table, that unit is deleted from the body of the table and set in parentheses as part
of the column heading.
Align on decimals, if data is numerical and similar:

00.1 2.45
00.2 34.3
00.3 5.98

When the numbers in a column are aligned by decimal, a thin space in numbers of
five or more digits should be extended even through numbers of four digits:
21 737.1
950.2
5 999.5

When the elements of a column are heterogeneous, center:

8200.0
7.65
Maybe
Pb(Sn)

The exception is in a listlike table, when all entries align left:

M 8200.0
N 7.65
O Maybe
P Pb(Sn)
Q 0.346

Last update: 4/27/11 76

 Do not allow the use of quotation marks (ditto marks) for repeated entries. Repeat
the number instead:

2.7 + 0.1 not 2.7 + 0.1

2.7 + 0.1 ― ― + 0.1
3.2 + 0.2 3.2 + 0.2

When the author puts dashes in empty columns to indicate missing entries, use em
dashes; otherwise leave blank spaces blank. Em dashes must be centered in the
column.

0.0014 2.364
— 9.44
0.026 —

Equations

Equations in the body of a table are unpunctuated, but two or more equations side
by side in the same column and row should be separated by a comma and a space:

C11 5.41746, a 3.2, c 4.9

C12 2.97787, a 3.7, c 4.7

Fractions

Built-up fractions are allowed in tables.

Simple fractions should be cased.
Fractions are permitted in numerators and denominators of other fractions when
they are displayed this way in the original manuscript.
Fractions in exponents should be broken down; insert bracketing when necessary.
Integrals, products, and summations should appear text size within fractions;
limits should be set as super and subscripts.

References

If a column entry uses superscript reference numbers, they should be changed to

superscript roman letters and listed as footnotes at the end of the table.

Table Footnotes
Cite footnotes with a superscript lowercase italic letter, then start respective
footnote with same letter.
Footnotes are cited in alphabetical order, by row, not column, reading from left to
right.

Last update: 4/27/11 77

VII. MATHEMATICS
Equations—In Text
Equations in text cannot be numbered. Display any numbered equations that
appear in text.
Insert ―Eq.‖ or ―Eqs.‖ in front of equation citations. If starting a new sentence,
then use ―Equation‖.
Limits are set to the right of summations and product signs in text.
Case fractions used in text can contain only numbers and will be set in a small
size: 12 . All other fractions must be slashed down, with parentheses inserted as
needed (see Slashing and Building Up Fractions).
Two or more equations that appear in text separated by commas, but no text, may
be closed up (no spaces after the commas) or may have a full space after each
comma. Stet the author‘s setup.

Space after commas:

All the data were calculated for C4 q2 P4 q2 , v , C5 q2 P5 q2 , v ,

C6 q2 P6 q2 , v and are presented in relative units.

No space after commas:

All the data were calculated for

C4 q2 P4 q2 , v , C5 q2 P5 q2 , v , C6 q2 P6 q2 , v and are presented
in relative units.

Equations—Displayed
Integrals and Limits

Place limits to the right of integrals in text and in displayed equations. Exception:
Two or more integrals placed side-by-side will sometimes have limits centered
above and below the entire group.
L

Subscript/superscript Under/over

Limits center above and below summations and product symbols in displayed
equations, and to the right in text.

Last update: 4/27/11 78

 n n
n n
p 0 p 0
p 0 p 0

Display Inline

Fences
Allow the bracketing to be changed if nested fences have been used (parens
within parens or square brackets within square brackets, etc.).
Do bring any missing fences to the author‘s attention.
For additional information, see Fences.

Italics Versus Roman

See Fonts.

Derivatives
See Derivative ―d‖.

Ellipses
Ellipses that are set off with punctuation set online a, b, c, ,d .
Ellipses set between operators without surrounding punctuation, set centered:
2a 2b x.

Greek nu
When you have h , always set ― ― as a Greek nu.
See Greek Letters.

Equations—Numbering

Ensure author‘s sequential numbering of equations in text.

An alternative style may be used when numbering equations, but the style
chosen must be used consistently throughout the manuscript.
Equations are generally numbered (1), (2), (3), etc., though there may be (1a),
(2a), or (1′), (2′), etc. for multipart equations. If letters are used for equation
parts, they must be set in roman type.
The journal editor has Primed parts of equations [Eq. (1) and Eq. (1′)] do not need to appear in
decided to discontinue sequence.
allowing equations to Equations may also be numbered according to sections, i.e., (1.1), (1.2), (2.1),
be numbered etc.
according to section Number equations in the Appendix according to their section, i.e., (A1), (A2),
and prefers to have etc., in Appendix A; (B1), (B2), etc. in Appendix B, and so on.
them all numbered If it is necessary to renumber the equations, query the author to verify.
sequentially

Last update: 4/27/11 79

 AU: Eqs. (3)–(5) have been renumbered. Please check.

Not every displayed equation has to be numbered. The author can mix
numbered and unnumbered equations, as long as those that are numbered are
in proper sequence.

Placing Equation Numbers

(1) Multiline equations or two or more equations to be identified by one number:
align the number with the last line of the group of equations.

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

A2 2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

K ½ k1 k2 ,

M1 P1 k1 2
P1 k2 2 . (2)

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1

2 x x 2 x 3 x 1

½ k1 k2

P1 k1 2
P1 k2 2 . (3)

The author may number each line of a multiline equation separately:

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 (6a)

2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 (6b)

½ k1 k2 (6c)

P1 k1 2
P1 k2 2 . (6d)

Note that Eqs. (6a)–(6d) could also have been numbered Eqs. (6)–(9).

Last update: 4/27/11 80

 (2) Use the following as models for the placement of equation numbers beside
equations with conditions.

a b, b 0, (10)

a b, b 0 (10a)
c, c 0, (10b)

x, x 0
f x , (11)
x, x 0

Equations—Punctuation
(1) Punctuate displayed equations the same as you would punctuate sentences:

The effective pumping rate into the upper laser level is

Wp nQW 03 ,

where nQ is the quantum efficiency.

The effective pumping rate into the upper laser level is, for example,
Wp nQW 03.

(2) If the sentence leading into an equation ends with ―follows‖ or ―following,‖ insert
a colon before the equation.

The effective pumping rate into the upper laser level follows:
Wp nQW 03.

(3) Commas are used to separate equations in a group of equations:

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

A2 2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

K ½ k1 k2 ,
2 2
M1 P1 k1 P1 k2 .

Last update: 4/27/11 81

 (4) The final equation in the series will have either a comma or a period, depending
on whether the sentence continues after the equation, or the equation ends the
sentence.

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

A2 2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

K ½ k1 k2 ,
2 2
M1 P1 k1 P1 k2 , (4)

where x denotes the …

(5) Delete the word ―and‖ between consecutive displayed equations, and use a
comma instead. The word ―where‖ is acceptable.

Incorrect:

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

and
A2 2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

Correct:

A1 4 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

A2 2 x x 2 x 3 x 1 ,

K ½ k1 k2 ,

where
2 2
M1 P1 k1 P1 k2 ,

Displaying Equations
(1) Style the following types of equation for display:

(a) Numbered equations.

(b) Long equations. This rule is not dogma: long equations that begin
paragraphs or appear immediately in the running text that follows a

Last update: 4/27/11 82

 displayed equation may have ample room and need not be displayed, and
some ―short‖ equations that contain material difficult to break should be
displayed: ―...the term C L, P1, P2 / C 0, P1, P2 0 is … .‖
(c) Equations that contain material that cannot or should not be reduced to a
single line. Equations that cannot be reduced to a single line include
matrices and matrixlike equations.

1 1
1 0

a c e g

b d f h

(2) Equations that should not be reduced to a single line of type include equations
containing built-up fractions that should not be slashed; equations containing a
summation or product symbol with elaborate indices:

u v w
E0 cos xy E pql , E pql , E pql Eu , D 2
p 0q 0 l 0

n nx n n 1 x2
1 x 1
1! 2!

n x n x
f x a0 an cos bn sin
n 1 L L

(3) Vertical and diagonal ellipses may occasionally be needed in matrices and
matrixlike expressions:

a c e g

b d f h

But in almost all other circumstances in display, horizontal ellipses are adequate:

(4) Related short equations may be run in onto the same line with a double space
separating them:

Last update: 4/27/11 83

 C4 q2 P4 q2 , v , C5 q2 P5 q2 , v .

But do not run in two of three equations if the third will not fit also. Leave as
written:

C4 q2 P4 q2 , v ,

C5 q2 P5 q2 , v ,

C6 q2 P6 q2 , v .

(5) Never run in equations with separate equation numbers:

C4 q2 P4 q2 , v , (16)

C5 q2 P5 q2 , v , (17)

(6) Run in short right- and left-hand sides of one equation:

G z, z P 1 K 3 ij * i .

But do not run in onto one line equations that align on = (or similar signs of
relationship) regardless of the shortness of the lines:

Em R am / R0 6Z H Z A R 1 R0 1
0.

(7) Run in an equation and its condition, if they will both fit on the same line, with a
two em space before the condition:

s s1 s2 s3 , s 0. (10)

(8) A phrase after an equation, as in

H n ,n aM for high-energy photons, (12)

should usually be moved to the text below:

H n ,n aM (12)

Last update: 4/27/11 84

 for high-energy photons, and similar... .

Important exceptions to this rule are conditional formulas (like ―for b 0 ― and
―as a n ―) and related conditions, either enclosed in parentheses or ―floating,‖
in which ―for‖ is missing but implied.

Artwork
See Artwork and Diagrams.

Conditions

Placement of conditions in displayed equations:

a b for b 0,

a b b 0 ,

a b, b 0,
a b for b 0
c for c 0.
b for b 0
a
c for c 0

b b 0
a
c c 0

b b 0
a
c c 0

Exponents
An ―e‖ with a very long exponent (superscript), as below, that appears in text and
presents a problem with spacing or line breaking within a paragraph should be set
as a displayed equation. If it still presents a problem the ―e‖ should be changed to
―exp‖ and the exponent (superscript) should be set online within fences.

ik0 n0 z x , y ik0 z x 0, y 0 z x, y
e

should be changed to read as

exp{-ik0n0Δz(x,y)-ik0[Δz(x=0,y=0)-Δz(x,y)]}

Last update: 4/27/11 85

 Whether displayed or in text, this format allows the equation to be broken.

Fractions
Fractions on one line can be set as

o case fractions: 12
o staggered fractions: 3 4
o or slashed fractions: 2/3

Case fractions used in text can contain only numbers and will be set in a small
size: 12
1
Case fractions in displayed equations should be built up:
2
Fractions are permitted in numerators and denominators of other fractions when
they are displayed that way in the original manuscript.

Integrals, products, and summations should appear text size within fractions;
limits should be set as super and subscripts.

Slashing and Building Up Fractions

Built up fractions in text must be broken down: 1/2
Insert parentheses for clarity if necessary.

Slash built-up fractions everywhere in subscripts and superscripts.

20
r
20
w0 r / w0
e should be changed to e

Built Up Slashed Down

p p / q2
q2

2 2
p p/q
q

pq pq / r
r

Last update: 4/27/11 86

 Built Up Slashed Down
p p/q r
r
q

q p q/r s
p s
r

p q p q /r
r

p 1 p q / r s
r s

p q p q / r s t
t
r s

Build up displayed fractions when there are more than, say, three simple slashed
fractions in an equation.

Notation
Follow the author‘s notation for kerning versus staggering. Most subscripts and
superscripts are kerned (set one over the other flush with the symbol). However,
there are some cases when the subs and sups may be staggered, such as in tensor-
component notation (T ∂μ ,ν , a[α μβ]) and other odd ordering of subs and sups. If
editing on paper, frequently mark these notations as ―staggered‖ throughout the
paper.
For prezeros and postzeros, insert a zero to the left of a decimal point to avoid
―dangling decimal points.‖

Vectors
An over arrow may represent a vector, do not remove the over arrow or make
bold.

Last update: 4/27/11 87

VIII. PUNCTUATION
Apostrophes
Apostrophes are used in possessives and in contractions, which are not used in
formal writing. Apostrophes are used when symbols or lowercase acronyms are
made plural: A1 ‗s, rf‘s, rms‘s.

Colons

A colon does not appear immediately after any form of the verb ―to be‖ or
between a verb or a preposition and its object.
A colon may be used before a list when the phrase that introduces the list
conforms to the rules above.
The first letter after a colon is uppercase.
Colons are set outside quotation marks:

Values for two parameters are ―obtained‖: The quantum cyclotron radius and the
Debye shielding radius.

Colon Use
1. Use a colon to separate two main clauses.

Colons may be used to separate two main, or independent, clauses that are not
separated by a conjunction or any other connecting word or phrase.
Semicolons are normally used, but the colon adds emphasis, especially if the
first clause leads into the second clause or has a parallel construction.

―Grapes are not squeezed: The pulp is pressed.‖

2. Use a colon to introduce a clause, or phrase, that explains, illustrates, amplifies or

restates what has gone before.

―The sentence was poorly constructed: It lacked coherence and unity.‖

3. Use a colon to direct attention to an appositive.

―She has only one passion: Chocolate.‖

4. Use a colon before an equation when warranted. A colon only precedes an

equation with the wording, ―as follows‖ or ―in the following.‖

5. Use a colon to introduce a series in text.

Last update: 4/27/11 88

 ―Three elements were tested: Iron, silver, aluminum.‖

6. Use a colon to introduce a list.

In text.
In a displayed list when the items of the list are not full sentences.

Examples

Colon
Values for two parameters are obtained: The quantum cyclotron radius and the
Debye shielding radius.

No Colon
The parameters remaining are the Debye shielding radius and the plasma
frequency.

Colon
We are led to the following conclusion: The fast-electron mode represents an
unloading of excess excitations formed during excitation.

No Colon
We conclude that the fast-electron mode represents an unloading of excess
excitations formed during excitation.

Comma Use—In Numbers

Close up four-digit numbers, i.e., 4000.
A comma is not used between the hundreds and thousands place in 5–6 digit
numbers, i.e., 40 000 and 400 000. A thin space is used instead. Comma Use—In
Text.

When to Use Commas

a. In a simple list in text
b. Before and after ―i.e.‖ (that is) and ―e.g.‖ (for example)
c. Before and after ―respectively‖ midsentence. If ―respectively‖ ends the sentence,
place a comma before it.
d. Before ―which‖ to set off nonrestrictive phrases
e. Before, in, and after equations when warranted
f. Punctuate independent clauses separated by coordinating conjunctions (and, but,
or) with commas.
g. In a displayed list with incomplete sentences
h. To bracket expressions such as ―etc.,‖ ―e.g.,‖ ―i.e.,‖ ―viz.,‖ ―namely,‖ ―for
example,‖ ―that is,‖ ―say,‖ and ―in particular.‖
i. With interrupting and parenthetical expressions

Last update: 4/27/11 89

 Conjunctive Adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs are also set off by commas.
They are adverbs which join sentence parts.
The following words are the most common conjunctive adverbs: also, besides,
furthermore, however, indeed, instead, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise,
therefore, and thus.

Correct: Sean headed this way; however, he did not see me.
Correct: Sean headed this way; he did not see me, however.

Some adverbs, which are used conjunctively, may at times be used as a simple
adverb. They are only set off by commas when used conjunctively or when some
other comma rule applies.

Correct: Paul saw Kate; also, he saw Joan.

(Also here is joining the sentence parts.)

Incorrect: Paul saw Kate; he, also, saw Joan.

(Also here is simply modifying saw.)

Correct: Paul saw Kate; he also saw Joan.

Commas also set off contrasting expressions beginning with ―not.‖

Correct: I wanted this one, not that one.

Correct: We went to San Francisco, not San Diego, for our vacation.

Compound Sentences
Use a comma to separate independent clauses in a compound sentence when they
are separated by a conjunction.
The comma goes after the first clause and before the coordinating conjunction that
separates the clauses.
Make sure they are independent clauses and not some other construction where
commas are not required.

Correct: We washed the dog, and then we cleaned up the mess that he made.

Series
Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series. A
conjunction goes between the last two items of the series.
Words: Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses.
Phrases: This morning I woke up, got dressed, brushed my teeth, and went to
work.
Clauses: In fact, the bus was full of people who got dressed, who brushed their
teeth, and went to work.

Last update: 4/27/11 90

 Incorrect: The plaza in Venice was filled with angry protestors, shouting
spectators and police.

Leaving out the last comma makes it look like the police were shouting, too.

Correct: The plaza in Venice was filled with angry protestors, shouting
spectators, and police.

This makes it clearer.

When Not to Use Commas

a. Before fences, e.g., parentheses, brackets, etc.

With Compound Verbs

Do not use a comma to separate the paired parts in paired compound nouns or
compound verbs.

Incorrect: She lets me watch her dog, and cat play.

Compound subject. No need for comma with the word ―and‖ already there.

Correct: She lets me watch her dog and cat play.

Incorrect: They would play with toys, and run around the house.

Compound verb. No need for comma to separate the words play and run.

Correct: They would play with toys and run around the house.

With Subordinate Clauses

Commas do not set off subordinate clauses unless some specific comma rule
applies, namely, they are clauses in a series, or the clauses are functioning as
appositives, nonrestrictive modifiers, or introductory adverb clauses.

Incorrect: He told me that I had better come, so that they would avoid serious
trouble.

Not a series. Not an appositive, nonrestrictive modifier, or introductory adverb

clause.)
Correct: He told me that I had better come so that they would avoid serious
trouble.

With Nouns and Modifying Adjectives

Do not use commas to separate a noun and its modifying adjectives when the
adjectives come before the noun.

Last update: 4/27/11 91

 Incorrect: The bright red, car was a Corvette.
Correct: The bright red car was a Corvette.

Exclamation Points
Exclamation points are allowed in both text and math. Do not delete them if they
are used to emphasize text.

Quotation Marks
Quotation marks are allowed. Leave what the author has, do not add additional
quotes.
Quotation marks are set outside commas and periods, inside colons and
semicolons: the ―humps,‖ the ―humps.‖ the ―humps‖: ―the humps‖;
Convert double quotation marks to single quotation marks if they appear within a
quotation: ―the underlying ‗lattice‘ is infinite dimensional.‖
Ensure that quotation marks face the correct directions: ― ―
When an author uses quotation marks around a word, phrase, symbol, etc., allow
quotation marks at first occurrence of each individual word, phrase, symbol, etc.
and delete from all subsequent occurrences.
Do not use both quotation marks and italics for a single word or phrase; quotes
are the preferred notation.

Semicolons
Semicolons are set outside quotation marks:

The intervalley scattering ―switched on‖; therefore the differential mobility

acquires...

Semicolons are especially useful for repairing run-on sentences. The following
sentences, all properly punctuated, often appear badly punctuated by authors who,
mistaking conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases for conjunctions, run the
separate clauses together with commas.

Proper Use of Semicolons

The momentum states are continuous; hence (therefore, thus, consequently) we
cannot use the variational procedure.

Traps with energies greater than E are essentially empty; that is (in other words,
i.e.), the traps are filled according to a...

Last update: 4/27/11 92

 Agreement between theory and experiment is good; however (nevertheless), a
definitive quantitative analysis of the amplitude factor is impossible without
further...

Discrete excitation effects must dominate the allowed cross section; otherwise
continuum effects will dominate the forbidden one.

A one-electron spectrum is not needed; instead, we must use a ...

A one-electron spectrum is not enough; also, we must use a...

Semicolons are generally used before the following phrases (that introduce
independent clauses):

after all hence

also however nevertheless
anyway in addition next
as a result in contrast nonetheless
at any rate incidentally on the contrary
at the same time indeed on the other hand
besides in fact otherwise
by the way in other words still
consequently instead then
even so in the second place therefore
finally likewise thus
for example meanwhile
furthermore moreover

Last update: 4/27/11 93

APPENDIX A: TABLES
Table 1—Alphabetical Listing of Chemical Elements
Chemical compounds that directly reflect the elements in the Periodic Table do not need
to be defined. Therefore, compounds that do not directly mirror the elements listed below
must be defined.

Ac (actinium) Er (erbium) Mn (manganese) S (sulfur)

Ag (silver) Es (einsteinium) Mt (meitnerium) Sb (antimony)
Al (aluminum) Eu (europium) N (nitrogen) Sc (scandium)
Am (americium) F (fluorine) Na (sodium) Se (selenium)
Ar (argon) Fe (iron) Nb (niobium) Sg (seaborgium)
As (arsenic) Fm (fermium) Nd (neodymium) Si (silicon)
At (astatine) Fr (francium) Ne (neon) Sm (samarium)
Au (gold) Ga (gallium) Ni (nickel) Sn (tin)
B (boron) Gd (gadolinium) No (nobelium) Sr (strontium)
Ba (barium) Ge (germanium) Np (neptunium) Ta (tantalum)
Be (beryllium) H (hydrogen) O (oxygen) Tb (terbium)
Bh (bohrium) He (helium) Os (osmium) Tc (technetium)
Bi (bismuth) Hf (hafnium) P (phosphorus) Te (tellurium)
Bk (berkelium) Hg (mercury) Pa (protactinium) Th (thorium)
Br (bromine) Ho (holmium) Pb (lead) Ti (titanium)
C (carbon) Hs (hassium) Pd (palladium) Tl (thallium)
Ca (calcium) I (iodine) Pm (promethium) Tm (thulium)
Cd (cadmium) In (indium) Po (polonium) U (uranium)
Ce (cerium) Ir (iridium) Pr (praseodymium) V (vanadium)
Cf (californium) K (potassium) Pt (platinum) W (tungsten)
Cl (chlorine) Kr (krypton) Pu (plutonium) Xe (xenon)
Cm (curium) La (lanthanum) Ra (radium) Y (yttrium)
Co (cobalt) Li (lithium) Rb (rubidium) Yb (ytterbium)
Cr (chromium) Lr (lawrencium) Re (rhenium) Zn (zinc)
Cs (cesium) Lu (lutetium) Rf (rutherfordium) Zr (zirconium)
Cu (copper) Md (mendelevium) Rh (rhodium)
Db (dubnium) Mg (magnesium) Rn (radon)
Dy (dysprosium) Mo (molybdenum) Ru (ruthenium)

Last update: 4/27/11 94

Table 2—Computer Programs and Languages

ABACUS JULIE SCHOONSCHIP

ADA KINEMM SED
ALGOL KIOWA SIMULA
APL LAPACK SMALLTALK
AWK LISP SMSL
BANDMIX LOGO SNOBOL
BASIC MATHEMATICA SQL
C MATLAB SQUAW
C++ MINUIT THRESH
COBOL MIRANDA TRED-KICK
COBWEB MODULA-2 TURBO PASCAL
DELPHI MURTLEBERT TVGP
DWUCK OBERON VISUAL BASIC
EIFFEL OBJECT-ORIENTED FORTRAN 90 VISUAL C++
EUPHORIA ODEPAC XML
FORTH OOMMF
FORTRAN PAL
FOWL PASCAL
GENOA PERL
GRIND PL/I
HASKEL POOH
HGEOM PROLOG
HTML PYTHON
ICON REXX
JAVA SAS
JAVASCRIPT SCHEME

Last update: 4/27/11 95

Table 3—Chemical Prefixes and Suffixes

allo- (messenger: mRNA)

ax- meso
anti- meta- (or m-) (position in compounds with carbon)
asym- n- (normal)
bis N-, N, N -, etc. (normal)
(c) [crystal: Li(c)] neo
cis- neso
cisoid- ortho- (or o-) (position in compounds with carbon)
cyclo ortho (inorganics)
d- [rotation of compound, (+) also acceptable] oxo
-d (deuterium) para: (p-) (position in compounds with carbon)
D- (position of OH group, usually on amino acids) para (inorganics)
di poly (polyA, polyU)
endo s (soluble:sRNA)
enol (s) [solid; CA(s)]
eq- sec- (or s-)
erythro- skew
syn- symexo-
(g) [gas: O2 (g)] t (transfer: tRNA)
gem- tert- (or t-)
glycero- tetra
-h (hydrogen) threo-
iso trans-
keto transoid-
l- [rotation of compound, ( ) also acceptable] tri
L- (position of OH group, usually on amino acids) tris
(l) [liquid: Mg (l)] vic-

