Week 6

Lesson 1&2: Diagnostic Assessment.

Lesson 3&4
Date:

Strand 1.0: Structure and Life Processes

Sub-strand 1.3: Cell Processes
Achievement Indicators:
 Differentiate between types of cell division.
 Explain the significance of the two types of cell division.

CELLULAR GROWTH
Cells need to divide to contribute to:
 An increasing number of cells to ensure growth of the organism.
 Increasing variety to sexually reproducing plants and animals.

There are two types of cell division:

A. Mitosis
B. Meiosis

A. Mitosis
 Type of cell division where the parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells
genetically identical to the parent cell so that same cell functions and processes
continue.

Mitosis Process
Occurs in five stages:
I. Interphase
II. Prophase
In Pro MAT
III. Metaphase
IV. Anaphase
V. Telophase

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Five phases of mitosis
Stage Diagram Events Occuring
Interphase  the chromosomes start
to become visible but
not full because the
chromosomes are
tangled together.

Prophase  the chromosomes

shortens and thickens
and becomes fully
visible.
 The nuclear membrane
starts to breakdown.
 The nucleus and
centrioles move to the
poles to originate the
spindle fibres.
Metaphase  the spindle fibres twist
and turn the chromatids,
lining them up along the
cell equator.

Anaphase  the centromeres split,

 the individual
chromatids move
towards the cell poles,
pulled by the forces
acting on the spindle
fibres, ensuring the
daughter cell gets
identical sets of

2
 chromosomes.

Telophase  the chromatids arrive at

the cells poles.
 Nuclear membranes
begin to form around
each group of
chromatids.
 The plasma membrane
appears between them.

Cytokinesis  the daughter cell grows

then repeat the mitotic
process again.
 The cytoplasm divides
between the two nucleus
so two new daughter cells
are formed.

Note:
 The daughter cell will grow, and then repeat the mitotic process again.
 Somatic cells undergo mitosis.

Function of Mitosis:
1. Produce new cells for body growth and repair.
2. helps in asexual reproduction.

B. Meiosis
 Cell division which results in the production of four haploid gametes, genetically unique
to that of the parent cell.
 Has two rounds of cell division.
 Occurs during sexual reproduction.

Stages of meiosis

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 Meiosis I
Stages Diagram Events Occurring
Interphase  Cells spend most of their time in this phase.
 Prepares to undergo cell division.
 Chromosomes are invisible
Prophase I  the chromosomes duplicate
themselves and sister
chromatids are held at the
centromere.
 Spindle fibre form and the
nuclear envelopes breakdown.
 Crossing over can occur at this
stage because of closeness of
chromosomes pair to each
other.
Metaphase I  spindle formation is complete
and bivalent (2 homologous)
are aligned at the equator.

Anaphase I  homologous with their

centromere intact now separate
and move to opposite poles.
 Cytokinesis begins.

Telophase I  the spindle fibres dissolve and

nuclear envelopes form.
 Daughter nuclei are haploid.
 Each chromosome is still
duplicated.
 Cytokinesis result in 2 distinct
cells.

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 Meiosis II
 This process differs from species to species.
 It’s a mitotic division where sister chromatids divide and move toward the poles.

Stages of Meiosis II
Stages Diagram Events Occurring
Prophase II  chromosomes are still duplicated. Spindle fibres begin to form and the nuclear
membranes disintegrates.

Metaphase  spindle formation is

II
complete and duplicated
chromosomes are
aligned at the equator.

Anaphase II  centromere divides and

chromatids separates.
Haploid sets of daughter
chromosomes more to
opposite poles.

Telophase II  spindle fibres dissolve

and nuclear envelopes
reform. Daughter nuclei
are haploid and
genetically unique.
Cytokinesis –The cytoplasm divides into four new daughter cells.

Function of Meiosis:
1. Helps with sexual reproduction

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Comparison of mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
More common occurrence Occurs at certain times
Allow growth and repair of tissues in Allow sexual reproduction
multicellular organisms
1 nuclear division 2 nuclear division
2 daughter cell formed 4 daughter cell formed
Genetically identical Genetically unique
Diploid cell (2n) Haploid cell (n)

Exercise
1. Label the phases 11-15 of Mitosis below:

11- prophase 14- telophase

12- metaphase 15- 2 daughter cells
13- anaphase

2. Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell during? metaphase

3. When do the sister chromatids separate? anaphase
4. During which phase do chromosomes first become visible? prophase
5. During which phase does the cleavage furrow start forming on animal cells?telophase
6. If a cell has 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have
after mitosis?46 chromosomes.

Homework
1. Complete the table below.

Mitosis Meiosis
Role
Number of cells produced from 2 4
the parent cell.
Chromosome number in new Diploid/ full set of Haploid/half set of
cells chromosomes chromosomes.

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