Class 11 - Physics

Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 70
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D
and Section E. All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning
based of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each,
Section C contains seven questions of three marks each, Section D contains two
case study-based questions of four marks each and Section E contains three
long answer questions of five marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
section B, C, D and E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such
questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

1. Section A
2. The number of significant digits in 2.64 × 1024 is

a)

b)

c)

d)

3. The pitch of a note depends upon its

a)

Intensity
 b)

Frequency

c)

Amplitude

d)

Velocity

4. The front wheel on an ancient bicycle has radius 0.5 m. It moves with angular
velocity given by the function ω(t) = 2 + 4t , where t is in seconds. About how far
2

does the bicycle move between t = 2 and t = 3 seconds?

a)

27 m

b)

14 m

c)

36 m

d)

21 m

5. Bernoulli's equation is an example of conservation of

a)

momentum

b)

angular momentum

c)

mass

d)

energy
6. The ratio of escape velocity at earth (v ) to the escape velocity at a planet (u )
e p

whose radius and mean density are twice as that of earth is:

a)

1 : 22

b)

1:4

c)

1:2

d)

1:2

7. Electromagnetic waves are different from sound waves in that:

a)

they need no medium and are longitudinal.

b)

they need medium and are transverse.

c)

they need no medium and are transverse.

d)

they need medium and are longitudinal.

8. A body sliding down on a smooth inclined plane slides down 14th distance in 2s.
It will slide down the complete plane in:

a)

3s

b)

5s

c)

2s
 d)

4s

9. Change in temperature of the medium changes

a)

frequency of sound waves

b)

wavelength of sound waves

c)

amplitude of sound waves

d)

loudness of sound waves.

10. 8 mercury drops coalesce to form 1 mercury drop, the energy changes by a
factor of

a)

b)

c)

d)

11. The period of a planet around sun is 27 times that of earth. The ratio of
radius of planet's orbit to the radius of earth's orbit is:

a)

27

b)

4
 c)

d)

64

12. A flywheel is attached to an engine to

a)

decrease its speed

b)

decrease its energy

c)

increase its speed

d)

help in overcoming the dead point

13. When a body is heated, then maximum rise will be in its

a)

surface area

b)

density

c)

volume

d)

length

14. Assertion (A): If momentum of a body increases by 50%, its kinetic energy
will increase by 125%.
Reason (R): Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity.

a)

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

 b)

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c)

A is true but R is false.

d)

A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): A refrigerator transfers heat from lower temperature to

higher temperature.
Reason (R): Heat cannot be transferred from lower temperature to higher
temperature.

a)

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b)

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c)

A is true but R is false.

d)

A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion: Escape velocity of a satellite is greater than its orbital velocity.
Reason: Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational field of planet whereas
escaping is beyond the gravitational field of planet.

a)

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.

b)

Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.

c)

Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

 d)

Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

17. Assertion (A): Whenever a particle moves in a circular path with uniform
speed, an acceleration exists which is directed towards the centre.
Reason (R): The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is always radially
inward.

a)

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b)

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c)

A is true but R is false.

d)

A is false but R is true.

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18. Section B
19. A metre-long tube open at one end, with a movable piston at the other end,
shows resonance with a fixed frequency source (a tuning fork of frequency 340
Hz) when the tube length is 25.5cm or 79.3cm. Estimate the speed of sound in air
at the temperature of the experiment. The edge effects may be neglected.
20. Differentiate between dimensional and non-dimensional variables.
21. State the rules for finding the number of significant figures in a
measurement.
22. Explain why a cricketer moves his hands backward while holding a catch.
23. What would happen if the force of gravity were to disappear suddenly?

OR

What is Kepler’s law of periods? Show it mathematically.

24. Section C
25. Water from a tap emerges vertically downward with an initial speed of 1.0
ms . The cross-sectional area of the tap is 10 m . Assume that the pressure is
-1 -4 2

constant throughout the stream of water, and that the flow is steady. What is the
cross-sectional area of the stream 0.15 m below the tap?
26. Define the three modes of transfer of heat from one object to another. Also
cite one example for each one of them.
27. Establish the relation Snth=u+a2(2n−1) where the letters have their usual
meanings.
28. Two masses of 5 kg and 3 kg are suspended with help of massless
inextensible strings as shown in Figure. Calculate T and T when whole system is
1 2

going upwards with acceleration = 2 ms (use g = 9.8 ms )

-2 -2

29. What is a refrigerator? Draw a schematic representation of a refrigerator.

30. A small body tied to one end of the string is whirled in a vertical circle.
Represent the forces on a diagram when the string makes an angle θ with initial
position below the fixed point. Find an expression for the tension in the string.
Also, find the tension and velocity at the lowest and highest points respectively.
31. On the basis of Bernoulli's principle, explain the lift of an aircraft wing.