Last update: 4/27/11 96

Table 4—Correct and Preferred Spellings
(Preferred spellings are marked with an asterisk)

Abbe (no accent) apparatuses beam splitter

Abelès approximant behavior
Abelian a priori Bémard
ab initio aqua regia benchtop
*abscissas aqueous *benefited
absorbance arc length Bethe–Salpeter
absorbency Arnol‘d (or Arnold) Bessel function
absorptance Arrhenius bifilar
acknowledgment asymmetry birefringence
acnode asymptote bispinor (vector)
adatom audio frequency Bitter (magnet)
ad hoc Auger blackbody
adiabatic autoionization Bloch
adsorption auxiliary blueshift
aerospace Avogadro *Bogoliubov (or
airhole (hole to admit air) axisymmetric Bogolyubov)
air hole (hole filled with azimuthal boiloff
air in a photonic crystal) Boltzmann
à la Bäcklund bona fide
Albuquerque backpropagation Bose
Alfvén backreflection boson
aliovalent backscatter Bourdon (gauge)
altazimuth *bakable boxcar
aluminum bakeout bradyon
Ampère (name) band edge branch point
*ampoule (or ampul) bandgap Brillouin
*analog bandhead breakup
analyze band limited bremsstrahlung (sing.)
anelastic bandpass bremsstrahlen (pl.)
anharmonic band shape *Brewster‘s angle
anion band shift Bridgman
anomalous band spectrum bright-field (adj.,
anomaly band structure microscopy)
ansatz [but if the author band tail broadband (adj.)
also uses the plural form, bandwidth (but d-band buildup (n)
then use Ansatz (sing., width) *burette (or buret)
Ansätze (pl.)] baseband burnthrough
antilogarithm baseline Burgers (vector)
aperture baseplate by-product
a posteriori beam waist
*appendixes beam width Cabibbo

Last update: 4/27/11 97

*canceled Coulombic de Haas
*canceling counterclockwise Départment (French)
*cancellation countercurrent dependence
cannot counterexample de Rham
capacitance counterion de Sitter
caret counterstreaming desktop
carryover counterterm detectable
Cartesian countertorque determinant
Cassegrainian or coverslip Dewar
Cassegrain co-worker dew point
*catalog crossbar diabatic
cathode cross-check diagonalizable
Cauchy cross correlation diagrammatic
centerline cross coupling diagrammed
*Čerenkov cross damp(ing) diametral
Cedex cross field dichroism
chalcogen crosshatched (adj., v) diffusivity
changeover cross-hatching (n) digitize
*Chebyshev (or cross-link(ing) dilatation
Tschebyscheff) cross match dilation
chimeral crossover dineutron
chiral cross section Diophantine
chromic •*cross talk di-pion
Clebsch–Gordan cross term Dirichlet
coadd, coaddition crunode disalign
coaxial crystalline discernible
cohomology crystallize disclination
collimate crystallographic discrete
collinear cumulant disk
colquiriite cutoff (n) divergences
combinatorics Czochralski Doppler
comoving Doroga (Dor., road)
complection D‘Alembertian downconversion
concomitant dark-field (adj., down-spin
consistent microscopy)
constant (text) data bank Earth (planet)
const. (displayed math) database echelle
controlled dead time echoes
cooldown de Broglie Ecôle Supérieure (French)
cooperate decalin eigenfunction
coordinate decane eigenvalue
Coriolis decimet eikonal
corollary decuplet electroacoustical
corundum deexcitation electro-optical
coulomb (meas.) de-ionized endian
Coulomb (adj.) De Gennes end loss

Last update: 4/27/11 98

end point framework half words, See half
end wall Fréedericksz words
ensure free fall Hamiltonian
ergodic freeze out Hausdorff
etalon (no accent) Fresnel Heaviside
Euclidean Friedel Hele–Shaw
exercised Fröhlich helicon
explicitly fulfillment helion
extremal full time Hellmann
eyepiece Helmholtz
Galilean Herglotz (function)
Fabry–Perot gasdynamic Hermite (polynomial,
Faddeev gases integration)
falloff gauche Hermitian (operator,
fan-in (n) gauge conjugate, matrix, form)
fan-out (n) Gaussian heuristically
favorable gedanken experiment Higgsino
feedback (sing.) histogram
feedthrough gedanken experiments Hohlraum
fermion (plur.) homeomorphic
ferroelectric Gel‘fand horsepower
ferrous Gell-Mann (one person) Hückel
Feshbach gerade hybridization
Feynman Ginzburg–Landau hydrogenic
Fiberfrax Glan–Thompson Hylleraas
fiberglass Goos–Hänchen hysteresis
filar Gouy
fine-tune glovebox idempotent
fish-eye lens gluon imbalance (n)
fitted Grüneisen impedance
•flashlamp gray inadvertently
flatband gray scale (n) inasmuch as
flattop (n) grid point (n) indexes (to book)
flow chart guideline indices (to variable)
flow rate gyro-orbit indicial
fluence gyroperiod indispensable
flux gate gyroradius infinitesimal
fly-by (diagram) hadrodynamics inflowing
f-number infrared
Fock Hafnian input
focused half-length inscattering
Fokker half-space in situ
formulas halftone in-state
formulational half-wave in vacuo
Fourier halfway Institut (Fr., Ger.)
fractal half-width integrodifferential

Last update: 4/27/11 99

inter-ion Lennard–Jones Maxwell Garnett (one
Internet Levi–Cività person)
interrelation l‘Hôpital‘s (rule) Maxwell(ian)
interstitialcy Lie (group) mean life
intra-atomic lifetime measurable
isentropic lift-off (n) mechanician
isochoric light guide mesh point
isorrhopic lighttight meltdown
isosbestic light wave metastable
isotropic line shape –meter: flowmeter,
Istituto (It.) line shift powermeter
linewidth micro-optical
Jacobian Liouville microwave
Jastrow liquefy midgap
Jaynes–Cummings liquidus mid-infrared
*judgment liter midplane
lobewidth midpoint
Kadomtsev–Patriashvili lock-in Mie
Kirchhoff log-amplitude minuscule
Klein–Gordon log-irradiance MISTRAL
klystron •lognormal mixmaster
Kolmogorov lookup (computer Möbius
Korteweg–de Vries matching) modeling
Kramers (doublet) Lorentz (H. A.) moiré
Kramers–Kronig Lorenz (L.) molal
Kronecker Lorenz–Mie scattering molar
Kronig–Penney loudspeaker monatomic
Kubic (harmonic) Löwdin Monel
Kur uno lu Lyapunov (or Liapunov) monochromator
monotonic
*labeled Mach Mössbauer
Laboratoire (Fr.) Mach–Zehnder Mossotti
Lagrangian Madelung *movable
Laguerre Magellanic
Landé magnetoelastic naïve
Langevin mainframe • narrowband (adj.)
Langmuir mainlobe Néel
Laplacian Majorana Newtonian
Larmor majorization nighttime
Laue majorize nilpotent
lead-in (adj.) makeup nonelastic
least squares manageable nonnegative
Lebesgue Markov(ian) • non-null
Legendre martensitic noticeable
Leibniz *matrices Nozières
lemma Matthiessen nutational

Last update: 4/27/11 100

Nyquist photobleachable principle (rule)
photocell printout
occurrence photochromic procedure
occurring photodiode proceeding
off diagonal photoeffect programmed
off resonance photoinduced Prospekt (Pr., boulevard)
of the order of photoionization proved
ordinate pickoff pseudoeigenfunction
organometallic pickup pseudoscalar
Ornstein–Zernike piezoelectric pulse width
orthorhombic pileup Pythagorean
ortho state pinhole
outcoupling pionization Q switching
outflowing pipet quadrupole
outgassing Pitot (tube) quasi
output pixelation quasi-elastic
out-state Planck(ian) quasi-electron
*overall plane wave quasi-optical
overstability plane-parallel •quasiperiodic
overvoltage plano–convex quasi-phase-matched
plano–concave quasi-spectrum
Padé Poincaré quasiparticle
pairwise Poiseuille
parallelepiped polariton radioactive
parameterize polaron radiocarbon
para state Pollaczeck radio frequency
parton polonium radiosolution
passband *polymethyl methacrylate radon (element)
path length [or poly(methyl Radon (person)
peak width methacrylate)]; similar Raman
Peccei compounds the same ray optics (sing.)
Peierls poly U readout
percent Pomeranchuk (man) recurrence
Pereulok (Per., lane) *Pomeranchukon (or redshift
perihelion Pomeron) (particle) re-form
perimeter ponderomotive Réfrégier
permitted postignition reevaluate
permittivity Poynting reevaluation
perovskite preamplifier reexamine
per se preceding referred
Petri (dish) predominant reflectance
Pfaffian •preemptible Reggeize
Pfirsch–Schlüter preemptive Reggeon
phosphoric (adj.) preionized *reinforced
phosphorus (n) pre-scission relevant
phosphorous (adj.) principal (chief) remanent

Last update: 4/27/11 101

resistivity Shubnikov [sic] takeoff
reststrahlung (sing.) sidearm thermostated
reststrahlen (pl.) sideband Théorique (Fr.)
résumé sidebranching Thomson (scattering)
rewrite side chain ‗t Hooft
Rhodamine B sidelobe three-momentum
Riemann(ian) sidewall three-vector
rigorous sine-Gordon threshold
ringdown sinusoidal thyratron
ripplon sizable time scale
rise time Skyrmion time slice
roll-off (n) Slepton time step
Ronchi slit width tokamak
•rock salt smectic toluene
root mean square solenoid tone burst
round trip solgel Torr
rovibrational Soller (slit) toward
spatial trade-off
sagitta spatiotemporal transit time
semiaxis spherocylindrical transmittance
scalable spin–orbit transversity
scale length spin-parity traveling
scatter diagram squark triality
scattergram Stark tunneling
scatterplot start-up (n) turn-on (n)
Schenectady stationary (fixed) twofold
schizon stellarator two-form
schlieren step-up two-plane
Schottky stepwise two-spinor
Schrödinger stereoisomer two-surface
Schubweg Stieltjes
Schwarz (inequality) stochastic Ulitsa (ul., street)
Scyllac stoichiometric ultrahigh
sealoff (n.) Stokes ultraviolet
Segrè stop band umklapp
Sellmeier Strasse (Str., street) unbalance (verb)
self-energy streamline underdense
self-mode-lock(ing) strip line *under way
semiaxis subband ungerade
semiempirical sulfur un-ionized
semi-infinite Sun Università (Ital.)
semimicro (adj.) sunphotometer Universität (Ger.)
serrometer Suparno (no first name) Université (Fr.)
servo supersede upconversion
setup up-pumping
Shockley–Read tachyon up-spin

Last update: 4/27/11 102

upswitching viscous wind tunnel
uptake von Kármán W-ino
usable vortices Woods–Saxon
voxel (volume element) work function
vacuum workstation
van Alphen walk-off (n) world line
Van de Graaff wave band wraparound
van de Hulst wave breaking Wronskian
VanderLugt wave field wurtzite
van der Waals waveform
Van Hove wavefront x axis
van‘t Hoff wave function x ray
Van Vleck waveguide
wave height y axis
Van Stryland, Eric wavelength yttrium
William wavemeter
varactor wavenumber Zehnder
Verdet (constant) wave packet zeros
vertices wave plate zeroth
Very Large wave speed zinc blende
Telescope wave train Z-ino
vice versa wave vector Zintl
vierbein wholly Zitterbewegung
viewpoint wideband Zugang (Zug., Avenue

Last update: 4/27/11 103

Table 5—Trade Names and Related Terms

Acousti-Celotex Chromatix Glennite

Acousticon Chromel-A Glyptal
Acrolite Chromel-Alumel Grafoil
Adalloy (thermocouple) Gundlach (glass)
Aerion Cinemascope Gyptal
Airbrasive Co-Netic Gyraline
Alberene Colpitts
Alcoa Constantan Havar
Alfven Cooper-Hewitt (mercury Heathkit
Alnico vapor lamp) Heliarc
Alsimag Corex D Helipot
Alumdum Corning Glass Herkolite
Alumel Cronar Hevimet
Amerbestos Cryomech Hewlett-Packard
Ameripol Hexcel
Anochlar DCP (laser technology) Hilger E-l
Antenaplex Delrin Hipernik
(systems) Dewar HPFS (a trademark Corning
Anthracene Blue WR (dye) Diesel silica)
Apiezon N (wax) Din (developer) Hypersil
Aquadag Disperse Fast Violet (dye) Hyvac
Araldite Duprene
Armco Duralumin illuminant C
Audiograph Inconel
Eagle (mount) Infrasil
Babbitt Ecco (bond) Insalute
Bakelite Ektachrome Intralipid
Bausch & Lomb Electrocell (Intralipid-10%, Intralipid-
Benzedrine Elenvar 20%)
benzene Epibond Instron
Buna epoxy (resin) Insulite
Bunsen (burner) Eureka Invar
Butyl Everdur Irtran
Isolantite
Calrod Fer-netic
Captox Fernico (rods) Kaladex
Carboloy Fiberglas Karcite
Carborundum Formar Karolith
Cary Formex Keithley
cellophane Formvar Kemite
Cellosolde FP-54 Kepco
Cellusolve Freon (gas) Kevex
Celotex Fuess Kinney
Cenco du Nouy Kinoenstatite
Cenco Hyvac (oil) G-M Visitron (cell) Kipp
Cermet Geiger (tube, counter) Kliptron
Chemigum Geissler Kodak

Last update: 4/27/11 104

Kodak SWR Oakite styrene
plates Oilite Styrofoam
Kodapak Ortec Suprasil
Kodial Pal-lite Synthal
Koroseal Paraflint
Kovar (glass) Peltier Technicolor
Kromoscopy (method) Peneight Teepol
PerkinElmer Teflon
Lavite Permalloy Teijin Tetoron
LEAF (Corning fiber) Permendur Tektronix
Lippich Permitol Teletype
Litton Permutite Teonex
Littrow Perspex Textolite
Lucite Petropol Thiokol
Luer Phenolite Thordarson
Lusteroid Photox Tontex
Photronic Transite
Magda Picein Troton
Manganin Pilot B Turcite
Marten plaster of Paris Tygon
Mazda Plexiglas
Megavac Pliofilm Variac
Melinex Pliotron Varicap
Metglas Pointolite Vaseline
Methocel Polaroid Viton
Metric polyethylene
Micarta Polyguide Zerodur
Microdot (DuPont)
MicroSwitch polystyrene
Minipak polythene
Molypermalloy Prestite
Monel Pyranol
Morgnite Pyrex
Mumetal Pyroceram
Mylar
Resoglaz
Natic Rhodamine 6G (dye)
neoprene Rochon (prism)
Nernst (glower)
Netic Scotch
Nicalloy Silastic
Nichrome silicone
Nicol solgel
Nigrosin (dye)
Nokorode Spectra-Physics
Nonex Speedomax
Norma Spertroline
Nyclad spinel
nylon Spirakore
Sterdamp
Stix

Last update: 4/27/11 105

Table 6—Abbreviations for States, Territories, and Provinces
State/Territory Postal State Postal
Code Code
Alabama AL North Dakota ND
Alaska AK Ohio OH
American Samoa AS Oklahoma OK
Arizona AZ Oregon OR
Arkansas AR Pennsylvania PA
California CA Puerto Rico PR
Canal Zone CZ Rhode Island RI
Colorado CO South Carolina SC
Connecticut CT South Dakota SD
Delaware DE Tennessee TN
District of Columbia DC Texas TX
Florida FL Utah UT
Georgia GA Vermont VT
Guam GU Virginia VA
Hawaii HI Virgin Islands VI
Idaho ID Washington WA
Illinois IL West Virginia WV
Indiana IN Wisconsin WI
Iowa IA Wyoming WY
Kansas
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Maryland MD Canadian Provinces
Massachusetts MA Alberta AB
Michigan MI British Columbia BC
Minnesota MN Labrador LB
Mississippi MS Manitoba MB
Missouri MO New Brunswick NB
Montana MT Newfoundland NF
Nebraska NE Northwest Territories NT
Nevada NV Nova Scotia NS
New Hampshire NH Ontario ON
New Jersey NJ Prince Edward Island PE
New Mexico NM Quebec PQ
New York NY Saskatchewan SK
North Carolina NC Yukon Territory YT

Last update: 4/27/11 106

Table 7—Standard Abbreviations for Units of Measure
Note that authors may use units of measure not listed here if they define them.

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions

abampere
abohm spell out cgs electromagnetic units (cf. ―stat-‖)
abvolt
amagat spell out unit of density
*ampere A do not confuse with A for mass or Å
ampere hour Ah
ampere turns per At/m
meter
angstrom Å 1 Å 0.1 nm often mistyped A or A . Convert to nm except in the context
of spectroscopy or in Applied Optics
arcminute arc min minutes of arc
arcsecond arc sec seconds of arc not arcsec (arcsecant); but see milliarcsecond
astronomical unit AU not a.u. (atomic units); define
atmosphere atm 1 atm 760 Torr
atmosphere, As
standard
atomic mass unit amu
atomic parts per at. ppm
million
atomic percent at. %
atomic time unit atu 1 atu 2.42 10 17
s define
atomic unit a.u.
atomic weight at. wt.
attofarad aF
bar spell out unit of pressure not an abbreviation: 4 bars, not 4 bar
bark spell out
barn b unit of nuclear cross section
24
1 b 10 cm 2

Last update: 4/27/11 107

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
barye same as bar (use bar instead)
baud or bauds spell out variable unit of data transmission, sometimes from the name Baudot
1 bit/s
billion electron volt BeV change to GeV
biot Bi electromagnetic unit of current
bit or bits spell out Lowercase b may be used—define
blobs per hundred blobs / 100 m unit of track density
micrometers
bohr spell out Bohr radius (unit of distance in atomic cf. Bohr radius as constant a0 ; ―bohr‖ not an abbreviation:
physics) not the same as Bohr magneton)
4 bohrs not 4 bohr
Boltzmann‘s k , kB ―unit‖ of entropy k standard; kB (or K or K B or k ) used when another k
constant
present in the paper; follow author‘s notation
British thermal unit Btu
bytes spell out B (or b) may be used—define
calorie cal, Cal Cal (dietitian‘s calorie) is
3
10 cal physicists should use kcal for Cal; Cal usually a mistyping of
cal
(physicists‘s calorie)
*candela cd
candelas per square cd / m2
meter
candlepower cp
centigray cGy radiation dosage, i.e., cGy/min
centimeter cm cm 1
(inverse centimeters) used often (in spectroscopy) as
1
unit of wave number (waves per cm); cm (infrequently)
used as unit of frequency in which c (speed of light in cm/s)
has been suppressed
centipoise cP unit of viscosity
centistokes cS unit of viscosity 1 cS 10 2 cm2 / s define
*coulomb C see curie
counts per minute counts/min, cpm define cpm
counts per second counts/s not cps
cubic centimeter cm3 , cc cm3 better than cc, but cc allowed if author insists and
defines

Last update: 4/27/11 108

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
curie Ci often misabbreviated C, but correct cautiously, since curie and
coulomb can both be units of irradiation (C used with
accelerators, Ci with radioactive sources)
cycle spell out, c abbreviated c only in c/s (see cycles per second); ―cycle‖ (or c)
not to be used as colloquialism for cycles per second
cycles per second cps, c/s 1 cps 1 Hz not ―cycle‖; not c; use cps when unprefixed (4 cps), c/s when
prefixed (4 kc/s); Hz preferred to cps and c/s (4 Hz, 4 kHz)
(see hertz)
daltons Da mass (not weight)
day spell out; d acceptable
in tables
debye D unit of dipole moment
decibel dB, dBm dB a ratio of sound pressures; dBm a power
ratio (usually in electronics
0 dBm 1 mW
degree , deg unit of plane angle use deg instead of degree sign only in table headings and in
prefixed temperature units like kdeg K, mdeg C
degrees Baumé ºB
degrees Celsius ºC
(centigrade)
degrees Fahrenheit ºF
degrees Kelvin K K replaces ºK anywhere
disintegrations per dis/min not dpm
minute
disintegrations per dis / min g not d / m / g
minute per
microgram
disintegrations per dis/s not dps
second
dyne dyn
electromagnetic unit emu
electron barn eb unit of electric quadrupole moment e is constant (charge on electron)
electrons per atom e / at. number of electrons, e , per atom e is a symbol serving as an abbreviation (author may, of
course, write out ―electrons‖); not e / a ; neither the unit

Last update: 4/27/11 109

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
e / at. nor e / a is appropriate for denoting the variable
―number of electrons per atom‖( Z recommended for that
quantity)
electrons per cubic e / cm 3 , e cm 3 see cubic centimeter; e is a variable (number of electrons)
centimeter serving as an abbreviation; author may write out ―electrons‖
electron unit e.u.
electron volt eV
electrostatic unit esu
entropy unit eu cf. e.u. (electron unit)
erg spell out 4 ergs, not 4 erg
*farad F
femtofarad fF
femtometer fm 1 F 1 fm 10 15
m change F to fm
fermi F
fissions per minute fpm define; or fissions/min
foot ft not ft. or ′
foot-candle fc
foot-lambert fL
foot-pound ft lb not ft. lb.
formula units f.u.
franklin Fr electrostatic unit of electric charge
gallon gal
gal Gal unit of acceleration; 1 Gal 10 2 m s 2

gauss G not g; plural is gauss

gibbs spell out 1 gibbs
gigacycles per Gc/s not to be shortened to colloquial‖gigacycle‖ (Gc); kMc/s an
second acceptable equivalent; see cycles per second
giga-electronvolt GeV GeV / c unit of momentum, GeV / c 2 (or 2
GeV / c GeV / c 2 (consult someone knowledgable
just GeV) unit of mass ( c is the speed of
before making changes)
light)
gigahertz GHz
gigavolt GV
gilbert Gi unit of force

Last update: 4/27/11 110

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
gram g not gm
gram-atom g-at.
gram-atomic weight g at. wt. not gaw
gram equivalent gew
weight
gram formula gfw
weight
hartree spell out
hectogram hg 1 hg 102 g
*henry H unit of inductance
*hertz Hz 1 Hz 1 cps Hz preferred over cps (see cycles per second)
horsepower hp
hour h
inch in. not in or ′′
*joule J
k see Boltzmann‘s constant
kayser K unit of wave number
*kelvin K see degrees Kelvin
kilobar kbar spelled out kilobars not kbars
kilobyte kbyte 1 kilobyte 1024 bytes
kilocalorie kcal, kCal see calorie
kilocycles per kc/s not to be shortened to colloquial ―kilocycle‖ (kc); see cycles
second per second
kilodegrees Kelvin kK, kdeg K kK if possible, kdeg K if coerced (see degree)
kilodyne kdyn
kilo-electron-volt keV
kilogauss kG not kg
*kilogram kg not kgm
kilogram force kgf
kilogram meter kg m
kilohertz kHz
kilohm k not kilo-ohm
kilojoule kJ

