AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM

AIM:-
“The aim of this project is to build a basic air
defense system that uses an ultrasonic sensor
to detect nearby objects and two servos to aim
and fire a small projectile. The system is
controlled by an Arduino Nano and shows how
sensors and motors can work together for
automated detection and response. This project
demonstrates simple object detection, targeting,
and firing mechanics.”
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my PHYSICS teacher Mr. GIRISHKUMAR GOVINDAN
as well as our principal Mr. Ravi Rajesh who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic AIR DEFENCE SYSTEM, which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to
know about so many new things I am really thankful to
them. We also wish to acknowledge the collaborative
effort and dedication of our group members: KISHAN,
OMSWAROOP, VISHNU SUKESH ,Without their hard
work and enthusiasm, this project would not have been
possible. Lastly, we would like to thank our families and
friends for their encouragement and support during the
process.

THANKYOU
 INDEX

●INTRODUCTION

●THEORY

●MATERIALS REQUIRED

●PROCEDURE

●CONCLUSION

●APPLICATION

●BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

This project is a simple automated air defense system

designed to detect and respond to nearby objects using basic
electronic components. The system consists of an Arduino
Nano microcontroller, an ultrasonic sensor for detecting
objects at a set range, and two servo motors that handle
aiming and firing of a lightweight projectile.

The concept aims to simulate how a defense mechanism can

autonomously locate, target, and engage objects within a
defined proximity. When an object is detected by the
ultrasonic sensor, the Arduino Nano processes the
information and adjusts the first servo to aim toward the
target. Once aimed, the second servo triggers the release of a
projectile, demonstrating the basic operation of an automated
defense response.

This project introduces key principles in object detection and

servo motor control and offers practical insights into creating
responsive, automated systems. It is a valuable educational
tool for understanding the basics of electronics, programming,
and automation.
 THEORY

The theory behind this project combines principles from

ultrasonic sensing, servo motor control, and microcontroller
programming to simulate a basic automated defense system.

1. Ultrasonic Sensing:

● Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting high-frequency

sound waves (inaudible to human ears) and measuring
the time it takes for the sound to bounce back after hitting
an object. This is the principle of echo ranging.
● The sensor uses this "echo" to calculate the distance to
an object based on the speed of sound, enabling the
system to detect objects within a specified range.
● The formula used is: Distance=Time×Speed
● In this project, the ultrasonic sensor detects objects
within a specific range and sends this data to the Arduino
Uno for further action.

2. Servo Motor Control:

● Servo motors provide precise control over position and

movement, making them ideal for targeting applications.
● The project uses two servo motors:
○ Aiming Servo: Rotates to aim the system toward the
detected object.
 ○ Firing Servo: Activates to launch a projectile once
the system is aimed.
● The Arduino Nano controls these servos by sending
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals, adjusting angles
for aiming and firing based on object distance.

3. Microcontroller (Arduino UNO) Programming:

● The Arduino UNO acts as the central processor,

continuously receiving distance data from the ultrasonic
sensor and processing this information to control the
servo motors.
● The program is structured with a trigger condition: When
an object is detected within the set distance, the system
activates.
● The code is programmed to handle decision-making
(e.g., whether to aim or fire) based on real-time sensor
input, ensuring an automated response to detected
objects.

Combined System Theory:

When integrated, these components work together to achieve

a simple automated response system. The ultrasonic sensor
acts as the "eyes" of the system, the Arduino UNO as its
"brain," and the servos as its "hands," enabling a functional,
object-responsive setup that demonstrates fundamental
principles of robotics, control systems, and automation.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
Electronic Components:

1. Arduino UNO – 1 unit

○ Acts as the central microcontroller, processing sensor
data and controlling servos.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) – 1 unit
○ Detects objects by measuring distance through
echo-ranging.
3. Servo Motors – 2 units
○ Servo 1 (Aiming Servo): Controls the horizontal aiming
of the launcher.
○ Servo 2 (Firing Servo): Activates to push or launch the
projectile.
4. Jumper Wires
○ For connecting components to the Arduino Nano.
5. Power Supply (e.g., USB cable or battery)
○ Provides power to the Arduino Nano and other
components.

Structural Materials:

1. Cardboard or Lightweight Plastic Tubing

○ To create a basic frame or tube for holding and aiming
the projectile.
2. Base Mount (e.g., wooden or plastic board)
○ Serves as the foundation for attaching the Arduino,
servos, and sensor.
3. Rubber Bands or Springs (optional)
○ Adds tension to assist in launching the projectile.
 PROCEDURE
1. Hardware Setup
1. Mount the Servos:
○ Arrange the three servos in a robotic arm configuration:
■ Base Servo: Controls the horizontal movement
(left-right).
■ Shoulder Servo: Controls the vertical movement
(up-down).
■ Wrist Servo: Controls additional arm movement for
more accurate object tracking.
○ Ensure the servos are connected securely, and ideally
mount them on a stable base for better tracking accuracy.
2. Connect the Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04):
○ VCC: Connect to the 5V pin on Arduino.
○ GND: Connect to the GND pin on Arduino.
○ Trig Pin: Connect to digital pin 9 on Arduino.
○ Echo Pin: Connect to digital pin 10 on Arduino.
3. Connect the Servos to Arduino:
○ Base Servo: Connect the signal (yellow/orange) wire to
digital pin 5.
○ Shoulder Servo: Connect the signal wire to digital pin 6.
○ Wrist Servo: Connect the signal wire to digital pin 7.
○ VCC (Red wires of all servos): Connect to the 5V pin on
Arduino (or to an external power supply if servos require
more current).
○ GND (Brown/Black wires of all servos): Connect to GND on
Arduino.
2. Arduino Code Setup
#include <Servo.h>

Servo baseServo; // Servo for horizontal (pan) motion

Servo shoulderServo; // Servo for vertical (shoulder) motion

Servo wristServo; // Servo for wrist movement

const int trigPin = 9; // Ultrasonic sensor trigger pin

const int echoPin = 10; // Ultrasonic sensor echo pin

int baseAngle = 90; // Initial base position

int shoulderAngle = 90; // Initial shoulder position

int wristAngle = 90; // Initial wrist position

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

baseServo.attach(5); // Attach base servo to pin 5

shoulderServo.attach(6); // Attach shoulder servo to pin 6

wristServo.attach(7); // Attach wrist servo to pin 7

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
 baseServo.write(baseAngle);

shoulderServo.write(shoulderAngle);

wristServo.write(wristAngle);

long getFilteredDistance() {

long totalDistance = 0;

const int readings = 5;

for (int i = 0; i < readings; i++) {

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

long distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;

totalDistance += distance;

delay(5); // Short delay for averaging readings

 }

return totalDistance / readings;

void smoothWrite(Servo &servo, int &currentAngle, int targetAngle) {

int step = (targetAngle > currentAngle) ? 1 : -1;

while (currentAngle != targetAngle) {

currentAngle += step;

servo.write(currentAngle);

delay(8); // Reduced delay for faster tracking

void loop() {

long distance = getFilteredDistance();

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

if (distance > 3 && distance < 45) { // Adjusted range for closer object
tracking
 // Map distance to angle ranges for each servo

int newBaseAngle = map(distance, 3, 45, 120, 60); // Horizontal

movement

int newShoulderAngle = map(distance, 3, 45, 70, 110); // Vertical

movement

int newWristAngle = map(distance, 3, 45, 45, 135); // Wrist movement

// Update servo positions smoothly

smoothWrite(baseServo, baseAngle, newBaseAngle);

smoothWrite(shoulderServo, shoulderAngle, newShoulderAngle);

smoothWrite(wristServo, wristAngle, newWristAngle);

delay(15); // Shorter delay for quicker response

3. Testing the Project

1. Power On:
○ Power the Arduino and any external power supply connected to the
servos.
2. Object Tracking Test:
○ Place your hand or an object in front of the ultrasonic sensor within the
specified range (3 to 45 cm).
○ Move the object horizontally, vertically, and closer/farther to observe the
servos' response.
3. Observe Behavior:
○ The servos should follow the object’s movement without returning to a
neutral position when the object is out of range.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrates the

effective utilization of servo motors controlled by an
Arduino Nano to achieve precise angular movements.
Through the implementation of Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) signals, we were able to control multiple servos
seamlessly, showcasing their capability in executing
specified movements. The feedback mechanism within the
servo motors ensured accurate positioning, enhancing the
reliability of the system.
This project not only illustrates the fundamental principles
of servo motor control but also highlights the potential
applications in robotics, automation, and other fields
requiring precise motion. Future work could explore the
integration of additional sensors for real-time feedback
and the development of more complex movement
patterns, further expanding the functionality of the servo
system.
The successful execution of this project underscores the
importance of combining theoretical knowledge with
practical application, providing a solid foundation for future
endeavors in electronics and robotics.
 APPLICATIONS

Surveillance and Monitoring:

● Drone Detection: The system can detect unauthorized

drones or aerial threats in sensitive areas, providing
alerts to security personnel.
● Perimeter Security: Used for monitoring the airspace
above critical infrastructure, such as military bases,
power plants, or government buildings.

Military Operations:

● Field Defense: Deploying in military camps to provide

early warning against aerial attacks or incursions.
● Training Simulations: Used in training environments to
simulate air threats and evaluate response protocols.

Border Security:

● Cross-Border Monitoring: Implemented at borders to

detect and track unauthorized aerial crossings,
enhancing national security.

Illegal Activity Prevention: Assists in identifying and

responding to suspicious airborne activities, such as
smuggling or trafficking.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ARDUINO.CC:-
For coding the programing board
2. Chatgpt:-
3. Google docs:-

THANKYOU