OR

If a number of little droplets of water, each of radius r, coalesce to form a single

drop of radius R, show that the rise in temperature will be given
by Δθ=3σJ(1r−1R) where σ is the surface tension of water and J is the
mechanical equivalent of heat.

32. Section D
33. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
There are many types of spring. Important among these are helical and spiral
springs as shown in the figure.

Usually, we assume that the springs are massless. Therefore, work done is
stored in the spring in the form of the elastic potential energy of the spring. Thus,
the potential energy of a spring is the energy associated with the state of
compression or expansion of an elastic spring.
i. The potential energy of a spring increases in which of the following
cases?

a)

If work is done against conservative force

 b)

If work is done by non-conservative force

c)

If work is done by conservative force

d)

If work is done against non-conservative force

ii. The potential energy, i.e. U(x) can be assumed zero when

a)

gravitational force is constant

b)

x=0

c)

infinite distance from the gravitational source

d)

All of these

iii. The ratio of spring constants of two springs is 2 : 3. What is the ratio of
their potential energy, if they are stretched by the same force?

a)

3:2

b)

9:4

c)

2:3

d)

4:9

iv. OR
 The potential energy of a spring when stretched through a distance x is
10 J. What is the amount of work done on the same spring to stretch it
through an additional distance x?

a)

40 J

b)

10 J

c)

30 J

d)

20 J

v. The potential energy of a spring increases by 15 J when stretched by 3

cm. If it is stretched by 4 cm, the increase in potential energy is

a)

36 J

b)

30 J

c)

27 J

d)

33 J

34. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:

In a gas the particles are always in a state of random motion, all the particles
move at different speed constantly colliding and changing their speed and
direction, as speed increases it will result in an increase in its kinetic energy.

i. If the temperature of the gas increases from 300 K to 600 K then the
average kinetic energy becomes:

a)

same

b)

becomes double

c)

becomes half

d)

become triple

ii. What is the average velocity of the molecules of an ideal gas?

a)

Infinite

b)

Same

c)

Increase

d)

Zero
iii. Cooking gas containers are kept in a lorry moving with uniform speed.
The temperature of the gas molecules inside will ________.

a)

decrease

b)

Rises

c)

increase

d)

remains same

iv. Find the ratio of average kinetic energy per molecule of Oxygen
and Hydrogen:

a)

1:1

b)

4:1

c)

1:2

d)

1:4

v. OR

The velocities of the three molecules are 3v, 4v, and 5v. calculate their
root mean square velocity?

a)

4.0 v

b)

4.02 v
 c)

4.08 v

d)

4.04 v

35. Section E
36. A cylindrical piece of cork of base area A, density ρ and height L floats in a
liquid of density ρ . The cork is depressed slightly and then released. Show that
L

the cork oscillates up and down simple harmonically and find its time period of
oscillations.

OR

Explain the total energy in simple harmonic motion and show the graphical
representation of energy in SHM.

37. Given a→ + b→ + c→ + d→ = 0, which of the following statements are

correct:

i. a→, b→, c→, and d→must each be a null vector.

ii. The magnitude of (a→ + c→) equals the magnitude of (b→+ d→).
iii. The magnitude of 'a→' can never be greater than the sum of the
magnitudes of b→, c→, and d→.
iv. b→ + c→ must lie in the plane of a→ and d→ if a→ and d→ are not
collinear, and in the line of a→ and d→, if they are collinear?

OR

State triangle law of vector addition. Give analytical treatment to find the
magnitude and direction of a resultant vector by using this law.

38. Derive an expression for moment of inertia of a circular disc about an axis
passing through its centre and perpendicular to its plane.

OR

a. Find the moment of inertia of a sphere about a tangent to the sphere, given
the moment of inertia of the sphere about any of its diameters to be2MR25,
where M is the mass of the sphere and R is the radius of the sphere.
b. Given the moment of inertia of a disc of mass M and radius R about any of
its diameters to be MR24, find its moment of inertia about an axis normal to
the disc and passing through a point on its edge.
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 Class 11 - Physics
Sample Paper - 01 (2024-25)

Solution

1. Section A
2. (c)

Explanation:

There are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a
number:

o Non-zero digits are always significant.

o Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
o A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.

So keeping these rules in mind, there are 3 significant digits.

3. (b)

Frequency

Explanation:

The pitch of a note depends on its frequency.