Last update: 4/27/11 111

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
kilomegacycles per kMc/s 1 kMc / s 1 Ge / s not kMc (see gigacycles per second)
second
kilometer km
kilo-oersted kOe
kiloparsec kpc define
kilosecond ks
kiloton kt define: not kt
kilovolt kV
kilovolt ampere kV A
kilowatt kW
kilowatt hour kW h
knot kn measure of nautical speed
lambert L unit of luminance
langmuir L 1 L 10 6 Torr sec define
• liter l or spell out
Lorentz unit LU unit of g factor define
*lumen lm
lumens per watt lm/W
*lux lx 1 lx 1 lm / m2
Mach M
mas see milliarcseconds needs no definition in astronomical contexts
maxwell Mx 1 Mx 10 Wb 8

megahertz MHz
megacycles per Mc/s not to be shortened to colloquial‖megacycle‖ (Mc); see cycles
second per second
mega-electron-volt MeV authors sometimes write meV for MeV, but correct cautiously,
since both are possible in same paper (consult author);
(elementary-particle and nuclear physics tend to use MeV;
solid-state physics tends to use meV); never Mev or MEV
megarad Mrad 106 rads
megavolt MV
megawatt MW
megohm M see ohm not megaohm

Last update: 4/27/11 112

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
*meter m
meter-kilogram- mks system of measurement no definition is needed
second
meter-kilogram- mksa
second ampere
meter-kilogram- mksc
second coulomb
meter of water mwe, m (w.e.) define
equivalent
mho 1
, , or ohm 1 see reciprocal ohm
microampere A
microampere hour Ah unit of charge 1 A h 3.6 mC
microcoulomb C
microfarad F
microhm not micro-ohm
micrometer m not microns
micrometers of m Hg unit of pressure 1 m Hg 1 mTorr allowed, but mTorr better (see torr); m alone not to be used
mercury as a unit of pressure
micromole mol not mole
microsecond s or sec
microunit u u 12
C mass / 12
mil spell out unit of thickness
mile spell out
milliampere mA
millibarn mb
milliarc seconds mas needs no definition in astronomical contexts
millicurie mCi
millidegrees Kelvin mK, mdeg K see kilodegrees Kelvin
milligram mg
millihenry mH
milliliter ml

Last update: 4/27/11 113

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
millimeter mm
millimeters of mm Hg unit of pressure 1 mm Hg 1Torr allowed, but Torr better (see torr); mm alone not to be used as
mercury a unit of pressure
millimicrometer m m see nanometer use nm
million electron volt MeV same as mega-electron-volt
million volt MV same as megavolt
milliunit mu u 12
C mass / 12
millivolt mV
minute (i) min unit of time never m instead of min
(ii) ′ unit of plane angle ′ is a prime; see arcminute
molal m e.g., 3m
(concentration)
molar M e.g., 0.1M
(concentration)
*mole mol
mole percent mol. % note period
mole percent metal MPM define
month spell out
nanobarn nb
nanometer nm 1 nm 10 9 m 1 m m correct name for, and interchangeable with, millimicrometer;
nm not to be used for nuclear magneton N
nanosecond ns
nanoseconds per ns/m used in connection with time-of-flight spectrometers
meter
neper Np unit of attenuation
neutrons per fission n/ f unit of fission yield n and f are variables serving as abbreviations (author may
write n / fission , neutrons/fission)
neutrons per second n/s n is a variable serving as an abbreviation (author may, of
course, write out ―neutrons‖)
neutrons per second n / s cm 2 n is variable serving as an abbreviation (author may write out
per square ―neutrons‖); or n / s / cm2 (less good); NOT n / s / cm2
centimeter

Last update: 4/27/11 114

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
*newton N unit of force 1 N 105 dyn
normal N e.g., 14N
(concentration)
oersted Oe
*ohm
ohm centimeter cm unit of resistivity
ohm centimeter per cm / cm / cm 3 unit of resistivity increment per unit
centimeters per dislocation density
cubic centimeter
ohms per square / sq , / unit of surface resistivity
ounce oz
parsec pc unit of distance in astronomy
parts per billion ppb 9
define as parts in 10 (billion is ambiguous)
parts per billion by ppbv define
volume
parts per million ppm 6
define as parts in 10 or parts per million
*pascal Pa unit of pressure 1 Pa 1 N / m2
picofarad pF
poise P cgs unit of viscosity
pound lb not lb. (see pounds per square inch)
pound-force per 2
lb / in. or lbf / in. 2 unit of pressure same as psi
square inch
pounds per square psi unit of pressure ask author to define relative to torr or pascals;
inch 1 psi 51.715073 Torr
pounds per square psi (absolute) not psia
inch absolute
pounds per square psi (gauge) measured with standard (or actual) atm as not psig
inch gauge zero
rad spell out unit of radiation dose ―rad‖ also (unfortunately) the abbreviation for radian; not R
( 1 rad
2
100 ergs / g 10 J / kb , (roentgen)

Last update: 4/27/11 115

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
1
1 rad / s 10 W / kg )
*radian rad unit of plane angle ―rad‖ also the name of a unit of radiation dose
radiation length r.l. define
reciprocal MK 1 unit of inverse correlated color temperature also called ―mired‖
megakelvin (CCT)
reciprocal ohm mho unit of conductance 1 mho 1 1 interchangeable with siemens

revolutions per rpm

minute
revolutions per rev/s, rps
second
roentgen R unit of exposure dose do not confuse with gas constant R (used as unit of entropy):
4.5 R versus 4.5R
rydberg Ry unit of energy 1 Ry 13.6 eV may also be treated as a physical constant (in which case a
one-letter symbol—usually R should be used and defined) cf.
the physical constant R that enters into wave-number
formulas; cf. also the (rare) use of Ry to represent a frequency
(in which case Ry must be specially defined as, e.g.,
1 Ry 1 / 4 a.u. )
*second (i) s unit of time s is the SI abbreviation
(ii) ― unit of plane angle ― is a double prime
shake spell out unit of time 1 shake 10 8 s define

*siemens S unit of conductance 1S 1 A / V interchangeable with mho

standard cubic SCCM cubic centimeter per minute at standard Always define ―SCCM denotes cubic centimeters per minute at
centimeters per temperature and pressure standard temperature and pressure‖
minute
statampere
units in electrostatic system
statohm spell out
(cf. ―ab-‖)
statvolt
*steradian sr unit of solid angle
stoke S unit of kinematic viscosity define

Last update: 4/27/11 116

Unit Abbreviation Definition Special instructions
1 S 1 cm 2 / s
tera-electron-volt TeV 1012 eV
terahertz THz 1012 Hz
*tesla T 1 T 1 Wb / m2 104 G
ton spell out
torr Torr 1 Torr 1 mm Hg 133.32 Pa
torricelli 1 mTorr 1 m Hg
townsend Td 1 Td 10 17
V cm2 define
troland td retinal illuminance define at first use
unit u 12
unit of mass 1u C mass / 12
Unit U medical unit 3
Needs definition (may be cm / min )
*volt V
volume percent vol. % note period
*watt W
*weber Wb
webers per square Wb / m2 1 Wb / m2 1 T 104 G
meter
week spell out
weight percent wt. % note period
Weisskopf W.u. define
year yr spell out in nontechnical contexts

Last update: 4/27/11 117

Table 8—Constants Represented by Symbols

Constant Symbol Units

Atomic mass constant mu kg or eV
Avagadro constant N A or L mol–1
Bohr magneton B
various units
Bohr radius a0 m
Boltzmann constant k various units
Deuteron magnetic moment d J T 1 or none
Deuteron mass md kg, u, or eV
Deuteron molar mass M d kg mol–1
Diamagnetic shielding correction for H 2O
none
protons ( H 2O spherical sample, 298.15 K)
Electron classical radius re m
Electron Compton wavelength C
m
Electron Compton wavelength over 2 C
m
Electron g factor ge none
Electron magnetic moment anomaly ae none
Electron mass me kg, u, or eV
Electron molar mass M e kg mol 1

Electron Thomson cross section e m2

Elementary charge e C
Faraday constant F C mol 1

Fine structure constant none

First radiation constant c1 W m2
Hartree energy Eh J or eV
h-bar (Planck‘s constant over 2 ) J s or eV s
Inverse fine structure constant 1 none
Loschmidt constant n0 m3
Magnetic flux quantum 0
Wb
Molar gas constant R J mol 1 K 1

Molar Planck constant N Ah J s mol 1

Molar volume (ideal gas), STP Vm m3 mol 1
Muon g-factor g none
Muon magnetic moment JT 1
or none

Last update: 4/27/11 118

Constant Symbol Units
Muon magnetic moment anomaly a none
Muon mass m kg, u, or eV
Muon molar mass M kg mol 1

Neutron Compton wavelength C ,n

m
Neutron Compton wavelength over 2 C ,n
m
Neutron mass mn kg, u, or eV
Neutron molar mass M n kg mol 1

Newtonian constant of gravitation G m3 kg 1 s 2

Nuclear magneton N
various units
Permeability of vacuum 0 NA 2
Permittivity of vacuum 0 Fm 1
Pi (ratio of the circumference of a none
circle to its diameter)
Planck constant h J s or eV s
Planck length lP m
Planck mass mP kg
Planck time tP s
Proton Compton wavelength C, p
m
Proton Compton wavelength over 2 C,p
m
Proton gyromagnetic ratio p T 1s 1

Proton gyromagnetic ratio, uncorrected ( H 2O p T 1s 1

spherical sample, 298.15 K)

Proton magnetic moment p J T 1 or none
Proton mass mp kg, u, or eV
Proton molar mass M p kg mol 1

Quantized Hall resistance RH

Rydberg constant R various units
Second radiation constant c2 mK
Speed of light in vacuum c ms 1
Stefan–Boltzmann constant Wm 2 K 4

Wien displacement law constant b mK

Last update: 4/27/11 119

Table 9—Acronyms and Abbreviations
(*, does not need to be defined in text)

Acronym Definition
A
AAAI American Association for Artificial Intelligence (Menlo Park, Calif.)
AAAM Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (Des Plaines, Ill.)
AAAL American Association for Applied Linguistics (Minneapolis, Minn.)
AAAR American Association for Aerosol Research (Cincinnati, Ohio)
AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science (Washington, D.C.)
AAB American Association of Bioanalysts (St. Louis, Missouri)
AAC Alkyl Amines Council (Washington, D.C.)
AACC American Association for Clinical Chemistry (Washington, D.C.), Association of Agricultural
Computer Companies (Claytonville, Ill.)
AACG American Association for Crystal Growth (Golden, Colorado)
AACN American Academy of Clinical Neurophysiology (Skokie, Ill.)
AACO American Association of Certified Orthoptists
AACR American Association for Cancer Research
AACT American Academy of Clinical Toxicology
AACVPR American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
AAE American Association of Engineers
AAEA American Agricultural Editors Association
AAEC Australian Atomic Energy Commission
AAEE American Academy of Environmental Engineers (Annapolis, Md.)
AAEM American Academy of Environmental Medicine
AAES American Association of Engineering Societies (Washington, D.C.)
AAHE Association for the Advancement of Health Education
AAIE Association for the Advancement of International Education
AAL absolute assembly language
AAM American Academy of Mechanics
AAMC Association of American Medical Colleges
AANS American Association of Neurological Surgeons
AAO American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Academy of Optometry, Anglo-Australian
Observatory
AAOT Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower
AAP Association of American Publishers
AAPL additional programming language
AAPM American Association of Physicists in Medicine
AAS American Astronautical Society (Springfield, Virginia), American Astronomical Society
(Washington, D.C.)
AASG Association of American State Geologists
AAST American Association for the Surgery of Trauma
AASW American Association of Scientific Workers (Philadelphia, Pa.)
AAU Association of American Universities
AAVSO American Association of Variable Star Observers
AB absorbing boundary
ABAR advanced battery acquisition radar, alternate battery acquisition radar
ABC Abashian−Booth−Crowe (particle, anomaly), automatic bandwidth control
ABFST Amati−Bertocchi−Fubini−Stanghellini−Tonin
ABMR atomic-beam magnetic resonance
ABSAME Association for Behavioral Science and Medical Education
ABV absolute value
*ac alternating current
a.c. accommodation coefficient
ACCA American Clinical and Climatological Association
ACCCE Association of Consulting Chemists and Chemical Engineers
ACCOS V trademark of Scientific Calculations, Inc. for a commercial lens design program (small caps)

Last update: 4/27/11 120

Acronym Definition
ACD anticoincidence detection
ACE American Council on Education
ACEC American Consulting Engineers Council
ACFG automatic continuous function generation
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ACHE Association for Continuing Higher Education
ACLPS Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians and Scientists
ACM Association for Computing Machinery
ACR auxiliary control register
ACS American Chemical Society
ACSS analog computer subsystem
ACTIS advanced computed-tomography inspection system
ACTO automatic computing transfer oscillator
ACU address control unit
A.D. anno Domini
A/D, AD, A–D analog-to-digital
ADA anomalous diffraction approximation, automatic data acquisition
ADAC automatic direct analog computer
ADAPS automatic display and plotting system
ADAS automatic data acquisition system
ADC analog-to-digital converter, airborne digital computer, atmospheric dispersion compensator,
automatic data collection
ADCIS Association for the Development of Computer-Based Instructional Systems
ADE automated design engineering
ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (Japanese polar orbit satellite)
ADES automatic digital encoding system
ADF angular distribution function
ADIOS automatic digital input–output system
ADL automatic data link
ADM add–drop multiplexer
ADP automatic data processing, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
AD*P deuterated ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
ADPE auxiliary data processing equipment
ADRS analog-to-digital data recording system
ADT automatic data translator
ADU ammonium diuranate
a.e. almost every (spell out in text, leave in math)
AE active element
AEA Atomic Energy Authority, American Electronics Association, American Engineering
Association
*AEC Atomic Energy Commission
AEDC Arnold Engineering Development Center
AEE Atomic Energy Establishment (Great Britain), Association of Energy Engineers
AEM analytical electron microscopy
AEO acoustoelectric oscillators
AERDL Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory
AERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment
AERI atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer
AES Auger electron spectroscopy, Aerospace and Electronic Systems (IEEE Society), Atmospheric
Environment Services (Canada), Aerospace Electrical Society
AESS Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
*af audio-frequency
AF amplitude freedom
AFC automatic frequency control (circuits) (not controlled)
AFCR American Federation for Clinical Research
AFCRL U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (Bedford, Mass.)
AFGL U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory (Hanscom AFB, Mass.)
AFIPS American Federation of Information Processing
AFIT U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology
AFM atomic force microscope

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Acronym Definition
AFMC Air Force Materiel Command
AFMR antiferromagnetic resonance
AFOSR U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AFPC U.S. Air Force Photonics Center, Rome Laboratory, Griffiss Air For Base, New York, 13441
AFPM asymmetric Fabry−Perot modulator
AFR air−fuel ratio
AFS audio-frequency shift
AFSWC U.S. Air Force Special Weapons Center
AFT arithmetic Fourier transform
AFWL Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico
AG Abrikosov–Gor‘kov
AGARD Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development
AGC automatic gain control (amplifier)
AGL above ground level
AGS alternating-gradoemt synchroton
AGU American Geophysical Union (Washington, D.C.)
AGVS Automatic Guided Vehicle Systems (Charlotte, North Carolina) (an association)
Ai Airy function (also Bi, Ci)
AI automatic input
AIA Aerospace Industries Association of America
AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
AIBC American Institute of Biomedical Climatology
AIBS American Institute of Biological Sciences
AIC American Institute of Chemists
AICE American Institute of Consulting Engineers
AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engineers
AIDE automated integrated design engineering
AIDER angle-of-incidence derivative ellipsometry and reflectometry
AIEA Agence Internationale de l‘Energie Atomique
AIIE American Institute of Industrial Engineers
AIME American Institute of Mechanical Engineers
AIMS automated information and management system
AINSE Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering
AIP American Institute of Physics
AIR American Institute for Research
AIRS automatic image retrieval system, automatic information retrieval system, atmospheric infrared
sounder, advanced infrared radiation sounder
AIST Association for Intelligent Systems Technology
AIT American Institute of Technology
AL Alagoas (Brazilian state)
ALAP as low as practical
ALARA as low as reasonably achievable
ALD analog line driver, Academy of Laser Dentistry
ALE atomic layer epitaxy
ALEF adaptive Lainiotis extended filter
ALI automatic logic implementation
ALIAS aircraft laser infrared absorption spectrometer
ALMS analytic language manipulation system
ALOHA Network communication contention-resolution protocol. Named for the Hawaiian greeting and
developed at the University of Hawaii.
ALP assembly language program
ALPD axial and lateral plasma deposition
*alt altitude
ALU arithmetic and logic unit
*(am) ammoniated [follows compound: NaCl(am)]
*a.m. ante meridiem
*AM amplitude modulation, auxiliary memory
AMA automatic memory allocation
AMANDA Antarctic muon and neutrino detecting array
AMC automatic message counting

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Acronym Definition
AMDM Association of Microbiological Diagnostic Manufacturers
AME amplitude modulation equivalent
AMEFCO atmospheric model for enhancement factor computation
AMF air mass factor
AMFIPS American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Reston, Virginia
AMOS Advanced Research Projects Agency Maui Optical Station
AMP associative memory processor
AMMTRA Advanced Material Processing and Machining Technology Research Association
AMPS automatic message processing system
AMQ actively mode-locked Q-switched (laser)
AMS advanced memory system, American Meteorological Society (Dallas, Texas)
AMSL above mean sea level
AMU atomic mass unit
A/N as needed
ANDC arbitrarily normalized decay curves [method of analysis]
ANK Academia Nauk Belarusi (The Academy of Sciences of Belarus), Minsk, Belarus
*ANL Argonne National Laboratory
ANNNI axial next-nearest neighbor Ising (model)
ANOVA analysis of variance
ANRT Association National de la Recherche Technique
ANSI American National Standards Insitute
AN SSR Russian Academy of Sciences (formerly Academy of Sciences of the USSR)
AO atomic orbital, American Optical Corp., acousto-optic(al), adaptive optics
AOA American Optometric Association
AOE Association of Optometric Educators
AOM acousto-optic modulator
AOS American Ophthalmological Society
APCVD atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition
APD avalanche photodiode, avalanche photodetector, amplitude probability distribution
APDA Atomic Power Development Associates
APE annealed proton exchange, Airborne Polar Experiment
APEC all-purpose electronic computer, Automated Procedures for Engineering Consultants, Inc.
APG Aberdeen Proving Ground
APGC Air Proving Ground Center
APL alternating polarization laser, Applied Physics Laboratory (University of Chicago or Silver
Spring, Md.), Air Force Phillips Laboratory (U.S., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Md., 20771)
APM analog panel meter, argument principle method
APP associative parallel processor
APPECS adaptive pattern perceiving electronic computer system
*approx approximate (in subscript)
APR airborne profile recorder
APS alphanumeric photocomposer system, auxiliary power system, auxiliary programmed storage
APU auxiliary power unit
APW augmented plane wave, amine, pyrocatechol, and water (an etchant) (the amine is actually
ethylenediamine)
AQL acceptable quality level
AR antireflecti(on)(ve), acid resisting
ARAL automatic record analysis language
ARAP Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc
ARC Aeronautical Research Council, amplitude and rise time compensation, average response
computer
ARCTOC Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry
ARI accelerated research initiative
ARL Applied Research Laboratories, acceptable reliability level
ARL-DRI U.S. Army Research Laboratory Director‘s Research Initiative
ARLS angle-resolved light scattering
ARM antiradiation missile
ARO U.S. Army Research Office
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency

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Acronym Definition
ARPEFS angle-resolved photoemission fine-structure spectroscopy
ARSR air route surveillance radar
ART algebraic reconstruction technique, analytical ray tracing
ARTRAC advanced range testing, reporting, and control, advanced real-time range control
ARTS advanced radar terminal system
ARUPS angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
ARVO Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
ARXPS angle-resolved x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
ASA Atomic Security Agency
ASBMB American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ASC advanced scientific computer
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASD Aeronautical Systems Division, USAF (Dayton, Ohio)
ASDI all-sky Doppler interferometer
ASDSRS automatic spectrum display and signal recognition system
ASE amplified spontaneous emission, anomalous skin effect
ASEE American Society for Engineering Education
ASET American Society for Engineering Technology
ASFIR active swept frequency interferometer radar
ASG Aeronautical Standards Group
ASI American Standards Institute, Advanced Scientific Institutes (NATO), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
(Italian Space Agency)
a-Si:H amorphous hydrogenated silicon
ASI Advanced Studies Institute
ASII American Science Information Institute
ASK amplitude-shift keying
asl, ASL above sea level
ASLT advanced solid logic technology
ASM American Society of Metals, American Society for Microbiology
AsMA Aerospace Medical Association
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers (New York)
ASN average sample number
ASOVII Associacion Venezolana de Ingenieros Industriales
ASPEP Associaiton of Scientists and Professional Engineering Personnel
ASPI trans-4-[p-(N-hydroxyethyl-N-methylamino)styryl]-N-methylpyridinium iodide (a dye)
ASR airborne surveillance radar
ASS Aerospace Support Systems (IEEE AESS Technical Committee)
ASSP Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (IEEE Group)
ASTIA Armed Services Technical Information Agency
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
ASTRAL analog schematic translator to algebraic language
ASW acoustic surface wave
ATEN Association Technique pour la Production et l‘Utilisation de l‘Energie Nucleaire (Paris)
ATG air to ground
ATLAS airborne tunable laser absorption spectrometer
ATM atomic tunneling microscopy, asynchronous transfer mode
ATR attenuated total reflection , automatic target recognition
ATRC Advanced Technology Research Center (Yuseong, South Korea)
ATSR along-track scanning radiometer
AU arithmetic unit, astronomical unit, arbitrary units, Air University (as in US Air Force Institute of
Technology, Air University)
AUIS analog input−output unit
AUT advanced user terminals
AUTEC Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center
AUTODIN automatic digital network
AUTONET automatic network display
AUX auxiliary
AUXI-ATOME Societe Auxiliare pour l‘Energie Atomique (Paris)
*av average (in subscript)
AVA azimuth versus amplitude

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Acronym Definition
AVC automatic volume control
Avda Avenida (Spanish, Avenue)
AVE automatic volume expansion
AVHRR advanced very high resolution radiometer (NASA satellites)
AVIE Venezuela Society of Structural Engineers
AVIEM Venezuelan Association of Mechanical and Electrical Engineers
AVLIS atomic vapor laser isotope separation
AVR automatic voltage regulator
AWACS advanced warning and control system
*AWG American Wire Gauge (―No. 40 AWG Cu wire‖)
AWG arrayed waveguide grating
AWGN average white Gaussian noise
AWMA Air and Waste Management Association (Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222)
AWRE Atomic Weapons Research Establishment
AWS arbitrary waveform synthesizer
AXP axial pitch
AZS automatic zero set

B
BA Bohm−Aharonov (effect), binary add
BAAS British Association for the Advancement of Science
BADGE base air defense ground environment
BAL basic assembly language
BAM basic access method
BAMS Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
BAP basic assembly program
BAPMNP Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network Program
BASIC basic algebraic symbolic interpretive compiler, basic automatic stored instruction computer,
beginner‘s all-purpose symbolic instruction code
BB base band, broadband (emission)
BBGKY Bogoliubov–Born–Green– Kirkwood–Yvon
BBO -barium borate
BBR broadband radiated
*B.C., B.C. before Christ
BC bubble chamber, boundary condition, buried crescent, binary code, binary counter, Baja
California (Mexico)
*bcc body-centered-cubic
BCD binary-coded decimal (computer language mode) (spell out)
BCI binary-coded information
BCIF Belgium Centre for Information Processing
*BCS Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (do not define, but spell out in title)
bct body-centered tetragonal
BCU binary counting unit
BD binary decoder
BDH British Drug House
BDJ Bijl-Dingle-Jastrow
BDRF bidirectional distribution function
BDU basic display unit
B.EE. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
BEEN Bureau d‘Etude de l‘Energie Nucleaire (Brussels, Belgium)
BEM boundary-element method
BEN Bureau d‘Etudes Nucleaires (Brussels, Belgium)
BER bit error rate
BESSY Berlin electron-storage ring or Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für
Synchrotronstrahlung, m.b.h.
B.E.T. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (isotherm) (method of area measurement)
beV billion electronvolts
BEX broadband exchange
BFCO band filter cutoff
BFG binary frequency generator