4. (b)

14 m

Explanation:

ωt=dθdt=2+4t2
∫dθ=∫23(2+4t2)dt
θ=[2t+43t3]23=(6+36)−(4+323)
=823rad
s=θr=823×0.5=13.7≃ 14 m

5. (d)

energy
 Explanation:

Bernoulli's equation is based on the conservation of energy.

6. (a)

1 : 22

Explanation:

∴νsvp=RρRpPp
ve=2gR=R83πGp

= Rρ2R × 2p=122
= 1 : 22

7. (c)

they need no medium and are transverse.

Explanation:

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves. The EM waves are the waves that
are created due to oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular mutually
and also to the direction of motion and EM waves(Electromagnetic waves) can
travel in a vacuum, thus doesn't require any medium also.

8. (d)

4s

Explanation:

Let l be the length of the inclined plane. Then

∴114=t24
I4=12a(2)2 and l = 12at2

⇒t2 = 16 or t = 4s

9. (b)

wavelength of sound waves

Explanation:

We know that vt=v0(1+61t) or vt∝T . So, on increasing temperature, the speed

also increases as frequency does not change during propagation of wave by
formula v = vλ. So, velocity v and wavelength λ both increases.
10. (b)

Explanation:

∴ R′ = 2R
8 ×43πR3=43πR′3

U = 8 × 4πR σ = 32 πR σ
1
2 2

U = 4 πR′2σ = 4π (2R) σ = 16πR

2
2 2

U2U1=12
Energy decreases by a factor of 2

11. (c)

Explanation:

12. (d)

help in overcoming the dead point

Explanation:

Due to its large inertia of rotation, a flywheel helps the engine to overcome the
dead points.

13. (c)

volume

Explanation:

When a body is heated, the maximum change is in its volume.

14. (a)

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

∴ v = 32 v
As, P = P + 50% of P = 32 P
2 1 1 1

2 1
 As, kinetic energy, K ∝ v ; ∴ K = 94 K
2
2 1

Increase in K.E.
= K2−K1K1× 100 = 125%

15. (b)

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

Electric energy has to be supplied to a refrigerator to enable it to transfer heat

energy from lower temperature to higher temperature. But in the absence of any
external source of energy, heat cannot be transferred from lower temperature to
higher temperature.

16. (a)

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.

Explanation:

Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.

17. (c)

A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

A is true but R is false.

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18. Section B
19. We know that frequency of the tuning fork, v = 340 Hz
Since the given pipe is attached with a piston at one end, it will behave as a pipe
with one end closed and the other end open, as shown in the given figure.
 Such a system produces odd harmonics. The fundamental note in a closed pipe

⇒l1=λ4
is given by the relation:

∴λ=4l1=4× 0.255 m = 1.02 m

Where, Length of the pipe, l = 25.5 cm = 0.255m
1

⇒v=vλ=340×1.02 = 346.8 m/s

The speed of sound is given by the relation:

So, speed of sound is 346.8 m/s

20. The quantities which have dimensions but do not possess a constant value
are called dimensional variables e.g., velocity, force etc. On the other hand, the
quantities which have neither dimensions nor they have a constant value are
called non-dimensional variables e.g., relative density, strain, etc.
21. Following rules are to be followed for finding the number of significant
figures in a measurement:

i. All the non-zero digits are significant.

ii. All the zeros between two non-zero digits are significant, no matter where
the decimal point is, if at all.
iii. If the number is less than 1, the zeros on the right side of decimal point but
to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant. For example,
in 0.00456, the underlined zeros are not significant.
iv. The trailing zero(s) in a number without a decimal point are not significant.
For example, 14500 have three significant figures as trailing zeros being
not significant.
v. The trailing zero(s) in a number with a decimal point are significant. For
example, 1.6500 have five significant figures.
vi. If a measurement is expressed in terms of powers of ten, then these
powers are not significant.
2. From 2nd law of motion, we have
F = ma = mΔvΔt
Where
‘F’ is the force experienced by the cricketer as he catches the ball.
‘m’ is the mass of the ball
‘Δt’ is the short time of the impact with the hand of a cricketer.
We can thus see from the equation that impact force is inversely proportional to
the impact time, Thus, if the impact is for a shorter period of time then the force
will be large.
It also shows that the force experienced by the cricketer decreases with the
increase in the impact time.
Therefore, the cricketer moves his hand backwards while taking a catch to
increase the impact time, and hence decrease the impact force on his hand and
prevent it from getting hurt.
3. If the force of gravity suddenly disappears, then

i. All bodies will lose weight.

ii. We would be thrown away from the earth due to the centrifugal force.
iii. Eating, drinking and in fact all operations would become impossible.
iv. Motion of satellites around the planets and the motion of planets around the
sun would cease.
 OR