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Acronym Definition
BFL back focal length
BGO Bi12GeO2: photorefractive crystal
BFO beat frequency oscillator
BH buried heterostructure
B.I. background integral
BIA binary image algebra
BIE British Institute of Engineers
BIEE British Institute of Electrical Engineers
BiMOS bipolar metal-oxide semiconductor
BINAC binary automatic computer
BIP balanced in plane
BIRDIE battery integration and radar display equipment
BIS bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy
BIT binary digit, boric acid injection tank, boron injection tank, built-in test
BITE built-in test equipment
BIX binary information exchange
BJL Bjorken-Johnson-Low (limit) (in field theory)
BLD beam-lead device
BLIP background limited infrared photoconductor
BLISS balloon-borne laser in situ sensor
BLU basic logic unit
BM basilar membrane, binary multiply
BMBF Bundesministerium fur Bildung, Forschung und Technologie (Germany)
BMpc beam monochromator (preset count)
BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization
BN binary number
*BNC type of connector
BNEC British Nuclear Energy Conference
BNES British Nuclear Energy Society
BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory
BNS binary number system
BNSC British National Space Center, Monks Wood, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon PE17 2LS
BO blocking oscillator
BOFS Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study
BOM basic operating monitor
BOP binary output program
BOS basic operating system
*bp boiling point
BPI bits per inch (in magnetic recording
BPM beam propagation method
BPOF binary phase-only filter
BPSC binary phase-shift keying
bR bacteriorhodopsin
B.R., BR branching ratio
BRD balanced ratiometric detector
BRDF bidirectional reflectance distribution function
BRITE-EURAM Basic Research in Industrial Technologies—European Research on Advanced Materials
BRS boron recycle system
BRT Bardeen-Rickayzen-Tewordt (theory of superconductivity)
BRV Ballofet-Romand-Vodar
BS Bethe–Salpeter, Biot–Savart, Bogoliubov–Sadovnikov, Bohr–Sommerfeld, Blankenbecler–
Sugar, band structure, beam splitter, broadcast satellite
BSF back surface field (solar voltaic cell), Binational Science Foundation (US–Israel)
BSO barium silicate , bismuth silicate (bismuth silicon oxide, BaSiO2)
BT British Telecom
BTD brightness-temperature difference
BTE Boltzmann transport equation
BTO BaTiO
BUAP Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (Puebla, Mexico)
BUU Boltzmann–Uehling–Uhlenback

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Acronym Definition
BUV backscattering ultraviolet
BWM backward-wave magnetron
BWO backward-wave oscillator
BZ Brillouin zone

C
C3 cleave-coupled-cavity (lasers)
*ca. circa (approximately; not properly part of notation)
CA clear aperture, comparand array, crank angle
CAARC Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council
CAD computer-aided design, computer access device
CAEC Canadian Atomic Energy Commission
CAF chemical analysis facility
CAI computer-assisted instruction, close approach indicator, computer-aided instruction, computer
analog input
CAIBE chemically assisted ion-beam etching
CAL computer animation language, computer-assisted learning
CaLaSOAP Calcium lanthanum silicate oxyapatite
calc calculated (in subscript) (use calc. as column head)
*Caltech California Institute of Technology
cal/val calculation and validation
CAM content-addressable memory, central address memory, computer address matrix, containment
atmospheric monitoring
CAMAC computer-automated measurement and control (interface). CAMAC is the commonly known
name for an IEEE standard. Sometimes it is best to use CAMAC without definition because
decoded letters indicate a broader interpretation. Define first time and query author.
CAMEL component and material evaluation loop
CAMEN Centro Automomo Militaire Energia Nucleare, Livorno, Italy
CAMESA Canadian Military Electronics Standards Agency
CAMP computer-assisted mathematics program
CANS computer-assisted network scheduling system
CAOC constant axial offset control
CAP Canadian Association of Physicists, capacitor
CAPS computer-assisted problem solving
CAPES Coordenação de Aperfieçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Coordenadoria de
Aperfeicoamento de Estudos e Projetos Programa de Capacitação de Ensino Superior
CAR canonical anticommutation relation, computer-assisted research
CARD channel allocation and routing data, compact automatic retrieval device
CARDE Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment
CARS coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, computer-aided routing system
CARSS Center for Atmospheric and Remote Sounding Studies (at Univ. of Utah)
CAS complete active space, calculated air speed, calibrated air speed
CASD computer-aided system design
CASE computer automated support equipment
CASE Cooperative Award in Science and Engineering (in UK)
CASI Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (Ottawa)
CAT controlled atmosphere technique, computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) (do not define),
computer-aided translation, controlled attenuator timer
CATS computer-automated test system
CATV community antenna television
CAW channel address word
CB circuit breaker, common base, containment building, continuous blowdown
CBE chemical beam epitaxy
CBAF Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility
CBED convergent beam electron diffraction
CBI computer-based instruction
CBMS Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences
CBNR contrast-to-background noise ratio
c.c. complex conjugate (define, but not if used in an equation)
CC central computer, close-coupled, computer community, control computer

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Acronym Definition
CCBA coupled-channel Born approximation
CCC Canadian Computer Conference, computer communication console, color-center laser
*CCD charge-coupled device
CCIA Computer and Communications Industry Association
CCIR Comité Consultatif International Radio
CCL control language
CCMD continuous current monitoring device
CCO current-controlled oscillator
CCPD coupling capacitor potential device
CCPE Canadian Council of Professional Engineers
CCR constant charge ratio (in nuclear-fission theory, canonical commutation relation
CCOS card capacitor read-only storage
CCTV closed-circuit television
CCU channel control unit
CCVS current-controlled voltage source
ccw, CCW counterclockwise (spell out)
CD circuit description, current density
CDA command and data acquisition
CDC Control Data Corp. (define, but not if part of a computer designation: CDC 6600)
CDD Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson
CDDF Center Director‘s Discretionary Fund (NASA)
CDF cumulative damage function, cumulative distribution function, complementary distribution
function, combustion and fluid dynamics
CDH constricted double heterojunction
CDL common display logic, computer description language
CDM central data management, code-division multiplexing
CDMA code-division multiple access
CDOM chromophoric dissolved organic matter (use definition when fluorescence is discussed), colored
dissolved organic matter (use definition when absorption is discussed)
CDP central data processor, centralized data processing, checkout data processing, compression
discharge pressure, conditional detection probability
CDPC central data processing computer, commercial data processing center
CDR critical design review, current directional relay
CdTe cadmium telluride
CDU central display unit, control and display unit
CDW charge-density wave
CE charge exchange, conducted emission
CEA Commissariat a l‘Energie Atomique, Cambridge Electron Accelerator
CEC Commonwealth Engineering Conference, Consulting Engineers Council, compound elliptical
concentrator
CEEN Centre d‘Etude de l‘Energie Nucleaire (Mol, Belgium)
CEI computer extended instruction
CEMAID Centre of Excellence in Molecular and Interfacial Dynamics
CEN Centre d‘Etudes Nucleaires
CenSSIS Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems
CEO Centro di Eccellenza Optronica (Florence, Italy)
CEP conduction-electron polarization, circular error probability
CERMET ceramic and metal fuel, ceramic metal element, ceramic-to-metal (seal)
*CERN Centre Europeen de Recherches Nucleaires (CERN in byline too)
CERO complementary-encoding rank-order (hit−miss transform)
CESR conduction-electron spin resonance
CET corrected effective temperature, cumulative elapsed time
CEV controlled-environment vault
CF cathode follower, centrifugal force, concept formulation, confinement factor, conversion factor
CFA cascade failure analysis
CFAR Center for Automation Research (U. Md.)
CFD constant fraction discriminator, computational fluid dynamics
CFI computational flow imaging
CFL Courant-Friedricks-Lewey, calibrated focal length
CFM cubic feet per minute (standard unit for measuring vacuum pump pressure. No need to define in

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Acronym Definition
Appl. Opt.)
cfp, CFP coefficient of fractional parentage (in nuclear physics), configuration fraction percentage (in
chemistry)
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CFSTI Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information (Department of Commerce)
c.g. center of gravity
CG Clebsch-Gordon
CGH computer-generated hologram
CGI computer-generated imagery
CGLN Chew-Goldberger-Low-Nambu
*cgs centimeter-gram-second (system)
CHC compound hyperbolic concentrator
CHF critical heat flux
CHNC convoluted or hypernetted chain (theory)
*CHOCLAB (name of a EUREKA project)
CI configuration interaction, circuit interrupter
CIA collision-induced absorption
CIAN Centre d‘Etudes pour les Applications de l‘Energie Nucleaire (Belgium)
CIC Chemical Industries Council, Chemical Institute of Canada
CICESE Centro de Investigacion y Centro de Ensenanza Superior de Ensenada
CICYT Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, Spain
CID charge injection device
CIE Commission Internationale de l‘Eclairage (international commission on illumination), not
defined in text of vision papers
CIF common image format
CIFRE Central Investment Fund for Research Enhancement (University of Iowa)
CIM computer input multiplexer
CIMSS Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (at University of Wisconsin)
CIO central input-output (system)
CIOCS communication input and output control system
CIOU custom input-output unit
CIPI Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations
CIPS Canadian Information Processing
CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado
CIS communication information system, Community of Independent States
CISE Centro Informazioni Studie Experienze
CIT California Institute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology
CITE chemical instrumentation and evaluation
CIU computer interface unit
*C.L. confidence limits (standard statistical abbreviation)
CL closed loop, conversion loss, control language
CLASS coherent lidar airborne shear sensor, cross-chain Loran atmospheric sounding system
CLBO cesium lithium borate (CeLiB6O10)
CLEAN a computer program (set in sm caps)
CLEO Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics
CLF compositor loss factor
CLIP compiler language for information processing
CLOD concentration limit of detection
CLS closed-loop system
CLU central logic unit
c.m. center of mass (do not define, but spell out in title), center of momentum
CMA cylindrical mirror analyzer
CMI computer-managed instruction
CML current-mode logic
CMN cerium magnesium nitrate
CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
CMOS/SOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/silicon on sapphire
CMR Center for Materials Research
c.m.s. center-of-mass system (change to c.m. system or define)
CMS coupled-multiple stripe (laser), current-mode switching, chloromethylated polystyrene

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Acronym Definition
CN type designation for Van de Graff electrostatic accelerator
C/N carrier to noise
CAN copper nickel alloy
CNDCT Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Technologico
CNDO complete neglect of differential overlap
CNEA Comision Nacional de Energaia Atomica (Mexican Atomic Energy Commission)
CNEN Comitato Nazionale per l‘Energia Nucleare
CNET Centre National d‘Etudes en Télécommunication (France)
CNL Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego
CNO carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (cycle) (in stars)
CNPq Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas: NAME CHANGED (by Oct 94): Conselho Nacìonal de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Technológicio (Brasilia, Brazil)
CNR carrier-to-noise ratio , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Research Council),
contrast-to-noise ratio
CNRN Comitato Nazionale per le Ricerche Nucleari
*CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
CNSR Canadian Network for Space Research
CO crystalline orbital
COANP 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine
CoASTS Coastal Atmospheric and Sea Time-Series (project)
COAT coherent optical adaptive technique
COC coded optical character
CODIC color difference computer, computer directed communications
COED computer-operated electronic display
coeff coefficient (* in subscript)
COG computer operations group
COHO coherent oscillator
COIL chemical oxygen-iodine laser
COL computer-oriented language
COLIDAR coherent light detection and ranging
COMMEND computer-aided mechanical engineering design system
COMPARE console for optical measurement and precise analysis of radiation from electronics
COMSOC Communications Society (of the IEEE)
CONACYT Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologi‘a
CONCOP computer optimization package
CONICET Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científícas y Técnicas
CONR contrast-to-object noise ratio
COPI computer-oriented programmed instruction
CORDIC coordinate rotation digital computer
CORIA Complex de Recherche Interprofessionnel en Aéro-thermochimie
COSI Committee on Scientific Information
COST European Cooperation in Scientific and Technical Research
*cp chemically pure
c.p. cyclic permutation (define but not if used in an equation)
CP circuit package, circular pitch, circularly polarized, clock pulse, coefficient of performance,
command pulse, communication processor, constant pressure, control panel, control processor,
counterpropagating
CPA closest point of approach, critical path analysis
CPC compound parabolic concentrator, clock pulse control, computer program component
CPE central processing element
CPIA Chemical Propulsion Information Agency (Columbia, Md.)
CPM colliding pulse mode locking (in a laser), cycles per minute
CPqD Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento
CPR critical power ratio
CPS characters per second, circuit package schematic, conversion program system
CPT control power transformer, critical path technique
*CPU central processing unit
CQGLE complex quintic Ginzburg–Landau equation
CR cathode ray, command register, control relay, crystal rectifier, current relay
CRAM card random-access memory

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Acronym Definition
CRC Chemical Rubber Company
CRDEC U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center
CRDG Contamination Requirement Design Group (NASA)
CRDS cavity ringdown spectroscopy
CRE corrosion resistant
*CREOL (a) [old] Center for Research in Electro-Optics and Lasers (University of Central Florida,
Orlando, Florida), (b) [new] Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (University
of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida)
CRESS Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (at York University, Toronto)
CREST Centers of Research Excellence in Science and Technology
CRIEPI Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (Tokyo, Japan)
CRIS command retrieval information system, current research information system
CRL Central Research Laboratories: CRL Thorn EMI (EMI never written out)
CRLB Cramer–Rao lower bound
CRN Centre de Recherche Nucleaire
CRO cathode-ray oscilloscope
CROM capacitive read-only memory, control read-only memory
CROW coupled resonator optical waveguide
CRREL Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.Army facility in Hanover, N.H.)
CRSS Canadian Remote Sensing Society
*CRT cathode-ray tube
CRTU combined receiving and transmitting unit
CRU combined rotating unit
CRVO cental retinal vein occlusion
CRWO central regions of the world ocean
CS channeled substrate (in a laser)
C/S call signal
CSAV Ceskoslovenskec Akademie Ved
CSC channeled substrate crescent (lasers), circuit switching center, common signaling channel
CSChE Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
CSD constant speed drive, controlled-slip differentials
CSE control systems engineering
CSELT Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni
CSF contrast-sensitivity function
CSI control-structure interaction
CSIC computer system interface circuits, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Madrid,
Spain)
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia), Division of Plant
and Industrial Technology, Canberra, Australia
CSL code selection language, computer-sensitive language, control and simulation language, current
switch logic
CSNB congenital stationary night blindness
CSOM confocal scanning optical microscope
CSME Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering
CSTI Committee on Scientific and Technical Information
CSU circuit switching unit
CT computer technology, computed tomography, computer tomography
CTD charge-transfer device, conductivity–temperature–depth (instrument)
CTE coefficient of thermal expansion
CTF coherent [coherence?] transfer function
CTI Coherent Technologies, Inc. (Boulder, Colorado)
CTL complementary transistor logic
CTO charge transforming operator
CTP charge transforming parameter, command translator and programmer
CTS Capistrano Test Site
CUE computer updating equipment
CUMMFU complete utter monumental military foul up
CUOS Center for Ultrafast Optical Science
CUT circuit under test

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Acronym Definition
CV/CC constant voltage/constant current
CVD chemical vapor deposition
CVIC conditional variable incremental computer
CVM chemical vaporization machining
*cw continuous wave
CWAR continuous wave acquisition radar
CWFMS combined wavelength and frequency modulation spectroscopy
CY calendar year
CZCS Coastal Zone Color Scanner

D
D diode
D/A, DA, D–A digital–analog, digital-to-analog
DAA data access arrangement
DAC digital-to-analog converter
DACOM differential absorption CO monitor
DACOR data correction
DACS data-acquisition control system
DADEE dynamic analog differential equation equalizer
DAFC digital automatic frequency control
DAG dysprosium aluminum garnet (change to DyAlG)
DAIC Dirección Adjunta de Investigación Cientifíca
DAM data addressed memory, data association method, descriptor attribute matrix, direct access
memory, direct access method
DAN 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-5-nitroacetanilide, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-3-acetamidonitrobenzene
DAP deformation of aligned phases, distributed array processor
DARE document abstract retrieval equipment, documentation automated retrieval equipment, Doppler
automatic reduction equipment
DARES data analysis and reduction system
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DAS data-acquisition system, digital-analog simulator
DASGAL Département d‘Astronomie Stellaire et Galactique, (Meudon, France)
DATAC data analog computer
DATAR digital autotransducer and recorder
DAU data acquisition unit
D-B decimal to binary
DBAO digital block AND–OR gate (AND and OR should be in small caps)
DBF demodulator band filter
DBMS database management system
DBR distributed Bragg reflector (lasers)
DBT Deutsche Bundespost Telekom
*dc direct current
DC data channel, data check, data classifier, data collection, data communications, data control,
digital comparator, digital computer, display console
DCA digital command assembly
DCB data control block
DCCS digital command communications system
DCCTA dichromated cellulose triacetate
DCCU data communications control unit
DCDS digital control design system
DCG dichromated gelatin
DCM 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (this is a dye), dispersion-
compensating module, double-chirped mirror
DCP digital computer processor, data communication processor, digital computer programming
DC PBH double-channel planar buried heterostructure (diode)
DCPVA dichromated poly(vinly) alcohol
DCPSK differentially coherent phase-shift keying
DCR data conversion receiver, data coordinator and retriever, digital conversion receiver
DCS data communication system, data communications subsystem, data control services, Defense
Communications System, design control specifications, digital command system, digital

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Acronym Definition
communication system, distributed computer system
DCU data command unit, data control unit, digital control unit
D-D deuterium-deuterium reaction (fusion program)
DDA digital differential analyzer
D-DAS, DDAS digital data acquisition system
DDC digital display converter
DDCE digital data conversion equipment
DDCS digital data calibration system
DDG digital data generator, digital display generator
DDGE digital display generator element
DDL dispersive delay line
DDM data demand module, difference in depth of modulation, digital display make-up
DDOCE digital data output conversion equipment
DDP digital data processor
DDPS digital data processing system
DDPU digital data processing unit
DDRS digital data recording system
DDS data display system, digital display scope, digital data service, digital dynamics simulator
DDT dispersion-shifted depressed clad triangular profile, design data transmittal
DDTE digital data terminal equipment
DDTS digital data transmission system
DE design engineering, digital element, display electronics
DEAL decision evaluation and logic
DEC Digital Equipment Corporation
DEE digital evaluation equipment
DEEC digital electronic engine controller
DEFT dynamic error-free transmission
DEIN-SPE Départment d‘Electronique et d‘Instrumentation Nucléaire—Service de Physique Electronique
DEPSK differential-encoded phase-shift keying
DER Direction Etudes et Recherches (program of Electricité de France)
DES differential equation solver, digital expansion system
DESY Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron
DEU data exchange unit
*dev deviation
DF Doppler free, decimal fraction, deflection factor, deuterium fluoride, disk file, dissipation factor,
distributed feedback, double feeder
DFB distributed feedback
DFC diagnostic flow charts
DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
DFRL differential relay
DFS depth-first search
DFSK double-frequency shift keying
DFT discrete Fourier transform
DFWM degenerate four-wave mixing
DGICYT Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica
DGS Deser-Gilbert-Sudarshan
DGTW diffraction-generated test wave
DGA Direction Generale de l‘Armement
DGV Doppler global velocimetry
DH double heterostructure
DHC data handling center
dhcp double hexagonal-close-packed (define as ―double hcp‖)
DHT discrete Hilbert transform
dHvA de Haas-van Alphen
DI de-ionized, data input, digital input
DIAC Defense Industry Advisory Council
DIAL differential absorption lidar
DIAS dynamic inventory analysis system
DIC differential interference contrast
DID digital information display

Last update: 4/27/11 133

Acronym Definition
DIG digital-image-generated
DILATE differential laser absorption and thermal emission
DIS digital integration system
DINA direct noise ampification
DIOB digital input-output buffer
DIVOT digital-to-voice translator
DL data link, dead load, delay line, diode logic
DLA diffusion-limited aggregation
DLC diamond-like carbon
DLCA diffusion-limited cluster–cluster aggregation
DLR Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (Stuttgart, Germany)
DLS damped least squares, dynamic light scattering
DLST deep-level transient spectroscopy
DLT data line translator, data loop transceiver, decision logic table
DLY Drell–Levy–Yan
DMA direct memory access
DMF, DMFT dielectric multilayer thin films
DMLS Doppler microwave landing system
DMNPAA 2,5-dimethyl-4-(p-nitrophenylazoanisole)
DMOS diffused metal-oxide semiconductor
DMS data management system, defense missile systems, dispersion-managed soliton, documentation
of molecular spectroscopy
DMSM diffractive mode-selecting mirror
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
*DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
DNA Defense Nuclear Agency
DNC direct numerical control
DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
DO data output, design objective, digital output
DOAS differential optical absorption system, differential optical absorption spectroscopy
DOCS disk-oriented computer system
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DOE U. S. Department of Energy, diffractive optical element
DOF degree of freedom
DOI differential orbit improvement
DOL display-oriented language
DOP detailed operating procedure, dioctyl phosphate
DOS density of states
DOT diffuse optical tomography
DOUSER Doppler unbeamed search radar
DOVAP Doppler velocity and position
DP data processing, deep penetration, deflection plate, diametral pitch, differential pressure,
distribution point, dynamic programming
dpa dose per atom
DPC direct program control
DPCM differential pulse-code modulation, double phase-conjugate mirrors
DPCMA double-pass cylindrical mirror analyzer
DPDT double-pole double-throw (switches)
DPEK differential phase-exchange keying
DPLL digital phase-locked loop
DPPH diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
DPSK differential phase-shift keying
DPSSL diode-pumped solid-state laser
DQE defective quantum efficiency
DRAM dynamic random-access memory
DRES direct reading emission spectrograph
DRET Direction de la Recherche et des Etudes Techniques
DREV Defence Research Establishment, Valcartier
DRM dual resonance model

Last update: 4/27/11 134

Acronym Definition
DRO destructive readout (memory), digital readout. doubly resonant oscillator
DRTL diode resistor transistor logic
DSA digital signal analyzer, German Aerospace Research Establishment
DSAM Doppler-shift attenuation method
DSB double sideband
DSBAMRC double-sideband amplitude modulation reduced carrier
DSC differential scanning calorimetry
DSF dispersion-shifted fiber
*DSL dedicated subscriber line, dedicated subscriber loop
DSP digital signal processing
DSR data scanning and routing
DSSB double single sideband
DSSC double-sideband suppressed carrier (modulation)
DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation (Australia)
DT data translator, data transmission, decay time, differential time, digit tube, digital technique
D-T deuterium-tritium reaction (fusion program)
DTA differential thermal analysis
DTARS digital transmission and routing system
DTAS data transmission and switching
DTB decimal to binary
DTC data transmission center
DTCA differential thermal-conductivity analysis
DTCS digital test command system
DTDMA distributed time division multiple access
DTE data terminal equipment, data transmission equipment
dTES differentiated tracking-error signal
DTI (British) Department of Trade and Industry
DTL diode transistor logic
DTL electrode named after Dawson, Trick, and Litzkow
DTMS digital test monitoring system
DTO digital testing oscilloscope
DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
DTPL domain tip propagation logic
DTR definite-time relay
DTR document transmittal record
DTRF data transmittal and routing form
DTS data transmission system
DTT design thermal transient
DTU data transfer unit, digital tape unit, digital transmission unit
D/TV digital to television
DTVC digital transmission and verification converter
DTVM differential thermocouple voltmeter
D.U. density unit
DUAL dynamic universal assembly language
DUMAND deep underwater muon and neutrino detector
DUT device under test
DV differential voltage
DVCCS differential voltage-controlled current source
DVD * digital versatile disk, detail velocity display,
DVFO digital variable-frequency oscillator
DVM digital volt meter
DVRW double V-groove ridge waveguide
DW domain wall
DWBA distorted-wave Born approximation
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing (no need to define or spell out in JON)
DWIA distorted-wave impulse approximation
DWL dominant wavelength
DWSMC Defense Weapons Systems Management Center (DoD)
DYSAC, DYSTAC dynamic storage analog computer
DYSTAL dynamic storage allocation language