It states that the square of the period of revolution of a planet around the sun is
proportional to a planet to the cube of the semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit.
It means that if you know the period of a planet's orbit,then you can determine
that planet's distance from the sun(a = the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit)
i.e. T2∝R3
T = KR
2 3

where T is time period of evolution

R is the length of the semi-major axis
K is constant for all planets

4. Section C
5. Here v = 1.0 ms , a = 10 m , h - h = 0.15m, v = ?, a = ?
1
-1
1
-4 2
1 2 2 2

According to Bernoulli's theorem,

P + 12ρv12 + ρgh = P + 12ρv22 + ρgh [∵ P = P = P (say)]
1 2 1 2

or 12v12 + gh = 12v22 + gh 1 2

or v22=v12 + 2g (h - h ) = (1.0) + 2 × 10 × 0.15 = 4

1 2
2

or v = 2 ms 2
-1

∴ a = a1v1v2=10−4×12 = 5 × 10 m
By equation of continuity, a v = a v 1 1 2 2

-5 2
2

6. There are three possible modes of transfer of heat

energy. These are conduction, convection, and radiation.

i.
Conduction is the process in which heat energy is transmitted from hot
surfaces to cold surfaces without the actual transfer of the particles
themselves. Heat transfer In metallic solids generally takes place through
conduction.
ii. Convection is the process in which heat is transmitted from one place to
another due to the bodily motion of the heated particles of the system. In
fluids (i.e., liquids and gases) heat transfer generally takes place by
convection.
iii. Radiation is the process in which heat energy is transmitted directly without
the presence of any medium from one place to another without heating the
intervening medium (if any). Energy from the Sun is transmitted to earth by
this method only. Thermal radiation does not need any material medium for
their propagation and travel with a speed of 3 × 10 ms i.e., the same as 8 -1

the speed of light.

7. Distance traveled in n second is given by th

Snth=Sn−Sn−1 ...(i)
Distance traveled in n seconds
Sn=un+12an2 ...(ii)
distance traveled in (n-1) seconds
Sn−1=u(n−1)+12a(n−1)2 ...(iii)
Put equation (ii) and (iii) in equation (i)
Snth=un+12an2−u(n−1)−12a(n−1)2
Snth= un+12an2−un+u−12an2−12a+na
SnthunaSnth=u−12a+na
 Snth=u+a2(2n−1)
Hence proved.
8. As the whole system is going up with acceleration = a = 2ms -2

As given that, m = 5 kg, m = 3 kg, g = 9.8 m/s

1 2
2

Tension in a string is equal and opposite in all parts of a string.

For the upper block of mass 5 kg, the forces on mass m 1

T -T -m g=m a
1 2 1 1

T - T - 5g = 5a
1 2

T - T = 5 (g + a)
1 2

For the lower block of mass 3 kg, the force on mass

T -m g=m a
2 2 2

T = m (g + a) = 3 ( 9.8 + 2 ) = 3 × 11.8
2 2

T = 35.4N
2

⇒ T = 35.4 + 5(9.8+2) = 94.4 N

T = T + 5(g+a)
1 2

9. A refrigerator or a heat pump is a heat engine working in reverse direction.

In the refrigerator, we have 2 bodies, lower temperature (cold) body which is
freezer and higher temperature (hot) body which is surroundings. It takes heat
from the cold reservoir and then some work is done on the refrigerator and then
the amount of heat is transferred to the hot reservoir. Let Q be the heat takes
2

from the cold reservoir, W is the work done on the system and then releases
Q amount of heat to the hot reservoir.
1

Mathematically, Q + W = Q 2 1

The schematic representation of a refrigerator has been shown in the following

Figure. Here the refrigerator extracts heat Q from a cold reservoir at temperature
2

T , work W is done on it and finally, it rejects Q (= Q + W) heat to surroundings

2 1 2

(hot reservoir) maintained at a higher temperature T . 1

The efficiency of the refrigerator can be calculated from the coefficient of

performance of the refrigerator,
α=Q2Q1−Q2
10. Consider a small body of mass m attached to one end of a string (of length
l) and whirled in a vertical circle of radius 'r'. Let body starts motion from its initial
position A, just below the fixed point O, with a speed v . o
 The forces acting on the body, when the string makes an angle θ with the initial
position are shown in the figure. Here, mg is the weight of body and T the tension
in the string. If v be the instantaneous velocity at this point, then a centripetal
force F=mv2l is required radially inward. From figure, it is clear that in equilibrium
the centripetal force is provided by resultant of two forces i.e.,
T−mgcos⁡θ=mv2l
or T=mgcos⁡θ+mv2l ...(1)
If the body has covered a vertical distance h, then from law of conservation of
mechanical energy, we have