Last update: 4/27/11 135

Acronym Definition
DZ + P double zeta plus polarization

E
*E east
E.A., EA electron affinity
EAB exclusion area boundary
EACC error adaptive control computer
EAES European Atomic Energy Society
EAPFS extended appearance-potential fine structure
EAR electronically agile radar
EAROM electrically alterable read-only memory
EARS enhanced adsorbate Raman scattering
EASCON Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention (IEEE)
EASE electrical automatic support equipment
EASL engineering analysis and simulation language
EASOE European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment
EASY early acquisition system
EB electron beam
EBAM electron-beam-accessed memories
EBCDIC extended binary-coded decimal interchange
EBCM extended boundary condition method (in scattering)
EBIC electron-beam-induced current
EBIS electron-beam ion source
EBMD electron-beam mode discharge
EBPA electron-beam parametric amplifier
EBS electron-beam semiconductor
EC electron capture
ECB electrically controlled birefringence
ECC error checking and correction, error correction code
ECCANE East Coast Conference on Aerospace and Navigational Electronics
ECG electrocardiogram, electrochemical grinding
ECI emergency cooling injection
ECL Electrical Communication Laboratory (NTT), emitter coupled logic
ECO electron-coupled oscillator
ECPSSR perturbed-stationary-state (PSS) theory with energy-loss (E), Coulomb deflection (C), and
relativistic (R) corrections.
ECS electronic control switch, embedded computer system, extended core storage
ECU electronic conversion unit
ECZ N-ethyl carbazone
*ed. edition, editor (in references) (not for ―edited,‖ which should be spelled out)
EDA electronic differential analyzer, electronic digital analyzer
EDAC error detection and correction
EDAX energy dispersive x-ray analysis
EDC energy distribution curve, electronic digital computer, error detection and correction
EDCL electric-discharge convection laser
EDD electronic data display
EDF Electricité de France
EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier
EDFFA erbium-doped fluoride fiber amplifier
EDGE electronic data gathering equipment
EDICT engineering document information collection technique
EDIS engineering data information system
EDL electron-beam discharge laser
EDP electronic data processing
EDPC electronic data processing center
EDPD energy-dependent photoelectron diffraction
EDPE electronic data processing equipment
EDPM electronic data processing machine
EDPS electronic data processing system
EDS energy dispersive spectoscopy, electronic data system

Last update: 4/27/11 136

Acronym Definition
EDSAC electronic delay storage automatic computer, electronic discrete sequential automatic computer
EDTA ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
EDT electric dishcharge tube
EDU electronic display unit
EDVAC electronic discrete variable automatic computer
EEC Economic European Community
EECL emitter-emitter coupled logic
EELS electron-energy-loss spectroscopy
EEM electronic equipment monitoring
EEPROM Electrically erasable/programmable read-only memory
EFD engineering flow diagram
EFG electric field gradient (or efg), edge-defined film-fed growth
EFINS Enrico Fermi Institute
EFL effective focal length, equivalent focal length
EFOC European Fiber Optic Communications
EFP electronic field production
EFS electronic frequency selection
EFD electrogasdynamic
EHD electrohydrodynamic
EHF extremely high frequency (30–300 GHz)
EIFM effective instrument function method
EIL electron injection laser
EIRP effective isotropic radiated power
EIT electromagnetically induced transparency
EKG electrocardiogram, effective kilogram
*el elastic (in subscript)
EL electroluminescence
ELEED elastic low-energy electron diffraction
ELF extremely low frequency
ELO epitaxial lift-off
ELPC electroluminescent-photoconductive
ELSIE electronic signaling and indicating equipment
*EL2 name of a trap or defect in GaAs
em, e.m., EM, E.M. electromagnetic, Einstein–Maxwell (EM), evaluation model, electron microscope, energetic
material
EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory [in Heidelberg]
EMCON emission control
EMCP electromagnetic compatibility program
*emf electromotive force
EMF electromagnetic flow signals
EMI electromagnetic interference
EMM electromagnetic measurement
EMP electromagnetic pulse radiation, electromagnetic pulse, electromechanical power
EMPOSI electromagnetic properties of sea ice
EMR electromagnetic radiation, electromechanical relay, electromechanical research
EMTO extended muffin-tin orbital
EMU (emu) electromagnetic unit
*EN type designation for Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator
ENDOR electron-nuclear double resonance [define (but spell out in titles unless awkward)]
ENEA Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l‘Energia e l‘Ambiente, Ente Nazionale Energie Alternative
(Italy) [same as above?]
ENR equivalent noise resistance
ENSI equivalent noise-sideband input
ENSERG École Nationale Supérieure d‘Electronique et de Radioélectricité de Grenoble (France)
ENSPM Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Marseille (France)
ENSPS Ecole Nationale Superieure de Physique de Strasbourg
ENSSAT École Nationale Supérieure de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologies
ENSTA École Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées (Palaiseau, France)
EO electro-optic(al)
EOARDC European Office of the Air Research Development Command

Last update: 4/27/11 137

Acronym Definition
EODD electro-optic digital deflector
EOEC end of equilibrium cycle
EOLM electro-optical light modulator
EOPC electro-optic phase change
EOS equation of state, electro-optical systems, Earth Observing System (platform)
EP electric power, electrically polarized, epitaxial planar
EPAM elementary perceiver and memorizer
EPD electric power distribution
EPFL École Polytechnique Federal Lausanne
EPIC earth-pointing instrument carrier
EPM empirical pseudopotential method, external polarization modulation
EPR electron paramagnetic resonance (leave spelled out in titles unless awkward),
Einstein−Podolsky−Rosen
EPRI Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI)
EPROM electrically programmable read-only memory
EPSCOR Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
EPSF electron point-spread function
EPSL emergency power switching logic
EPSRC Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK)
EQ equivalent quantum
equiv. equivalent
ER echo ranging, electrical resistance, error reduction
ERA European Research Associates, electron-ring accelerator
ERBM extended range ballistic missile
ERC Engineering Research Center
ERCR electronic retina computing reader
ERDEC Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center
ERDL Engineering Research and Development Laboratory (Ft. Belvoir, Va.)
erf error function
erfc error function complement
ERF edge-response function
ERG electroretinographic
ERIC energy rate input controller
ERIM Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.)
ERL Environmental Research Laboratory
ERP effective radiated power
ERS Earth Resources Satellite
ERT effective-range theory
ERX electronic remote switching
ES echo sounding, electromagnetic switching, electronic switch, experimental station
ESA European Space Agency (Munich)
ESA J. European Space Agency Journal (use acronym)
ESC electrostatic compatibility
ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
*e.s.d. estimated standard deviation
ESEEM electron spin echo envelope modulation
ESH equivalent standard hours
ESI Experimental Systemic Initiative
ESO European Southern Observatory (in Garching)
ESP electronic speckle photography
ESPCI Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles
ESPI electronic speckle pattern interferometry
ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for R & D in Information Technology
ESR electron spin resonance (leave spelled out in titles unless awkward), equivalent series resistance
ESRF European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France)
ESRIN European Space Research Institute
ESTEC European Space Telecommunication, European Space Research and Technology Centre
ESU (esu) electrostatic unit
ETC equal-time commutator
ETCA/CREA Etablissement Technique Central de l‘Armament/Centre de Recherches et d‘Etudes d‘Areuil

Last update: 4/27/11 138

Acronym Definition
ETCR equal-time commutation relation
ETSI Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros
EUCLID experimental use computer, London integrated display
EURAECM European Atomic Energy Community
EURASIP European Signal Processing Conference
*EUREKA do not define: A Europe-wide network for industrial research and development
EUROTRAC European Experiment on the Transport and Transformation of Environmentally Relevant Trace ,
Constituents in the Troposphere over Europe
EUV extreme ultraviolet
EUVE Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
EVA electronic velocity analyzer
EVM electronic voltmeter
EVOM electronic voltohmmeter
EWSR energy-weighted sum rule
EXAFS extended x-ray-absorption fine structure
EX-CLIP extended-interconnect cellular-logic image processor
EXMETNET experimental meteorological sounding rocket research network
*expt experiment(al) (in subscript) [not exp (―exponential‖); use Expt. as column heading]

F
f focal length
f frequency
F Farenheit, farad, filament, fuse, filament (vacuum tube) , forward
FAC field accelerator
FACE field-alterable control element
FACEPE Fundação de Apoio à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco
FACR Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l‘Aide à la Recherche, Quèbec, Canada
FACS fine attitude control system
FAI fail as is
FALTRAN Fortran to Algol translator
FAMOS floating-gate avalanche-injection metal-oxide semiconductor
FAPESP Fundac, ão de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
FAP-UNICAMP Fundo de Apoio a Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas
FAR failure analysis report
FASTAR frequency angle scanning, tracking, and ranging
FB Fachbereich
FC Franck–Condon
FCA free carrier absorption, frequency control analysis
FCAI finite collection angle integration
FCAR Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheurs et l‘Aide à la Recherche (Canada)
FCEN, UBA Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
FCFM (BUAP) Facultad de Ciencias Fisico-Matematicas, Benermerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla,
Puebla, Mexico
FCAR Fonds pour la Formation de Chercheure et l‘Aide a la Recherche (Quebec)
*fcc face-centered-cubic
FCI functional configuration identification
FCL feedback control loop
F/D focal (length) to diameter ratio
FD-BPM finite-difference beam-propagation method
FDC first deterministic contribution
FDE field decelerator
F-DEAMNST 3-fluoro-4-N,N-diethylamino-methyl-β-nitrostyrene
F-DEANST 3-fluoro-4-N,N-diethylamino-β-nitrostyrene
FDM frequency division multiplex(ing)(er), finite difference method
FDMA frequency division multiplex access
FDR frequency domain refectometry
FDTD finite-difference time domain
FEAT fuel efficiency automobile test (developed at the University of Denver)
FEC forward error control, forward error correction
FED field-effect diode

Last update: 4/27/11 139

Acronym Definition
FEL free-electron laser, code for a standard lamp used by the NIST (no definition)
FEM field-emission (or electron) microscopy, field-effect modified, finite- element method
FEN frequency-emphasizing network
FERPIC ferroelectric ceramic picture device
FESA Federation of Engineering and Scientific Associations
FESR finite-energy sum rule(s)
FET field-effect transistor (in electronics)
FF fill factor, fixed focus, flip-flop, full field
FFAG fixed-field alternating gradient
FFC flip-flop complementary
FFI fuel flow indicator
FFL front focal length
FFT fast Fourier transform
FFV field failure voltage
FHT fully heat treated
FI field intensity
FIA flow-injection analysis
FIB focused ion beam
FIC frequency interference control
FID free-induction decay, Federation Internationale de Documentation, flame ionization detector
FIELDVOC field studies of the tropospheric degradation mechanisms of biogenic volatile organic
compounds
fil.lic. Swedish degree (equiv. of Ph.D.); delete from byline
FIM field-ion microscop(y)(e), field intensity meter
FINEP Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
FIPS Federal information processing standard
FIR far infrared (or) finite impulse response (in context of digital signal processing). Define.
FIRAS Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer
FIRE First ISCCP Regional Experiment
FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
FK Fermi–Kurie (analysis, plot)
FLA Fresnel lens array
FLAIR four-laser airborne infrared (spectrometer)
FLC flow line concentrator
FLEA flux logic element array
FLIR forward-looking infrared (system)
FLOX fluorine liquid oxygen
*FM frequency modulation
FM (vision papers) Farnsworth–Munsell l00-hue test
FMA 2-furyl methacrylic anhydride
FMCW frequency-modulated continuous wave
FMFB frequency modulation with feedback
FMS frequency modulation spectroscopy
*FN type designation for Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator
FO fiber optic
FOG fiber-optic gyroscope
FOM figure of merit
FOPT fiber-optic phototransfer
FORTH-IESL Foundation for Research and Technology−Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
(Laser, not plural, is correct; Heraklion 711 10 Greece)
FOSDIC film optical sensing device for input to computers
FOSMET Fiber-Optic Strain Measurement at Elevated Temperatures [project]
FOV field of view
FP feedback positive, forward perpendicular, freezing point
FPA focal-plane array
FPIS forward propagation by ionospheric scatter
FPO Fritz Peak Observatory
FPTS forward propagation tropospheric scatter
FRASL fiber Raman amplification soliton laser
FRED figure reader electronic device

Last update: 4/27/11 140

Acronym Definition
FROG frequency-resolved optical gating
FRLAB Front Range Lidar and Balloon (experiment)
FRM ferromagnetic resonance
FRP fiber-reinforced plastic
FRS fragility response spectrum
FRW Friedman-Robertson-Walker
f.s. full-scale
FS Fermi surface
FSE finite-size effect
FSK frequency shift keying (modulation)
FSPE The Federation of Societies of Professional
FSR free spectral range, feedback shift register
FT Fourier transform , flush threshold, frequency tracker
FTC fast time constant
FTF flared tube fitting
FTIR Fourier transform infrared (spectrometer)
FTR frustrated total reflection
FTS Fourier-transform spectroscopy (spectrometer), frequency and timing subsystem
FUSE Far Ultraviolet Spectrographic Explorer
FUV far ultraviolet
F-V, F–V frequency-to-voltage (converter)
FV full voltage
FWA forward wave amplifier
*FWHM full width at half-maximum
FWS filter wedge spectrometer
FWTM full width at tenth-maximum
FZ floating zone (technique for crystal growth)

G
GaAs gallium aresenide (semiconductor)
GAC global area coverage
GAFB Griffiss Air Force Base
GAIA Geophysica Aircraft in Antarctica
GAMLOGS gamma-ray logs
GAR growth analysis and review
GARE German Aerospace Research Establishment (Munich)
GASCOD/A4 Gas Analyzer Spectrometer Correlating Optical Differences, airborne version
GAT generalized algebraic translator
GATAC general assessment tridimensional analog computer
GATE generalized algebraic translator extended
GAW Global Atmosphere Watch
GAWBS guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering
GCMS gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy
GCF Grid Characterization Facility (at NASA Goddard)
GCS gate-controlled switch
GCSEL grating-coupled surface-emitting laser
GdIG gadolinium iron garnet
GDL gas dynamic laser
GDR giant dipole resonance
GETE generalized telegraphist‘s equations
GF used in spectroscopy. Do not define. (G is the statistical weight; F is the oscillator strength.)
GGG gadolinium gallium garnet
GI Geshkenbein-Ioffe
GID grazing incidence x-ray diffraction
GIGO garbage in, garbage out
GIOC generalized input-output controller
GL gain times length; the gain–length product
GLAD general laser analysis and design
GLAG Ginzburg–Landau–Abrikosov–Gor‘kov
GLC gas-liquid chromatography

Last update: 4/27/11 141

Acronym Definition
GLOBE Global Backscatter Experiment
GLPC gas-liquid-phase chromatography, *GmbH Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung (for
information only, use GmbH)
GMOR Gell-Mann–Oakes–Renner (Gell-Mann is one person)
GMSFC George Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Alabama)
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
GNEQP Gruppo Nazionale Elettronica Quantistica e Plasmi (of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce
GNS Gel‘fand–Naimark–Segal
GNSM Gruppo Nazionale di Struttura della Materia
GOALI Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (National Science Foundation grant)
GOCI general operator-computer interaction
GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
GOLD graphic on-line language
GOME Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment
Gp group
GP Gunier–Preston (zones)
GPC general-purpose computer
GPCL general-purpose closed loop
GPDC general-purpose digital computer
GPIB general-purpose interface bus
GPTMS 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane
GQO giant quantum oscillation
graser gamma-ray amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
GRASP generalized retrieval and storage program
GRECC graded-index rod external coupled cavity (laser)
GRIN, GI gradient index or graded index, graphical input
GRINSCH graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure
g.s. ground state (define, except when part of reaction symbol)
GSC gas-solid chromatography
GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center
GSM Gaussian Schell model
GT Gamow–Teller (in nuclear theory), Goldberger–Treiman (in SU theory)
GTDA greater-than data array
GTE Global Tropospheric Experiment
GTO (i) Gaussian-type orbital, Guanajuato (Mexico)
GVD group-velocity dispersion
GWP*2 Guelph–Waterloo Program for Graduate Work in Physics

H
H heavy (for mass-number group) (cosmic-ray nuclei) (italic to contrast with element
abbreviations)
*H.a. Hermitian adjoint
HA half-adder
Hac ethanic acid
HAD half-amplitude duration
HAF high-altitude fluorescence
HAFB Holloman Air Force Base (New Mexico)
HALO high-altitude large optics
HALOE Halogen Occultation Experiment
*HASYLAB no definition needed
HAUP high-accuracy universal polarimeter
HBC hydrogen bubble chamber
HBT, HJBT heterojunction bipolar transistor
*H.c. Hermitian conjugate
HCD horizontal column density
HCF highest common factor
*hcp hexagonal-close-packed
*HD hydrogen deuteride
HDDR high-density digital recording
HDDS high-density data system

Last update: 4/27/11 142

Acronym Definition
HDOC handy-dandy orbital computer
HEIDI high-energy imaging device
HEMT high electron mobility transfer
HESI high-energy solar imager
HEU highly enriched uranium
Hf high frequency, hyperfine (structure, splitting, interaction)
HF(S)(R) Hartree–Fock (–Slater) (–Roothaan)
HFBR high-flux-beam reactor
HFIR high-flux-isotope reactor
HFO high-frequency oscillator
Hfs hyperfine structure
HHI Henrich-Hertz Institut
HI heavy-ion (define, except when used in nuclear reaction symbols)
HIDCI hexamethylindodicarbocyanine iodide
HIEB holographic ion-etched blazed (grating)
HILAC heavy-ion linear accelerator
HIOA hybrid input-output algorithm
HIPAC high-energy particle accelerator
HIPAR high-power acquisition radar
HIREGS high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometer
HITCI hexamethyindotricarbocyanine iodide
*HITRAN high-resolution transmission molecular absorption (database name) use all caps
HMOS high-performance, n-channel, silicon gate metal-oxide semiconductor
HMT hit−miss transform
HNIL high-noise immunity logic
HOE holographic optical element
HOPG highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
HP high pressure
HPBW half-power bandwidth
HPF highest probable frequency
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
HPS hyperfine pressure shift, horizontal parallel slits
HREELS high-resolution electron-energy-loss spectroscopy
HRIR high-resolution infrared radiometer
HR high-reflect(ion)(ance), highly reflective
HRO heteroepitaxial ridge overgrown (DFB lasers)
HRO-DFB heterostructure ridge-overgrown distributed feedback (laser)
HS Hartree–Slater, Hubbard–Sham
HSD high-speed data
HSDA high-speed data acquisition
HTS high tensile strength
HTTL high-power transistor-transistor logic
HTU heat transfer unit
HV high-voltage (source, pulse, power supply)
HVDC high-voltage direct current
HVEM high-voltage electron microscopy
HVHMD holographic visor helmet mounted display
HVR high-voltage regulator
HW half-wave, heavy water (deuterium oxide)
HWE hot-wall epitaxy
*HWHM half-width at half-maximum
HYDAPT hybrid digital-analog and pulse time,

I
I insulator (in designations of sandwiches) [define Sn-I-Sn (must be italic because I does not
mean iodine)
IA impulse approximation, indirect addressing, input axis, instrumentation amplifier, intermediate
array
IAC independent atomic center
IACP International Association of Computer Programmers

Last update: 4/27/11 143

Acronym Definition
IACS International Annealed Copper Standard
IADIC integration analog-to-digital converter
IAE Institute of Atomic Energy , Institute for the Advancement of Engineering, integral absolute
error
IAMAS International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences
IANEC Inter-American Nuclear Energy Commission
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IAGA International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
IALEF interactive adaptive Lainiotis extended filter
IASTED International Association of Science and Technology Development
IAT Institute for Advanced Technology, Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics (Russia)
IB Irgalan Black (a dye)
IBIS intense bunched ion source
IBPM International Bureau of Weights and Measures (France) (English translation, of BIPM)
IBS ion-beam sputtering
IBW impulse bandwidth
IBWM International Bureau of Weights and Measures
IC integrated circuit, impulse conductor, input circuit, installed capacity, instruction counter,
internal connection, ion chamber
ICAD integrated control and display
ICAM integrating cavity absorption meter
*ICASE ICASE is new name for the old Institute for Computer Applications in Science at NASA,
Langley
ICASSP International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (IEEE, N.Y.)
ICB ionized cluster beam
ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile
ICC internal-conversion coefficient, intra-atomic correlation correction (theory)
ICCD intensified charge-coupled device
ICES International Conference of Engineering Studies
ICF inertial confinement fusion
icFPI internally coupled Fabry–Perot interferometer
ICG interactive computer graphics
*ICI Imperial Chemical Industries
ICIASF International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities
ICIP International Conference on Information Processing
ICM improved capability missile, iterated conditional mode
ICO International Commission for Optics
ICP inductively coupled plasma
ICPMS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICR ion cyclotron resonance
ICSI International Conference on Scientific Information
ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions
ICT International Critical Tables
ICTP International Center for Theoretical Physics
ICW interrupted continuous wave
i.d. inside diameter (define, except in phrases like ―the 4-in.-i.d. tube‖)
IDC image dissector camera
IDE interdigitated electrode
IDFT inverse discrete Fourier transform
IDGC/MS isotope dilution gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (technique)
IDL intermediate dielectric layer
IDRIS Institut du Développement et des Ressources en Informatique Scientifique
IDT interdigital transmission
IDT interdigital transducer
*I.E. ionization efficiency
I.E.AUST. The Institution of Engineers, Australia
IEBCM iterative extended boundary condition method
IECM Induced Environment Contamination Monitor
IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers
*IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Last update: 4/27/11 144

Acronym Definition
IEI The Institution of Engineers of Ireland
IEICE Institute of Electronics, Information, and Communications Engineers (of Japan)
IEPG Independent European Program Group
IERE Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers (Australia)
IES integral error squared, intrinsic electric strength
*i.f. intermediate frequency
IF, if intermediate frequency
IFA Norwegian Institute of Atomic Energy
IFCS International Federation of Computer Sciences
IFD instantaneous frequency discriminator
IFEMS International Federation of Electron Microscopes Societies
IFI inverse filter with interpolation
IFIP International Federation of Information Processing
IFIPC International Federation of Information Processing Congress
IFIPS International Federation of Information Processing Societies
IFO intensive field operation
IFR increasing failure rate, instantaneous frequency-measuring receiver
IFS ionospheric forward scatter
IFTA iterative Fourier transform algorithm
IGARSS International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
IGOR intercept ground optical recorder
IHLG inhomogeneous Lorentz group
IHOP International House of Pancakes
IHP indicated horsepower
IID independent identically distributed
IILD impurity-induced layer disordering
IIR infinite impulse response
IISN Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nucleaires
IIT Illinois Insitute of Technology
IJCAI International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
ILA image logic algebra
ILAS interrelated logic accumulating scanner, Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (Japan)
ILASS Institute of Liquid Atomization and Sprays
ILC instruction length code
ILD intection laser diode
ILEED inelastic low-energy electron diffraction
ILF inductive loss factor, infralow frequency
ILL integrated injection logic
ILO injection-locked oscillator
*Im imaginary
Image Analyst trademark of Automatix, Inc. (an interactive image processing package for the
Macintosh)
IMD intermodulation distortion
IMITAC image input to automatic computers
IMOS ion-implanted metal-oxide semiconductor
IMPATT impact avalanche and transit time (diode)
IMRADS information management retrieval and dissemination system
IMS ion-mobility spectrometer
IMT Institut Méditerranean de Technologie
IMX image multiplexer
INAOE Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Optica y Electroníca (Puebla, Mexico)
INCO International Nickel Company
INDO Industria de Optica S.A. (Spain)
INFM Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (Italy)
IN(R) interference-to-noise (ratio)
*inel inelastic (in subscript)
INEL Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
INFN Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Rome, Italy)
ING intense neutron generator
INL inner nuclear layer

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Acronym Definition
INM Institut National de Metrologie, Paris
INO Instituto Nazionale di Ottica (Firenze, Italy)
INRS Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
INS ion neutralization spectroscopy, inertial navigation system
INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliqués
INSERM Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
INSTARS information storage and retrieval systems
INT interconnection network technology
INTIPS integrated information processing system
INTREX information transfer experiments
I/O input–output
IOAN Oceanological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
IOB input–output buffer
IOC integrated optical circuit, input-output controller
IODV Instituto de Optica Daza de Valdes, Madrid
IOM input–output multiplexer
ION incoherent optical neuron
IOP input–output processor, inherent optical property
IOPS input–output programming system
IOR input–output register
IOS input–output selector
I.P., IP ionization potential, *Internet protocol, information processing, initial phase, initial point,
intermediate pressure, item processing
IPA integrated photodetection assemblies, intermediate power amplifier, isopropyl alcohol
IPC information processing code
IPCR Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Japan)
IPD image plane detector
IPE information processing equipment, Institute of Power Engineers
IPFM integral pulse frequency modulation
IPL information processing language, initial program load
IPM independent-particle model, interference prediction model, interruptions per minute, impulses
per minute, internal polarization modulation
IPN Instituto Politecnico Nacional
IPP imaging photopolarimeter, integrated plotting package
IPPJ Institute of Plasma Physics (Japan)
IPPS Institute of Physics and the Physical Society
i.p.s. impulses per second
IPSOC Information Processing Society of Canada
IPSSB Information Processing Systems Standards Board
IPST International Practical Scale of Temperature
IPT Italian Post and Telecommunications administration
IPTS International Practical Temperature Scale
IPU instruction processing unit
IQ in-phase and quadrature
IQEC International Quantum Electronics Conference (IEEE)
*IR infrared
IR current times resistance
IR information retrieval, irreducible representation, infrared radiation, inside radius, insulation
resistance
IRA input reference axis
IRAS Infrared Astronomical Satellite
IRBM intermediate range ballistic missile
IRCM infrared countermeasures
IRCOM Institut de Recherches en Communications Optiques et Microondes, (Limoges, France)
IRED infrared-emitting diode
IRF instrument response function
IRI International Reference Ionosphere
IRIG Interrange Instrumentation Group
IRIS infrared interferometer spectrometer, instant response information system
IRL information retrieval language

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Acronym Definition
IRMA information revision and manuscript assembly
IROD instantaneous readout detector
IROE Istituto di Ricerca sulle Onde Elettromagnetiche
IRS infrared absorption spectroscopy, information retrieval system
IRT infrared telescope
IRTS Infrared Telescope in Space (satellite in Japan)
i.s. isomer shift
IS incomplete sequence (relay), independent sideband
ISA international standard atmosphere, industry-standard architecture (e.g., in computers: industry-
standard architecture-bus computer, ISA-bus)
ISAM local splice alignment and measurement (test set), indexed sequential access method, integrated
switching and multiplexing
ISAR information storage and retrieval
ISAS Institute for Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, (Dortmund, Germany), Institute of
Space and Astronautical Science (Japan)
ISBS impulsive stimulated Brillouin scattering
ISCA Intersociety Committee on Methods for Ambient Air Sampling and Analysis
ISCAS International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (NASA)
IScT Institute of Science Technology
IS&D integrate sample and dump
ISDN integrated services digital network
I&SE installation and service engineering
ISFET ion-sensitive field-effect transistor
ISG interferential scanning grating
ISI induced spatial coherence
ISIS International Science Information Service
ISL information search language, information system language, instructional systems language,
integrated Schottky logic, interactive simulation language
ISM interpretive structural modeling
ISN information systems network
ISO imaginary spin orbit, International Organization for Standardization (this is correct, ISO is not
exactly an acronym), Geneva, Switzerland
ISOLDE not an acronym, just the woman‘s name Isolde, chosen because the facility uses an ISOL source
ISP Italian Society of Physics
ISR intersecting storage rings, information storage and retrieval, Interdisciplinary Science Review
ISRO Indian Space Research Organization
ISRS impulsive stimulated Raman scattering
ISS ion scattering spectroscopy, impulsive stimulated scattering, information storage system,
International Space Station
ISSO Intelligence Systems Support Office
IST information science and technology
ISTEF Innovative Science and Technology Experimentation Facility
IT isomeric transition
ITA interlacing technique algorithm
ITAE integrated time and absolute error
ITALEO International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics
ITC ionic thermoconductivity
ITFTRIA instrument tree flow and temperature removal instrument assembly
ITI interactive terminal interface
ITL inverse time limit
ITO indium tin oxide, indium titanium oxide
ITR inverse time relay
ITRA Intercomparison of the Transmittance and Radiance Algorithms (workshops)
ITS-90 International Temperature Scale of 1990
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IUCr International Union of Crystallography
IUE International Ultraviolet Explorer
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists
IUPAP International Union of Pure and Applied Physics

Last update: 4/27/11 147

Acronym Definition
IUPS international Union of Physiological Sciences
IUS inertial upper stage, initial upper state
*IV, I–V current–voltage (plot, characteristic)
IVMU inertial velocity measurement unit
IVR integrated voltage regulator
IWCS integrated wideband communications system
IWKB inverse WKB
IWM interferometric weight matrix
IWOP intensity weighted optical path

J
J iodine (used by some Germans-change to I), joule
JANNAF Joint Army–Navy–NASA–Air Force
JAPT Journal of Approximation Theory
JASIS Journal of the American Society for Information Science
JCC Joint Computer Conference
JCPDS Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Standard
JCSS Journal of Computer and System Sciences
JECC Joint Electronic Components Conference
JFT joint Fourier transform
JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
JHG joule heat gradient
*JILA JILA is the official name (stands for Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics)
JIP joint input processing
JLD Jost-Lehmann-Dyson
Jnd just noticeable difference
JOULE Joint Opportunities for Unconventional or Long-Term Energy Supply, (European Communities
program)
JPDA joint probability data association (class of algorithm)
*JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (do not spell out)
JPS joint power spectrum
JSOP Joint Services Optical Program
JTC joint transform correlator
*JWKB Jeffreys–Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin

K
KAERI Korean Atomic and Energy Research Institute
KAFB Kirkland Air Force Base (Albuquerque, N.Mex.)
KAM Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (theory)
KAST Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology (Kawasaki 213, Japan)
KB5 potassium pentaborate (KB5O8∙4H2O)
*KDP potassium dihydrogen phosphate
KdV Korteweg-deVries
KE kinetic energy (KE is an abbreviation only, not a ―symbol‖)
K+F Kutatas + Fejlesztes
KFA Forschungzentum Jülich (KFA) [Jülich, Germany]
KFKI Central Energy Research Establishment
KG Klein–Gordon (equation)
KIPO keyboard input printout
KK Kramers–Kronig (analysis)
KKR Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (method for energy bands in metal)
KLM Kerr-lens mode locking
KMER Kodak metal etch resist
KOH potassium hydroxide
KORSTIC Korea Scientific and Technological Information Center
KOSEF Korea Science and Engineering Foundation
KP Kronecker product
KSRF Kawarabayashi–Suzuki–Riazuddin–Fayyazuddin (relations) (define; not KFSR)
*KTP potassium titanyl phosphate

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Acronym Definition
kVdc kilovolt direct current
kVp kilovolt (peak) (x-ray notation) [change to kV(peak)]
KWF Kommission zur Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Switzerland)

L
L light (for mass-number group) (cosmic-ray nuclei) (italic to contrast with element abbreviations)
*LA longitudinal-acoustic(al)
Lab laboratory (in subscript; spell out in text)
LACE low-power atmospheric compensation
LACIE Landsat-oriented large-area crop inventory experiment, large-area crop inventory experiment
LAD location aid device, logical aptitute device
ladar laser radar
LAE left arithmetic element
LAH logical analyzer of hypothesis
LAHC Laboratoire d‘Hyperfréquences et de Caractérisation
LAMP Laser Applications in Materials Processing
LAN local area network
LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory
LaRC Langley Research Center
LARIAT laser radar intelligence acquisition technology
*lat latitude
LATA local access and transport areas
LAWS Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder
LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
LBO line buildout, lithium triborate (LiB3O5)
LBP length between perpendiculars
LBT low bit test
*LC, L-C inductance–capacitance (integrator, circuit, filter, time constant)
LC lead covered, level control, line carrying, line connector, line of communication, line of contact,
liquid crystal, load carrier, load center, load compensating, low carbon
LCAO(-MO) linear combination of atomic orbitals (-molecular orbitals)
LCC liquid-crystal cell
*LCD liquid-crystal display
LCLV liquid-crystal light valve
LCM large core memory, least common multiple
LCMTO linear combination of muffin-tin orbitals
LCP left-circularly polarized (electric field), liquid-crystal polymers, language conversion program
*LCR inductance–capacitance–resistance (integrator, circuit, filter, time constant)
LCR Laboratoire Central de Recherche
LCS loop control system
LCTV liquid-crystal television
LCU laser control unit
LCVD least voltage coincidence detection
LD laser diode
LDA local-density approximation, liquid Doppler anemometry
LDDS low-density data system
LDE linear differential equation
LDEF Long Duration Exposure Facility (NASA satellite)
LDF laser Doppler flowmetry
LDOS local density of states
LDP language data processing
LDR light-dependent resistor, low data rate
LDRI low data rate input
LDT logic design translator
LE light equipment, limit of error
LEANDRE French airborne lidar system for meteorological studies (set small caps)
*LEAF Corning trademark for large effective area fiber
LEAR logistics evaluation and review technique
LEC liquid-encapsulated Czochralski
*LED light-emitting diode

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Acronym Definition
LEDT limited-entry decision table
LEED low-energy electron diffraction, laser-energized explosive device
LEF light-emitting film
LEMO Laboratoire d‘Electromagnétisme, Micro-ondes et Optoélectronique
LENS European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy (Firenze, Italy)
LEO-15 Long-Term Ecological (or Ecosystem or Environmental) Observatory
LET linear energy transfer
LET G low-energy transmission grating
LEU low enriched uranium
LEWI long-equivalent-wavelength interferogram
LF low frequency
LFO low-frequency oscillator
LG(W) Landau–Ginzburg (–Wilson)
LGaG lutetium gallium garnet
LGN lateral geniculate nucleus (vision)
LHBC liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber
l.h.c. left-hand circular (polarization)
LHCF liquid-host Christiansen filter
LHeT liquid-helium temperature
lhs, LHS left-hand side (spell out, or, if used often, define)
LIA Laser Institute of America (Toledo, Ohio)
LIBS laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
LIC linear integrated circuit
Li-Cor a company, P.O. Box 4425, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504
*lidar light detection and ranging
LIDT laser-induced damage threshold
LIF laser-induced fluorescence
LIGA Lithographie Galvanik Abformung (technique)
LIGHT-MOD trade name of Litton Industries for a magneto-optic device
LIGO Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
LII laser-induced incandescence
LIMP laser-induced medium perturbation
LIMS Library of Image Processing Software (computer program, set small caps)
LINOS LINOS Photonics Inc., LINOS Photonics Ltd., LINOS Photonics GmbH
LIPF laser-induced fluorescence by predissociation/laser-induced predissociative fluorescence
LIPL linear information processing language
LIT liquid injection technique
LIVES laser-induced vaporization with elastic scattering
Live 2000 a frame grabber manufactured by A-Squared Distributions, Inc., 6114 La Salle Ave., Suite 326,
Oakland, Calif. 94611
LJ Lennard-Jones
LL light line, low level, liquid limit
LLD low-level detector, log likelihood difference
LLFM low-level flux monitor
LLL low-level logic
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLLTV low-light-level TV
LLRES load-limiting resistor
L/M lines per minute
LMA lanthanum neodymium magnesium hexaaluminate
LMF linear matched filter
LM-GCD laser microplasma gas chromatography detector
LMR length-modulated radiometer
LMS least-mean-square
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature difference
LMTO linear muffin-tin orbital
LNG liquid natural gas
LNP loss of normal power
LNT liquid-nitrogen temperature
*LO longitudinal-optic(al)

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Acronym Definition
LO local oscillator, lock-on, longitudinal optical
LO AMP logarithmic amplifier
LOB line of balance
LOC laser optical cavity
LOCI logarithmic computing instrument
LOCOS localized oxidation of silicon
LODESMP logistics data element standardization and management process
LOF lowest operating frequency, loss of flow
LOFAR low-frequency acquistion and ranging
LOGALGOL logical algorithmic language
LOGEL logic-generating language
LOGIPAC logical processor and computer
LOGIT logical inference tester
LOGLAN logical language
LOGRAM logical program
LOGTAB logical tables
LOPAR low-power acquisition radar
LOPC laser optical particle counter
LORAN long-range navigation
LORPGAC long-range proving ground automatic computer
LOS line of sight, loss of signal, lead out subassembly, line of symmetry
LOX liquid oxygen
LP line printer, linear programming, low pass, low point, low pressure
LPARL Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory
LPC linear predictive coding
LPCI low-pressure coolant injection
LPCVD low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
LPD language processing and debugging, log-periodic dipole antennas, low-power difference, low-
pressure difference
LPE liquid-phase epitax(y)(ial), loop preparation equipment
LPG liquid petroleum gas
LPI low-power injection, low probability of intercept
LPID low-power injection system
LPL linear programming language
LPM lines per minute, learning pattern method
LPMA Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire et Applications
LPO low-power output
LPP low-power physics
LPRS local power recirculation system
LPTF low-power test facility
lpW lumen per watt
LQG linear-quadratic-Gaussian
LR limited recoverable, load ratio, load-resistor (relay)
L/R locus of radius
LRC Langley Research Center (NASA, Hampton, VA), Lewis Research Center (NASA, Cleveland,
OH), load ratio control, longitudinal redundancy check
LRI long-range radar input
LRL Lawrence Radiaton Laboratory (University of California)
LRO long-range order
LRP long-range path
LRSS long-range survey system
LRTF long-range technical forecast
LS L and S are quantum numbers (LS coupling)
LS language specification, least significant, limit switch
LSB least-significant bit, low-speed breaker (relay), lower sideband
LSC least-significant character
LSCC line-sequential color composite
LSD least-significant digit, low-speed data
LSE longitudinal-section electric
LSF least-squares fit, laser saturated fluorescence, line-spread function

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Acronym Definition
LSHI large-scale hybrid integration
LSI large-scale integration
LSLMT least-squares linear-mapping technique
LSM layered synthetic microstructure, linear synchronous motor
LSP low-speed printer
LSPC Lewis Space Flight Center
LSS Lindhard–Scharff–Schiott
LSSP latest scram set point
LST Lyddane–Sachs–Teller
LSU Louisiana State University
LSZ Lehmann–Symanzik–Zimmermann
LTE local thermodyn(e)(amic) equilibrium
LTDA less-than data array
LTDS laser target designation system
LTS long-term stability
LTTL low-power transistor-transistor logic
LU Lower triangular-upper triangular (decomposition), a standard technique in numerical analysis
LUF lowest usable frequency
LUHF lowest usable high frequency
LULI Laboratoire pour l‘Utilisation des Lasers Intenses
LV low voltage
LVDT linear variable differential transformer
LVHV low-volume high-velocity
LVP low-voltage protection
LWIR long-wave infrared
LXTT Lang x-ray transmission topography

M
M medium (for mass-number group) (cosmic-ray nuclei) (italic to contrast with element
abbreviations)
MABL marine atmospheric boundary layer
MAC machine-aided cognition, maintenance allocation chart, mean aerodynamic chord, multiple
access computer, media access
MAD E microalloy diffused electrode, multichannel analog-to-digital data encoder
MAGAMP magnetic amplifier
MAGGS modular advanced graphics generation system
MAGIC machine for automatic graphics interface to a computer, matrix algebra general interpretive
coding
MAGLOC magnetic logic computer
MAIP matrix algebra interpretive program
MAL macroassembly language
MALE multiaperture logic element
MAM multiple access to memory
MAMA Multi-Array-Mode-Addressing, but write MAMA Detector
MANIAC mathematical analyzer numerical integrator and computer, mechanical and numerical integrator
and computer
MAP macroarithmetic processor, macroassembly program, manifold absolute pressure, mathematical
analysis without programming, maximum a posteriori probability, message acceptable pulse,
multiple aimpoint, multiple allocation procedure, methyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-aminopropanoate
MAPRAT maximum power ratio
MAPS Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (system)
MAR malfunction array radar, memory address register, minimum angle of resolution
MARAS Marine Radiometer Spectrometer
MARLIS multiaspect relevance linkage information system
MARS machine retrieval system, management analysis reporting service, Marconi automatic relay
system, Martin automatic reporting system, Military-Affiliated Radio System, military amateur
radio system, multiaperture reluctance switch
MART maintenance analysis review technique, mean active repair time
MAS magic angle spinning, metal-alumina-silicon, multiaspect signaling
MASER microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

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Acronym Definition
MASIS management and scientific information system
MASS monitor and assembly system, multiple-access sequential selection, monochromatic all-sky
scanner
MAT microalloy transistor
MATE measuring and test equipment, multiple-access time-division equipment, multisystem automatic
test equipment, midocean acoustic transmission experiment
MATPS machine-aided technical processing system
*max maximum (in subscript)
MB multiple bend (methods), memory buffer
MBBA p-methoxylbenzyladine-p‘-butyl analin
MBD molecular beam deposition, molecular bubble device
MBE molecular beam epitaxy
MBM magnetic-bubble memory, metal-barrier-metal
MBPS megabits per second
MBT metal-base transistor
MBWO microwave backward-wave oscillator
MC Monte Carlo, mode conversion
MCA multichannel analyzer
MCBIC microwave complementary bipolar integrated circuit
MCC multiple computer complex
MCDF multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock (method)
MCF magnetocardiography, man-computer graphics
MCHF multiconfiguration Hartree–Fock (procedure)
MCHFR minimum critical heat flux rates
MCIS materials compatibility in sodium
MCL multipulling and cabling in-line
MCM magnetic core memory, multichip module
MCOM mathematics of computation
MCP microchannel plate, master control program, memory-centered processor, multichannel
communications program
MCR magnetic character reader, magnetic character recognition, multispectral cloud radiometer
MCS master control system, medical computer services, method of constant stimuli, modular
computer systems, motor circuit switch
MCSCF multiconfiguration self-consistent-field (method)
MCS/s Monte Carlo steps per site
MCT mercury cadmium telluride or HgCdTe (detector)
MCU microprogram control unit, match/compare unit
MCUG Military Computer Users Group
MCVD modified chemical-vapor deposition
MCW modulated continuous wave
MD molecular dynamics, magnetic disk, magnetic drum, monitor displays
MDA multidimensional analysis
MDR morphology-dependent resonance
MEDAC meteor wind radar
MEG modified exponential gap
MEK methyl ethyl ketone
MERIS medium resolution imaging spectrometer
MESFET metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor
MESR Ministere de l‘Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche
MET mission elapsed time
MFES minimum feedback edge set
mfp, MFP mean free path
MFLOPS million floating-point instructions per second
MFVS minimum feedback vertex set
*MH, M-H magnetization-magnetic-field (loops on oscilloscope)
MHD magnetohydrodynamics
MHI Marine Hydrophysical Institute (Ukranian)
MICADO Michelson interferometer for coordinated auroral Doppler observation
MID maximum interconnect distance
MIMD multiple-instruction multiple data

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Acronym Definition
MIDIT Danish acronym—in translation, Modeling Nonlinear Dynamics and Irreversible
Thermodynamics
MILC magnetic induced laser cooling
*min minimum (in subscript), minute
MIN multistage interconnection network
MIPAS-FT Michelson interferometer for passive atmospheric sounding
MIPS million instructions per second
MIR mid-infrared
MIRVOC magnetically induced resonant voltage overshoot circuit
MIS metal-insulator-semiconductor
MISR multiangle imaging spectroradiometer
*MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan); now Ministry of Economy, Trade and
Industry
MKA modified Kirchhoff approximation
*mks meter–kilogram–second (system)
ML monolayer
MLT mass–length–time
MLM membrane light modulator
MM missing mass [define; use parens for clarity in equations: m+ MM, but (MM) 2, except in context
of particle reactions]
MMCA modified method of clustering arguments
MME minimum model error
*mmf magnetomotive force
MMIC millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuit
MN average molecular weight by number (cf. NW)
MNA 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline
MNDO modified neglect of differential overlap
MO molecular orbital
MOAS multipass optical absorption spectroscopy
MOCVD metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition
MOD magneto-optic disk
MODA magneto-optic Doppler analyzer
MODFET modulation-doped field-effect transistor
MODIS moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer [spectroradiometer]
*mo l molecule (in subscript) [discouraged as abbreviation for molecule, but do not write it out unless
certain it means molecule]
mole
MOM matrix operator method
MOPA master oscillator power amplifier
MOPITT Measurements of Pollution on the Troposphere (instrument)
MOR master oscillator room
MORTI Mesosphere Oxygen Rotational Temperature Imager
MOS metal-oxide semiconductor
MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
*mp melting point
*MP type designation for Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator, Moller–Plesset
MPC magnetic pulse compression
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
MPI multiphoton ionization, Max-Planck-Institute
*MPM mole percent metal
MPMMA modified poly(methyl methacrylate)
MPN mode partition noise
MQW multiple quantum well
MR magnetoresistance
MRI modified-rigid-ion (model), magnetic resonance imaging
MRL Materials Research Laboratory
MRS multiple reflection spectroscopy
MR(SD)CI multireference (single double) configuration interaction
MRSEC Materials Research Science and Engineering Center

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Acronym Definition
MS methyl salicylate
MSB most-significant bit
MSD modified signed-digit
MSF matched spatial filter
MSK minimum shift keying
MSM metal–semiconductor–metal
MSTA Special Materials for Advanced Technologies
MSTK Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea
MSU Microwave Sounding Unit (part of the TIROS series)
MSXC multiple short external cavities
MTF modulation transfer function
MTR Materials Testing Reactor (spell out)
MURI Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
MURST Ministero dell‘Universitá, Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica
MUSCLE multiple scattering lidar experiments
MUX multiplexer
M-V matrix-vector
MXPS monochromated x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

N
*N north, nitrogen, newton, ―nines‖ (trade jargon: 4N = 99.99%) [change to numbers (―3N purity
stock‖ becomes ―99.9% purity stock‖)]
*N.A. numerical aperture
*NA numerical aperture
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard
NADC Naval Air Development Center
NAH near-field acoustical holography
NAL National Accelerator Laboratory
NAM nonabsorbing mirrors
NAPS National Auxiliary Publications Service
*NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASU National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
nBM n-butyl mercaptan
NBS National Bureau of Standards [use Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)]
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
NCCR National Center for Research Resources (NIH, Bethesda)
NCE National Center for Excellence, Canadian Institute for Telecommunications Research, Canada
NCIPT National Center for Integrated Photonic Technology
NCSA National Center for Supercomputing Applications (at the U. of IL at Urbana-Champaign)
ND negative differential conductivity
*N.D. not determined (in tables)
NDE nondestructive evaluation
NDFWM nearly degenerate four-wave mixing
NDIR nondispersive infrared
NDRE Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (Kjeller, Norway)
NDSC Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (at Zugspitze Observatory, Germany)
NE negative-energy (mode)
NEP noise-equivalent power
NER noise-equivalen(ce) (t) radiance
NES neoldymium ethyl sulfate (define; better, change to NdEtSO4]
NEXAFS near-edge x-ray-absorption fine structure
NH & MRC National Health and Medical Research Council
NHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH, Bethesda)
NIC network interface card
NIES National Institute for Environmental Studies (Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan)
NIR near-infrared
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, Md.)
NLDC nonlinear directional coupler
NLO nonlinear optical

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Acronym Definition
NLS nonlinear Schrodinger (equation)
NMCH nonmethane hydrocarbons
NMOS n-type metal-oxide semiconductor
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (do not define, but leave spelled out in titles unless awkward)
NN nearest neighbor
NNN next-nearest neighbor
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAO National Optical Astronomy Observatories (Tucson, Arizona)
NORAD North American Air Defense System
NOSC Naval Ocean Systems Center
NPPA N-(4-ntiro-2-pyridinyl)-phenyalaninol
*N-P-T number of molecules, pressure, and temperature (N-P-T ensemble)
NQR nuclear quadrupole resonance
NRA nuclear reactions analysis
NRC National Research Council of Canada
NRDC National Research and Development Corp.
NRL Naval Research Laboratory
NRSA National Research Service Award
NRZ nonreturn to zero
NSE nonlinear Schrödinger equation
NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada)
NSF National Science Foundation
NSOM near-field scanning optical microscopy
NTIS National Technical Information Service (University of Maryland at College Park, College Park,
Md.)
NTP normal temperature and pressure (same as STP; use STP)
NTSC National Television System Committee
NTT Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (Japan)
NUC Naval Undersea Center
NUT Newman–Unti–Tamburino
NW average molecular weight by weight (cf. MN)
NWS National Weather Service
NWSZ nonsense wrong-signature zero
NZDSF nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber

O
OAE off-axis ellipsiodal
OAR Office of Aerospace Research
OASLM optically addressed spatial light modulator
OBE one-boson exchange
OBEC one-boson exchange contribution
OBEP one-boson exchange potential
*obs observed (in subscript) [use Obs. as column heading]
OC optical computing
OCAPP optical content-addressable parallel processor
OCAPPRP optical content-addressable parallel processor for relational database
OCC optical communication channel
OCPM optically connected parallel machine
OCT optical coherence tomography
OCTA oxidizing capacity of the tropospheric atmosphere
OCTS ocean color and temperature scanner
o.d. outside diameter
OD optical density, outside diameter
ODLRO off-diagonal long-range order
ODS optical data storage
ODT optical Doppler tomography
OEIC optoelectronic integrated circuits
OES optical emission spectroscopy
o.f., O.F. optical frequency
OFDM optical frequency division multiplexing

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Acronym Definition
OFDR optical frequency-domain reflectometry
OFHC oxygen-free high-conductivity copper (usually)
OFID optical free-induction decay
OFIS optical-fiber interferometric sensors
O4PC oxazine 4 perchlorate
OLCR optical low-coherence reflectometry
OMA optical multichannel analyzer
OMCVD organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy
OMRO Ordnance Materials Research Office
OMS optical modulation spectroscopy
OMVPE organometallic vapor-phase deposition
ONR Office of Naval Research
OOK on–off keying
OPALS optical parallel array logic system
op-amp optical amplifier
OPCOM Optical Processing and Computing Consortium of Canada
OPD optical path difference
OPE one-pion exchange
OPEA absorption-modified one-pion exchange
OPEC one-pion exchange contribution
OPEP one-pion exchange potential
OPGL optically pumped gas lasers
OPO optical parametric oscillator
OPRG optical passive-ring-resonator gyro
OPTIS optical pulse train interference spectroscopy
OPW orthogonalized plane wave
ORMOSIL organically modified silicate
ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory
OSA optical spectrum analyzer
OSAC Optical Surface Analysis Code
OSC optically significant component
OSED optical specular event detector
OSEM Optical Sensing for Environmental Monitoring
OTCLC open tubular capillary liquid chromatography
OTDR optical time-domain deposition
OTKA Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alap
OU output unit
OVD outside vapor deposition

P
*p. page (spell out at beginning of sentence; not pg.)
P,P principal value (before integral sign) or P.V. or P; define. Use P if P has been used with another
meaning.
PAC perturbed angular correlation
PACE plasma-assisted chemical etching
PACS Particle Analysis Cameras for Shuttle (experiment)
PACT Journal of the European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, and , Mathematical Techniques
Applied to Archaeology; use PACT, in refs. (too new to be in the B.G.)
PADCT Program de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PAN polyacrylonitrile
PANDA polarization-maintaining and absorption-reducing (fiber)
PAR photosynthetically available radiation
PARC Princeton Applied Research Corp.
PASF phosphoaluminosilicate fiber
PASPE photochemically accumulated stimulated photon echoes
PASS parametric amplification sampling spectroscopy
PAX Pan-American Astrophysics Explorer
PAXAS photoacoustic x-ray absorption spectroscopy
PBC substrate buried crescent (laser)

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Acronym Definition
PBL planetary boundary layer
PBS phosphate-buffered saline
PBUR positive branch unstable resonator
PBX type of switchboard exchange
p.c., PC parity conserving, Pockels cell, photon correlation, proportional counter
PC personal computer
PCAC partial conservation of (or partially conserved axial-vector current) (not ―currents‖)
PCB printed circuit board
PCC Pearson correlation coefficient
PCE peak-to-correlation energy
PCI SIG Peripheral Component Interface Special Interest Group (M/S HF3-15A, 5200 N.E. Elam Young
Parkway, Hillsboro, OR 97214)
PCLC packed capillary liquid chromatography
PCM pulsed-code modulation
PCMA piecewise continuous model of approximation
PCR principal component regression, pulse-chirped radar
PCS photon correlation spectroscopy
*PCT parity (charge conjugation) (time reversal) (also CPT, TCP)
PCTC partial conservation of tensor currents
PCVC partially conserved vector current
PCVision frame grabber manufactured by Imaging Technology, Inc.
*PD potential difference
PDA polydiacetylene
PDF pair distribution function
Pdf probability density function
PDI point-diffraction interferometer
PDOS partial density of states (most common meaning), phonon density of states
PDT photodynamic therapy
*pe probable error
PE processing element, parabolic equation, paraelectric
PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
PEM photoelectromagnetic (detector), photoelastic modulator
PEPR precision encoding and pattern recognition (device)
PES photoemission spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy
PET personal electronic transfer, polyethylene terephthalate
PETC Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center
PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate
PF photofragmentation
PGD periodic group delay
PGMEA propylene glycol monoether acetate
p-h particle–hole [define (roman to distinguish from p for proton)]
PHA pulse-height analyzer (or kicksorter)
PHI physical electronics instrument
PHIND photons in noise detectability
Pho-Tran computer code, no definition (set in small caps)
PIA peripheral interface adapter, pendulum iterative algorithm
PIC photonic integrated circuit
PICS Processing Images, Image Quality, Capturing Images, Systems Conference (IS&T)
PICOC photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent optical converter
PID proportional, integral, and differential
PIE perpendicular-incidence ellipsometry
PIER pressure-induced extra resonance
PIERS Progress in Electromagnetic Research
*p-i-n positive-intrinsic-negative (structures, semiconductors)
PIPICO photoion-photoion coincidence
PIRM polarization-independent reflectance matching
PIXIE proton-induced x-ray emission
PLD periodic lattice distortion
PLE phase-locked epitaxy
PLEED polarized low-energy electron diffraction

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Acronym Definition
PLIF planar laser-induced fluorescence
PLL phase-locked loop
PLPS planar laser polarization spectroscopy
PLS partial least squares
PLT Princeton Large Torus, progressive ladder topology
PLZT lead lanthanum zirconated titanate
*p.m. post meridiem
PM pulse-modulated (signals), photomultiplier (tube)
PMDF photon measurement density function
PME photomagnetoelastic
PMF polarization maintaining single-mode fiber
PMFE phase-matched Fresnel element
PMFZP phase-multiplexed Fresnel zone plates
PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate)
PMPF projection moire fringe pattern
PMR pressure-modulated radiometer
PMS particle measuring system
PMT photomultiplier tube
PMTFC polarization-maintaining tap filter coupler
PNRA Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (Italian Antarctic Research Program)
POF phase-only filter
POLDER polarization and directionality of the Earth‘s reflectances
poly-3BCMU poly-3butoxyl-carbonyl-methyl-urethane
poly-3DT poly-3-alkylthiophene
POM 3-methyl-4-nitropyridine-1-oxide
POSS particle optical sampling system
POWERCAM parallel optical write, electrical read, content-addressable memory
POWERRAM parallel optical write, electrical read, random-access memory
*pp. pages (Use ―Pages‖ at the beginning of sentence; Pp. in other contexts that call for an initial
cap.)
*p.p., p.-p. peak to peak (―400 V p.p.‖)
PPM pulse-position-modulation signals
PPMA poly(phenyl methacrylate)
PPS(pps) pulses per second
PPTR pulsed photothermal radiometry
*PPV pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar-vector (coupling)
PQC passive-quenching circuit
PQR pure quadrupole resonance
PQS passive Q-switching
PRBS pseudorandom binary sequence
PRD pseudorandom data (word)
PRDM partial reflectivity dot mirror
PRETTI polarized reflectance measurement technique for thickness and index (method)
PRESS prediction error sum of squares
PRF pulsed repetition frequency
PRFE polar-reflection Faraday effect
PRFS profound reduction of flicker sensitivity
PRIZ Russian acronym meaning image transformer, Project FIRE First International Satellite Cloud
Climatology Program Regional Experiment
PROM programmable read-only memory, Pockels readout optical memory, Pockels readout optical
modulator
PRONTIC Programa Nacional de Tecnologia de Informacion (Spanish res. program)
PRT platinum resistance thermometer
*Ps positronium
PS power step (method)
PSD pulse-shape discrimination, phase-sensitive detection, photon-stimulated desorption,
positionsensitive detector
PSF point-spread function
PSG phosphosilicate glass
PSI phase-shifting interferometric

Last update: 4/27/11 159

Acronym Definition
PSK phase-shift key (modulated input signal)
PSR point Strehl ratio
*Pt. Part (in references)
PT polythiophene
PTB Physikalische Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
PTC positive-temperature-characteristic (resistivity)
PtSi platinum silicide
PTI Photon Technology International, Inc., London, Ontario, Canada
Ptp peak to peak (spell out)
p.v., PV parity violating
*p.v. principal value
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
PVK poly(N-vinyl carbazole)
PVK:FDEAMNST:C60 polyvinyl carbazole: 40% 3-fluoro-4-N,N-diethylaminomethyl-β-nitrostyrene: 0.2% C60
PVT physical vapor transport
PWBAE plane-wave Born approximation with exchangeϑ
PY Percus-Yevick
PZT piezoelectric transducer, lead zirconate titanate

Q
QC quadruple cladding
*QCD quantum chromodynamics
QCM quartz crystal microbalance
QCSE quantum combined Stark effect
QD quantum dots
QDPSK quaternary differential phase shift keying
*QED quantum electrodynamics
*Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved)
QFT quantitative filter technique
QMA quadrupole mass analyzer
QMS quadrupole mass spectrometer, quartz monitoring system
QPA quadratic problem approximation
QPAK quadrature pulse-shift keying
QRPA quasirandom-phase approximation
QS quadrupole splitting
QSTD quasiparticle second Tamm–Dancoff
QTD quasiparticle Tamm–Dancoff
QWH quantum well heterostructure

R
RA relation array
RACE Research and Development in Advanced Communications Technologies for Europe
RAE rotating analyzer ellipsometer
*RAM random access memory
RAM residual amplitude modulation
RAOB rawinsonde obeservation
RAP rubidium acid phthalate
RAPW relativistic augmented plane wave
RBS Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy
*RC, R-C resistance-capacitance (integrator, circuit, filter, time constant)
RCP right-circularly polarizd (electric field)
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCWA rigorous coupled-wave analysis
RCWT rigorous coupled-wave technique
RDX cyclotrimethylene trinitramine
*Re real
*Re Reynolds number
RE rare earth
REEL reflection-electron energy loss

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Acronym Definition
REM reflection electron microscopy
REMPI resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization
*rf radio frequency
RFSE radio-frequency size effect
RFWMP resonant four-wave-mixing process
RGB red-green-blue
RGH rare-gas halide
RH relative humidity
r.h.c. right-hand circular (polarization)
RHEED reflection high-energy electron diffraction
RHEL Rutherford High-Energy Laboratory
RHF relatavistic Hartree-Fock
rhs, RHS right-hand side (spell out or, if used often, define)
RHSe rubidium hydrogen selenate
RIBE reactive ion-beam etching
RIKE Raman-induced Kerr effect
RIMF refractive-index matching fluid
RIN relative intensity source
REE ratio of encircled energy
RIST reversal input superposing technique, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology
(Korea)
RK(K)Y Ruderman-Kittel (-Kasuya)-Yosida
*RLC resistor-inductor-capacitor (DO NOT DEFINE)
RLCA reaction-limited cluster--cluster aggregation
RISC reduced instruction-set computing
RMC rotation modulation collimator
*rms root-mean-square
RMSEP root-mean-square error of prediction
*RNA ribonucleic acid
ROC radius of curvature
ROM read-only memory, resonant overshoot mode
ROPW relativistic orthogonalized plane wave
RPA random-phase approximation
RPAE random-phase-approximation exchange
RPD retarding potential difference
RRPA relativistic random-phase approximation
RRR residual resistivity ratio
RS rocksalt (crystal structure)
RSADU Remote Sensing Applications Development Unit (a facility of the British National Space, Centre
(BNSC), Monks Wood, Huntingdon PE17 2LS, UK
RSIDO radially symmetric iterative discrete on-axis (method)
RSJ resistively shunted junction
rss root-sum-square
*RT room temperature
RTD rapid tunable diode
RTE radiative transfer equation
RTOP Research and Technology Operating Plan (a NASA program)
RWTH Rhejnisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule (Aachen, Germany)

S
*S south
SA simulated annealing, Service d‘Aeronomie (the French national laboratory that studies the
composition and structure of the atmosphere)
SACEA single-atom cavity-enhanced absorption
*SACLANT no definition needed
SAD selective area diffraction
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers (Warrendale, Pa.)
SAFARI Southern Africa five atmospheric research initiative
SAFE solar array flight experiment
SAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (instrument)

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Acronym Definition
SAIC Science Applications International Corp. (Torrance, Calif.)
SAIFO Società Applicazoni Industirali Fibre Ottiche
SAIR sparse aperture interferometric radiometry
SAM Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement, statistical averaging method
SANS small-angle neutron scattering
SAW surface acoustic wave
SAXS small-angle x-ray scattering
S–B Soleil–Babinet
SBH strip-buried heterostructure
SBIR Small Business Innovative Research
SBN strontium barium niobate
SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering
SBWL spaceborne wind-sensing lidar
SBWP space-bandwidth product
SBZ surface Brillouin zone
Sc simple cubic (lattice)
SCA single-channel analyzer
SCAPS site characterization and analysis pentrometer system
SCC strongly connected component, Superconducting Supercollider
SCE standard calomel electrode
SCF self-consistent-field results, spectral correction factor, Spectral Comparator Facility
SCIDAR scintillation detection and ranging
SCIOS Scottish Collaborative Initiative in Opto-electronics (lowercase e in electronics is correct)
(funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK)
SCISSOR side-coupled integrated spaced sequence of resonators
SCLS surface core-level shifts
scope oscilloscope (spell out)
SCOSTEP Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics
SCR silicon-controlled rectifier, signal-to-clutter ratio
s.d., SD standard deviation
SD signed-digit
SDF synthetic discriminant function
SDI Strategic Defense Initiative
SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Office
SDM space-division multiplexing
SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate
SDW spin-density wave
SeaWIFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor
SEDO Sociedad Espanola de Optica (Madrid)
SEED self-electro-optic device
SEM secondary-emission monitor, scanning electron microscopy, standard error of the mean
SEN shuffle exchange network
SERC Science and Engineering Research Council
SERDP U.S. Army Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program
SERICS Service des Industries de Communication et de Service
SERS surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SERTS solar EUV rocket telescope and spectrograph
SEXAFS surface-extended x-ray absorption fine structure
SFF scale factor freedom
SFI solid Fizeau interferometer
SFP straightforward placement
SFPM stimulated four-photon mixing
SGDA signal generator and data acquisition
SHARC Strategic High Altitude Radiance Code
shf superhyperfine
SHG second-harmonic generation
*SI Systeme International (International system of units)
SI surface ionization, spark ignition
SIAM Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (Philadelphia)
SIB signal-induced bias

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Acronym Definition
SIGGRAPH (conf. proceedings published as given; publisher is Association for Computing Machinery, New
York)
SIGHT-MOD Semetex magneto-optic device
SII space-invariant interconnection
SILS static isotope laser spectrometer
SIMD single-instruction multiple data
SIMOX separation by ion implantation of oxygen
SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy
SiON silicon oxynitride
SIP strongly interacting particle [define (―hadron‖ is better)]
SIRCUS Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calculations with Uniform Sources (Facility)
SIS subsecond of arc imaging spectrograph
SL sensation level
*SLAC Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
*SLIOS project name (standard procedures for stray light specification, measurement and testing)
SLM spatial light modulator, single-longitudinal mode
SLS static light scattering
SL-SEED self-linearized self-electro-optic-effect device
SM switch mode
SMAMI Servizio Meteorologico Aeronautica Militaire Italiana
SMFZP spatially multiplexed Fresnel zone plates
SMM Solar Maximum Mission (research satellite)
SMMR scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (onboard Nimbus 7 satellite)
SMP scanning measuring projector
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SMSR side-mode suppression ratio
SN, S/N signal-to-noise (ratio) [define (should always be followed by the word ratio)]
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
*s/n, S/N (Spanish addresses) sin numéro (―without number‖) do not spell out
SNO Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
SNOM scanning near-field optical microscope
SO, S.O., s.o., so spin orbit
SOA (vision paper) stimulus onset. A synchrony
SOHO Solar Heliospheric Observatory
SOI silicon-on-insulator
SORL Space Optics Research Laboratories, 7 Stuart Rd., Chelmsford, Mass. 01824
SOS silicon-on-sapphire
SP São Paulo (Brazilian state)
sp square planar
SPA shielded-potential approximation, smart-pixel array
SPARO symbolic processing architecture in optics but is used to mean a massively, parallel optical
computer
SPD spectral power distribution
*SPDT single-pole double-throw (switches)
SPE solid-phase epitaxy, stimulated photon echo
Spec spectroscopically (as in ―spectroscopically pure‖) (spell out)
SPECTRE Spectral Radiance Experiment
*sp. gr. specific gravity
SPICE computer program (small caps)
SPIDER spectral shear interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction
*SPIE Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Bellingham, Washington)
SPIRE Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver
SPL sound pressure level
SPM self-phase modulation, scanning probe microscope
SPO surface plasma oscillation
SPOC stored-program optical computer
SPRITE signal-processing-in-the-element (detector)
*sq square
SQM sequential quadratic minimization
SQUID superconducting quantum interference device

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Acronym Definition
SQW single quantum well
SRAM static random-access memory
SRC Scientific Research Council
SRE statistical relative error
SRG stimulated Raman gain
*S.r.l. Italian for ―Ltd.‖, do not spell out—Società a responsabilità limitata
SRO short-range order
SRP spin reference pulse
SRR serial reduction rate
SRRS stimulated rotational Raman scattering
SRS stimulated Raman scattering
SRU Laboratory for Space Research at Utrecht (The Netherlands)
SRWS stimulated Rayleigh wing scattering
SS symbolic substitution
SSC spin segment clock
SSDA single segment disk amplifier
S-SEED symmetrical self-electro-optic-effect device
SSI spectral shearing interferometry
SSLM smart spatial light modulator
SSL/UCB Space Science Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley
SSSL superbroadband solid-state laser
SSXA surface soft-x-ray absorption
S.T. Schwinger term
STAR spectral transmissometer and radiometer
STEM scanning transmission electron microscop(y)(e), scanning-tunneling electron microscopy
stereo stereoscopic (―stereoscopic triads‖) (in bubble chamber) [spell out]
STHG single-term Henyey–Greenstein (phase function)
STM scanning tunnel microscope
STO Slater-type orbitals
STORMFEST Storm Scale Operational and Research Meteorology Program Fronts Experiment Systems Test
*STP standard temperature and pressure
STROZ LITE stratospheric ozone lidar trailer experiment
Student pseudonym of the statistician Gosset (Student t test is what generally appears in papers)
*SUB S, U, B are quantum numbers (―SUB model‖) (in symmetry theory)
SUMER solar ultraviolet measurements of emitted radiation
SUMOSS Southampton Underwater Multiparameter Optical-Fiber Spectrometer System
SUPER-OSLO computer program of Sinclair Optics, Inc., 6780 Palmyra Rd., Fairport, N.Y. 14450
*Suppl. Supplement (in references)
SURF Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility
SVI space-variant interconnection
SVP saturated vapor pressure
SW spherical wave, standing wave
SWG Standard Wire Gauge, Stubbs Wire Gauge
SWLI scanning white-light interferometry
SWR standing-wave radio
SXA soft x-ray absorption
SXAPS soft x-ray appearance-potential spectroscopy
SXPS soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Sync synchronization (―synchronization pulse‖) [spell out]
SYSTAT a statistics & scientific graphics program (small caps)

T
*TA transverse-acoustic
TAC time-to-amplitude converter (same as TPHC)
TAIL Talbot array illuminator
Taub-NUT Taub-Newman-Unti-Tamburino [ define ―the Taub-NUT (Taub-Newman ...) results‖]
TBP tri-n-butyl phosphate
TCC transmission cross coefficient
TCNQ tetracyanoquinodimethan
*TCP (time reversal) × (charge conjugation) × parity (also CPT, PCT)

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Acronym Definition
TCRI temperature coefficient of refractive index
TCS track-crossing signal
TCSPC time-correlated single-photon counting
TDA Tamm–Dancoff approximation
TDC top-dead-center
TDL tunable diode laser
TDLAS tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
TDLHS tunable diode laser heterodyne spectrophotometry
TDM time-division multiplexing
TDMA time-division multiplexing access
TDR time-domain reflectometry
*TE transverse-electric (model), thermoelectric
TEA transversely excited atmosphere
TEAM temporally extrapolated absorbance method
TEAR tensorial electro-optic anisotropy ratio
TED transmission electron diffraction
TEEL transmission-electron energy loss
TEGFET two-dimensional electron gas field effect transistor
TELEBRÁS the Brazilian telecommunications company--like AT&T, it is not spelled out
*TEM transverse-electromagnetic (mode)
TEM transverse electron microscopy
TERC tailored edge-ray concentrator
TES tracking-error signal
TF Thomas-Fermi
TFCG Thin Films Coatings Group, Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester,
Rochester, N.Y.
TFD Thomas-Fermi-Dirac
TFDesign a thin-film noncommercial design program developed by the National Research Council of
Canada (set in small caps)
TFEL thin-film electroluminescent
TFPA tilted front pulse autocorrelator
TFT thin-film transistor
TF-TCNQ tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane
TGA thermogravimetric analysis
TGS triglycine sulfate
*ThC decay product of thorium [also ThC′, ThC′′; be sure ThC (thorium carbon compound) not meant]
TIA transimpedance amplifier
TIADM trimmed inverse augmented data manipulator
TIFR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
TILDAS tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy
TIR total internal reflection, total internally reflected
TIROS Television and Infrared Observational Satellite
TIS transition isotope shift
TJS transverse junction stripe
TL transmission loss
TLM transmission line method
*TM transverse-magnetic (mode)
TMAH tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
TMC Technical Measurement Corporation (spell out)
TMR transmyocardial revascularization (laser surgery)
TNF trinitro-9-fluorenone
TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [C7H5(NO2)3]
*TO transverse-optic(al)
TOA top of the atmosphere
TOAST time-resolved optical absorption and scatter tomography
TOBIC two-photon optical-beam-induced current
TOF time-of-flight
TOPAS traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier of superfluorescence, Tropospheric Optical
Absorption Spectroscopy (project of EUROTRAC)
*tot total (in subscript)

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Acronym Definition
TP transmitted probing
TPA two-photon absorption
TPC time-to-pulse-height converter (same as TAC)
TPD two-plasmon decay
TPE two-pion exchange
TPHC time-to-pulse-height converter (same as TAC)
TPI tracks per inch (in magnetic recording)
TQCM temperature-controlled quartz-crystal microbalance
TPR thermoplastic rubbers
TRIR time-resolved infrared radiometry
TROPOZ tropospheric ozone
TRP Technology Reinvestment Program
TRS twin-ridge substrate
TRW Company name, means nothing: One Space Park, Redondo Beach, CA 90278
TS threshold shift
TSCW temperature stability of the center wavelength
TSL Ti:sapphire laser
TSM total suspended matter
TSRO topological short-range order
TT truth table
TTHG two-term Henyey–Greenstein (phase function)
TTL transistor-transistor logic
TW traveling wave, Taylor-Weinberg
TWT traveling-wave tube
Tx tracks (spell out)

U
UA Unité Asssociée
UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (NASA)
UCRL University of California Radiation Laboratory
UCS uniform chromaticity scale
UFI universal Fermi interaction
*uhf ultrahigh-frequency
UHF unrestricted Hartree-Fock (atomic structure) [define (be sure uhf not meant)]
Uhp ultrahigh purity
UHV ultrahigh vacuum
UHV ultrahigh voltage
UIR unitary irreducible representation
UKAEA United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
UKMO United Kingdom Meteorological Office
ULIF uniform-load influence function
UMR Unité Mixte de Recherche
UNAM Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico
UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
UNICAMP Universidade Estadual de Campinas
UPD underpotential deposition
UPE universal particle exchange
UPM Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
UPMa Universidad Privada de Madrid
UPR ultrasonic paramagnetic resonance
UPRES Unité Propre de Rechereche de l‘Enseignement Superiéur
UPS ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy
URA CNRS Unité de Recherche Associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
*URCA type of process (in astrophysics)
URENCO Uranium Enrichment Corp. plc, Capenhurst, UK
URSI Union Radio-Scientifique Internationale (Ghent, Belgium)
*U.S. AEC U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
U.S. AFOSR U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research
U.S. ARO U.S.Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
USB Universidad Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)

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Acronym Definition
USED unstable-resonator spatially enhanced detection
USNFNOC U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center
USNOTS U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station
USSA U.S. Standard Atmosphere
*UT universal time
*UTC Coordinated Universal Time
*UV ultraviolet
UVRC UV radiation cured (coatings)

V
*V A vector minus axial-vector (theory)
VACT visual area coding technique
VAD vapor axial deposition
VAMFF variable aperture method
VAMFO variable angle monochromatic fringe observation
VASE variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometer
VASGM variable angle spherical grating monochromator
VATT Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
*VB valence band
VBM valence-band maximum
VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
VCON virtual charge-induced optical nonlinearity
*VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
VDM vector-dominance model
VESCF variable electron negativity concept
VET vibrational energy transfer
VEV vacuum expectation value
VFC voltage frequency converter
VFEM vectorial finite-element method
VFO variable-frequency oscillator
VFZ vacuum-float-zone
VGA video graphics array
*VH very heavy (for mass-number group) (cosmic-ray nuclei) (italic to contrast with element
abbreviations)
*VHDL very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language
*vhf very-high frequency
VICAR Video Image Communication and Retrieval (package of computer programs)
VIDI/O brand name for a video format translator box
VIEF volume integral equation formulation
VIRL visible and near-infrared lidar
VITC vertical interval time code
*VL very light (for mass-number group) (cosmic-ray nuclei) (italic to contrast with element
abbreviations)
*VLF very-low-frequency
VLS varied line spacing (grating)
*VLSI very large-scale integrated (or integration) (do not spell out when context is clear)
VMD vector-meson dominance
VME Versa Module Europa (bus)
VMR volume mixing ratio
*VPC vapor-phase chromatography
VPE vapor-phase epitaxy
VPR BH vapor-phase regrown buried heterostructure (laser)
VPS vertical parallel slits
VPT BH vapor-phase transported buried heterostructure (DFB laser)
VRDI Virtual Raster Display Interface
VRM variable reflectivity mirror
VRS video response services
VSCR vacuum speckle–contrast ratio
VSF volume scattering function
VSL Van Swinden Laboratory (Delft, The Netherlands)

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Acronym Definition
VSM vibrating-sample magnetometer
VSSD vertical surface-selective deposition
VSTEP vertical-to-surface transmission electrophotonic (device)
VSWR voltage standing-wave ratio
VTT Vacuum Tower Telescope of the National Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak, New Mexico
VTVM vacuum-tube voltmeter
VUU Vlasoz-Uehling-Uhlenbeck
vuv, VUV vacuum ultraviolet
v.v. vice versa (spell out)
*VYNS trade name for a polyvinyl-acetate-chloride copolymer

W
*W west
WAPD Westinghouse Electric Corp. Atomic Power Division
WAM wide-angle model
WAMDII Wide-Angle Michelson Doppler Imaging Interferometer
*WAN wide area network
WCRP World Climate Research Program
WDF Wigner distribution function
*WDM wavelength division multiplexing
WDS wavelength dispersive spectroscopy
WDST Word Data Summary Tape
WDX wavelength dispersive x-ray analysis
we, w.e. water equivalent
WES Waterways Experiment Station (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)
w.f. wave function
WF work function
WFPC Wide-Field Planetary Camera (an instrument that is part of the Hubble Space Telescope)
WGM whispering-gallery mode
WGN white Gaussian noise
WIND an airborne Doppler lidar for atmospheric applications developed by French and German
cooperation
WINDII Wind Imaging Interferometer (joint project of Canada and France)
WiSPER wire-stabilized profiling environmental radiometer
*WKB(J) Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (–Jeffreys)
WLS white-light source
WLTNF white-light tracking novelty filter
WMO World Meteorological Organisation (Geneva)
WMS wavelength modulation spectroscopy
WORM write-once–read-many
WPL Wave Propagation Laboratory
WR working range
w.r.t. ―with respect to‖ (spell out)
WS Wigner–Seitz (cell)
WSI wafer scale integration
WSMR White Sands Missile Range
W-T-A winner-take-all
WU wurtzite (crystal structure)

X
XAFS x-ray absorption fine structure
XANES x-ray appearance near-edge structure
XAS x-ray absorption spectroscopy
XES x-ray emission spectroscopy
XPS x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, x-ray photon spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
XRD x-ray diffraction
XRII x-ray image intensifier
XRT x-ray telescope
XTEM cross-section transmission electron microscopy

Last update: 4/27/11 168

Acronym Definition
XTU extratransuranic
XUV extreme ultraviolet

Y
*YAG yttrium aluminum garnet
YGaG yttrium gallium garnet
YAP yttrium aluminum perovskite, YAlO3
YIG yttrium iron garnet
*Y-IV Yale calculation IV (in nuclear scattering)
*YLAM name of physical property

Z
ZAPP Zygo automatic pattern generator
ZBLA zirconium barium fluoride glass
*ZBLAN fluorozirconate
Z.B. zone boundary , zinc-blende (crystal structure)
ZGS zero-gradient synchrotron
*ZnSe zinc selenide

Last update: 4/27/11 169

Table 10—Greek Alphabet

Name Uppercase Lowercase

Alpha Α α
Beta Β β
Gamma Γ γ
Delta Γ δ
Epsilon Δ ε
Zeta Ε δ
Eta Ζ ε
Theta Θ ζ
Iota Η η
Kappa Κ θ
Lambda Λ ι
Mu Μ κ
Nu Ν λ
Xi Ξ μ
Omicron Ο ν
Pi Π π
Rho Ρ ξ
Sigma ΢ ζ
Tau Σ η
Upsilon Τ υ
Phi Φ θ
Chi Υ χ
Psi Φ ψ
Omega Χ ω

Last update: 4/27/11 170

Table 11—Roman Mathematical Functions

Function Definition Kind Instructions

abs absolute value
Abs absorptive part special
ad, adj adjoint
Ai Airy integral higher
am amplitude
antilog antilogarithm
arcos arccosine
arccot arccotangent
arccsc arccosecant trig
arcsec arcsecant
arcsin arcsine
arctan arctangent
arg argument
bei Thomson–Bessel function
her Thomson–Bessel function
Bi Airy integral higher
Chi hyperbolic cosine integral higher
ci second cosine integral higher
Ci first cosine integral higher
Cin Cin x Ci x ln x C
circ abbreviation circle, circular, or circumference
cis cos i sin cis cos i sin exp i trig
Cl Clausen integral define (do not confuse with Cl for chlorine)
cn Jacobian elliptic function higher
cosine amplitude : cn u cos am u
cof cofactor define
colog cologarithm
cos cosine trig
cosh hyperbolic cosine hyperbolic
cot cotangent trig
coth hyperbolic cotangent hyperbolic
Last update: 4/27/11 171
Function Definition Kind Instructions
csc cosecant trig not cosec
csch hyperbolic cosecant hyperbolic
curl del operation curl V ³ V rot V
det determinant special
Det functional determinant special
diag diagonal (matrix)
dim number of dimensions
disc discontinuity
div divergence del operation : div V ³ V
dn Jacobian elliptic function (delta amplitude) higher
e exponential (same as exp) argument is a superscript; usually changed to exp
with the argument on line (see exp)
Ei exponential integral higher
erf error function higher
erfc complement of error function higher
exp exponential (same as e ) see e
gcd greatest common divisor
gd Gudermannian
Gi Airy integral higher
glb greatest lower bound
grad gradient del operation : grad
hei Bessel function
her Bessel function
Im imaginary part special not italic, script, or german I; not ―imaginary value‖
inf infimum (greatest lower bound)
kei Bessel function
ker Bessel function
lem least common multiple
ii logarithmic integral higher
lim limit not Lim or lt
lim, lim inf limit infimum (limit of least upper bound)
lim, lim sup limit supremum (limit of greatest lower bound)
l.i.m. limit in the mean
ln logarithm (natural, base e)
log logarithm (when you must insert the 10—or any other base—
Last update: 4/27/11 172
Function Definition Kind Instructions
also query the author); log should be used only when
the base is irrelevant (―a plot of versus log x ―or
standard [ log ft (the Fermi function); log-log]
lub least upper bound
max maximum
min minimum
mod (i) modulo 7 3 mod5 ,
(ii) modulus mod rei r
o of order less than not script; ―mock‖ functions more like italic
functions. The argument always and only goes in
parentheses: O r m, , not O r m,
O of the order of
P, P principal value define (better roman if other P ‗s are around); or
P.V. (define); or P (define)
Prob probability function
Re real part special not italic, script, or german R; not ―real value‖
Res residue distinguish from Re s
rot rotation del operation : rot V ³ V curl V
sec secant trig
sech hyperbolic secant hyperbolic
sgn signum function sgn x x / x 1 special
shi hyperbolic sine integral higher
si second sine integral higher
Si first sine integral higher
sin sine trig
sinc sinc x sin x / x a diffraction function
sinh hyperbolic sine hyperbolic
s-lim strong limit
sn Jacobian elliptic function higher
sine amplitude : sn u sin am u
Sp spur (same as Tr)

Last update: 4/27/11 173

Function Definition Kind Instructions
sup supremum (least upper bound)
supp support of a function supp x x x 0 not sup: sup is a number, supp a set
tan tangent trig
tanh hyperbolic tangent hyperbolic
function (elliptic) higher use curly theta
function (Jacobi) higher use aitch (capital) theta
tn Jacobian elliptic function higher
tr, Tr trace (sum of all terms along diagonal of matrix) special may also be spelled out; tr and Tr may be defined to
mean different traces; sometimes takes a subscript
Tr
w-lim weak limit
wr wreath
zn Jacobian function higher

Last update: 4/27/11 174

Table 12—Funding Agency & Research Center Listing
Symbol Key
*—Spelling out unnecessary
#—Differs from AIP-provided list

Agency Abbreviation/Acronym
Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA
Air Force Materiel Command AFMC
American National Standards Institute ANSI
Ames Research Center ARC
Argonne National Laboratory* ANL
Atomic Energy Commission* AEC
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBSRC
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National CNRS
Center for Scientific Research)
Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS
Conseil de Recherches en Science Naturelles et en Genie du See ―Natural Sciences and
Canada Engineering
Research Council of Canada‖
Conseil National Recherches Canada See ―National Research Council
of Canada‖
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA
Department of Defense Research and Engineering DDRE
Dryden Flight Research Center DFRC
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research DFG
Foundation)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EPSRC #
(United Kingdom or UK) #
European Union EU
Flemish Science Foundation # See ―Fonds voor
Wetenschappelijk
Onderzoek – Vlaanderen‖
Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen FWO
Glenn Research Center GRC
Goddard Institute for Space Studies GISS
Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC
International Association for Promotion of Co-operation INTAS
with Scientists from the New Independant States of the
Former Soviet Union
Israel Science Foundation ISF
Japan Science and Technology Corporation JST
Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL
Johnson Space Center JSC
Kennedy Space Center KSC
Korea Research Foundation KRF

Last update: 4/27/11 175

 Agency Abbreviation/Acronym
Korea Science and Engineering Foundation KOSEF
Korea Science Foundation KSF
Korean Ministry of Science and Technology # MOST
Langley Research Center LaRC
Marshall Space Flight Center MSFC
Ministero dell’Istruzione , dell’Università e della Ricerca MIUR
Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan MESSC-JP
National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA
NASA Headquarters # NASAHQ
National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST
National Institutes of Health NIH
National Research Council of Canada/Conseil National NRC/CNRC
Recherches Canada
National Science Council of Taiwan NSCT*
National Science Foundation NSF
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Variants: NSFC#
National Science Foundation of China/NSF of China†)
Office of Naval Research ONR
Research Councils UK RCUK
Russian Academy of Sciences RAS
Russian Foundation for Basic Research RFBR
Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology SCST
Stennis Space Center SSC
Swiss National Science Foundation SNSF
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFOSR
U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (Bedford, AFCRL
Mass.)
U.S. Air Force Geophyics Laboratory (Hanscom AFB, AFGL
Mass.)
U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT
U.S. Air Force Special Weapons Center AFSWC
U.S. Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force AFWL
Base, New Mexico
U.S. Army Research Laboratory Directors Research ARL-DRI
Initiative
U.S. Army Research Office ARO
U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation CRDF
U.S. Department of Energy DOE
Wallops Flight Facility WFF
White Sands Test Facility WSTF

*
Actual abbreviation is ―NSC,‖ but this conflicts with other definitions of same abbreviation. As does AIP,
―NSCT‖ used for clarity.
†
If variant used, change to ―National Natural Science Foundation of China.‖ The query to the author
should indicate that the official name of the institution is preferred.

Last update: 4/27/11 176

Table 13—Publishing Organizations

Academic, New York/London/Orlando

Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA/Palo Alto/London
Akademie, Berlin
Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig
Allen and Unwin, London
Alliance, New York
Allyn and Bacon, Boston
Almqvist & Wiksells, Stockholm/Uppsala
American, New York
American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
American Elsevier, New York
American Mathematical Society, Providence
American-Stratford, New York
American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York
American Institute of Mechanical Engineers (AIME), New York
American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL
American Photographic, Boston
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), New York
American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH
American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia
American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York
American Universities Medical Research, New York
Anchor-Doubleday, Garden City, NY
Andhra University, Waltair, India
Annual Reviews, Palo Alto
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York
Arnold, London
Atomizdat, Moscow
Australasian Medical, Sydney

Barnes & Noble, New York

Barta, Cambridge, MA
Barth, Leipzig
Basic, New York
Bell,London
Benjamin, New York
Beranger, Paris/Liege
BI HochschuItaschenbiicher, Mannheim
B1ackie, London/Glasgow
Blaisdell, Waltham
Blakiston, New York
Bobbs-Merrill, New York/Indianapolis
Bonniers, Stockholm
Borntrager, Berlin
Bowker, New York
Breskin, New York
Brett-Macmillan, Galt
British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association, London
Brooks-Cole, Belmont, MA
Butterworths, London

Last update: 4/27/11 177

Butterworth, Washington, DC

Caltech, Pasadena
Cambridge University, Cambridge, England/London/New York
Carlisle, San Francisco
Carnegie, Pittsburgh
Cattell, Lancaster
Central, New York
CERN, Geneva
Chapman and Hall, London
Chelsea, New York
Chemical Catalog, New York
Chemical Rubber, Cleveland/ Boca Raton
Chemie, Weinheim
Clarendon, Oxford
CNRS, Paris
Colin, Paris
College Hill, Boston
Colorado School of Mines, Golden
Columbia University, New York
Conover-Mast, New York
Consultants Bureau, New York
Cornell University, Ithaca
Cornwall, Cornwall/New York
Cosmological, Philadelphia
Crane, Russak, New York
Crowell, New York

Davis, Philadelphia
Desoer, Liege
Deuticke, Leipzig
Deutscher Verlag, Berlin
Divry, New York
Dodd, Mead, New York
Doubleday, Garden City, NY
Dover, New York
Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg
Dryden, New York
Duell, Sloan and Pierce, New York
Dunod, Paris
Dutton, New York

Edwards, Ann Arbor

Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Electrochemical Society, New York/Pennington, NJ
Elsevier, New York/Amsterdam
Engleman, Leipzig
Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
Estonian Academy of Science, Tartu
Europa, London
Eyrolles, Paris

Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, New York

Federal Telephone and Radio, New York
Fischer, New York
Fischer, Jena
Flammarion, Paris
Fordham University, New York

Last update: 4/27/11 178

Freeman, San Francisco
Funk & Wagnalls, New York/London

Garrars, Champaign
Gauthier-Villars, Paris
Ginn, Boston
Gordon and Breach, New York
Grebers, Stockholm
Griffin, London
Grune & Stratton, New York
Gryphon, Highland Park, NJ

Hale, Cushman and Flint, Boston

Handbook, Sandusky
Harcourt, Brace, New York (to 1953)
Harcourt, Brace & World, New York (to 1969)
Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, San Diego (1970 on)
Harper, New York
Harper & Row, New York
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Harwood, Academic, Chur, Switzerland
Heath, Boston/New York/Chicago/London
Heinemann, London
Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London
Hermann, Paris
Heywood, London
Hilger, London
Hirzel, Leipzig
Hoeber, New York
Holden-Day, San Francisco
Holt, New York
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York
Houghton, Cambridge, MA
Houghton Mifflin, Boston
Humphries, Boston
Hutchinsons, London

IAEA, Trieste/Vienna
IEEE, New York
Indiana University, Bloomington
Institute for Atomic Physics, Bucharest
Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London
Institute of Metals, London
Institute of Physics and Physical Society, London
Institute of Physics, University of Reading, Berkshire
Institute of Radio Engineers, New York
International Centre for Diffraction Data, Swarthmore, PA
International Nickel, New York
International Textbook, Scranton
Interscience, New York
Iowa State College, Ames
Iron and Steel Institute, London

Karger, Basel
Keigaku, Tokyo
Kerbers, Gothenberg

Last update: 4/27/11 179

Knopf, New York
Koebner, Breslau
Kynoch, Birmingham

Leeman, Zurich
Leopoles, 's-Gravenhage
Lippincott, New York
Little, Brown, Boston/Toronto
Littlefield, Adams, Paterson
Liveright, New York
Lockwood, London
Longmans, Green, New York/London
Louellen, New York
Lynn, Detroit

MacMillan, London
Macmillan, New York
Marcel Dekker, New York
Markowitz, Haas & Kopelman, Pittsburgh
Maruzen, Tokyo
Masson, Paris
Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh
Mathematical Association of America, Oberlin, OH
McGraw-Hill, New York
McKay, New York
McLeod, Toronto
Merriam, Springfield, MA
Messner, New York
Methuen, London/New York
Michel, Paris
Mir, Moscow
MIT, Cambridge, MA
Morrow, New York
Mosby, St. Louis
Mountain States, Laramie
Mouton's-Gravenhage
Murray, Cambridge, MA
Muster-Schmidt, Gottingen

National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC

Nauka, Moscow
Nelson, New York
Nitralloy, New York
Noordhoff, Groningen
Nordemann, New York
North-Holland, Amsterdam
Norton, New York

Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh/London

Oxford University, New York/London/Toronto/Melbourne/Capetown/Bombay/Calcutta/
Madras/Shanghai

Pantheon, New York

Paul, Trench, Trubner, London
Penguin, Toronto/Baltimore/Harmondsworth/Mitcham
Pergamon, New York/Los Angeles/Paris/London

Last update: 4/27/11 180

Philosophical Library, New York
Physical Society, London
Pitman, New York
Plastics, New Brunswick
Plenum, New York
Polytechnic, Brooklyn
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
Principia, Bloomington, IN
Putnam's, New York
PWN-Polish Scientific, Warsaw

Ramsey, Bloomington, IN
Randall, Berkeley
Ransdall, Washington, DC
Reidel, Dordrecht
Reinhardt, Munich
Reinhold, New York
Revue d'optique theorique et instrumentale, Paris
Reynal and Hitchcock, New York
Rheological Memoirs, Easton
Rider, New York
Rinehart, New York
Ronald, New York
Row, Peterson, Evanston
Rutgers University, New Brunswick

Saunders, Philadelphia
Scholastic, New York
Science Bookcrafters, Hastings-on-Hudson
Scientia Sinica, Beijing
Scientific, Princeton, NJ
Scripta Mathematica, New York
Siglo Veinte, Buenos Aires
Sigma, London
Simmons-Boardman, New York
Simon and Schuster, New York
Smoley, Chautauqua
Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA
Spencer Lens, Buffalo
Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Vienna/New York
Springer, New York
Stanford University, Stanford
Staples, New York/London
Steinkopff, Dresden
Stoops, Brussels
Sudamericana, Buenos Aires
Svedborg, Swarthmore

Taylor & Francis, London

Teachers College, Columbia University, New York
Thieme, Stuttgart
Thomas, Springfield, IL
Tohoku, Sendai
Tuebner, Leipzig
TW, River Forest, IL

Last update: 4/27/11 181

Ungar, New York
Universitetsforlaget,Oslow
University of California, Berkeley
University of Chicago, Chicago
University of Georgia, Athens
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
University of Ohio, Athens
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland
University of Tokyo, Tokyo
University of Toronto, Toronto
University of Wisconsin, Madison
U.S. GPO, Washington, DC

Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Gottingen

Van Nostrand, Princeton/New York/Toronto/London
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Vieweg, Braunschweig
Viking, New York
VINITI, Moscow
Volk, New York

Washburn, New York

Westdeuster Verlag, Köln/Opladen
Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing, East Pittsburgh
Wiley, New York
Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart
Witherby, London
World Scientific, Singapore
Wright, London

Yale University, New Haven, CT

Year, Chicago

Zenith Radio, Chicago

Ziff-Davis, New York

Last update: 4/27/11 182