⇒v2=v02−2gh ...(ii)
12mv02=12mv2+mgh

which is the required expression for the velocity of a particle at any point.
At the lowest point θ = 0° and h = 0, hence we have
v = v = v ....[from (i) putting h = 0]
L o

TL=mgcos⁡0∘+mlvL2=mg+mv02l
Thus,

and at the highest point θ = 180° and h = 2l. Hence,

vH2=v2=v02−4gl [from (i) putting h = 2l]
or vH=v02−4gl
and TH=mgcos⁡180∘+mvH2l=mg(−1)+ml(v02−4gl)=mv02l−5mg
which is the required expression for the Tension.

11. Aerofoil: Lift of an aircraft wing. Aerofoil is the name given to a solid object
shaped to provide an upward vertical force as it moves horizontally through air.
This upward force (dynamic lift) makes aeroplanes fly.
As shown in Fig., the cross-section of the wing of an aeroplane looks like an
aerofoil. The wing is so designed that its upper surface is more curved (and
hence longer) than the lower surface and the front edge is broader than the rear
edge. As the aircraft moves, the air moves faster over the upper surface of the
wing than on the bottom. According to Bernoulli's principle, the air pressure
above the upper surface decreases below the atmospheric pressure and that on
the lower surface increases above the atmospheric pressure. The difference in
pressure provides an upward lift, called dynamic lift, to the aircraft.

OR

Let n be the number of little droplets which coalesce to form a single drop. Then
The volume of n little droplets = Volume of a single drop
or n ×43πr3=43πR3 or mr = R 3 3

Decrease in surface area = n ×4πr2−4πR2

= 4π [nr - R ] = 4π [nr3r - R ]
2 2 2

= 4π [R3r - R ] = 4πR [1r−1R] [∵ nr = R ]

2 3 3 3

Energy evolved,
W = Surface tension × decrease in surface area
=4πσR3[1r−1R]
Heat produced,
Q = WJ=4πσR3J[1r−1R]
But Q = msΔθ
= Volume of single drop × density of water × specific heat of water ×Δθ
= 43πR × 1 × 1 × Δθ
3

Hence
43πR3Δθ=4πσR3J[1r−1R]
or Δθ=3σJ[1r−1R]

12. Section D
13.
i. (a)

If work is done against conservative force

Explanation:

If work is done against conservative force

ii. (d)

All of these
 Explanation:

All of these

iii. (a)

3:2

Explanation:

3:2

iv. OR

(c)

30 J

Explanation:

30 J

v. (c)

27 J

Explanation:

27 J

14.
i. (b)

becomes double

Explanation:

becomes double

ii. (d)

Zero

Explanation:
 Zero

iii. (d)

remains same

Explanation:

remains same

iv. (a)

1:1

Explanation:

1:1

v. OR

(c)

4.08 v

Explanation:

4.08 v

15. Section E
16. Consider a cylinder of mass m, length L, density of material ρ and uniform
area of cross-section A.
Therefore, mass of the cylinder(m) = A Lρ
Let the cylinder is floating in the liquid of density ρ1
In equilibrium, let l be the length of cylinder dipping in liquid.

⇒ mg = A l ρ1 g
In equilibrium, weight of cylinder = Weight of liquid displaced

⇒ m = A lρ1 ...(ii)
Now say the cylinder is pushed down by y into the liquid, then
Total upward thrust, F = A (l + y) ρ1 g (since effective depth = l+y)
2

⇒F = -[A(l + y)ρ1g - Alρ1g] = -Aρ1gy........(iii)

Restoring force, F = - (F - mg)2

We know that In SHM, F ∝ - y

⇒ F = - k y ...(iv)
Comparing equation (iii) with equation (iv) we get,
Spring factor, k = Aρ1g
Inertia factor = mass of the cylinder(m) = ALρ
Now, we know the formula of time period, T = Inertia factor Spring
factor 2π Inertia factor Spring factor
Hence, T = 2πALρAρ1g=2πLρρ1g..............(v)
Using, m = Alρ1 = ALρ
So, lρ1=Lρ
Using the above value we get time period,
T = 2πlρ1gρ1=2πlg

OR

The total energy of the system of a block and a spring is equal to the sum of the
potential energy stored in the spring plus the kinetic energy of the block and is
proportional to the square of the amplitude.
12mω2(A2−x2)+12mω2x2

E = 12mω2A 2

Hence, the total energy of the particle in SHM is constant and it is independent of
the instantaneous displacement. Relationship between potential energy, kinetic
 energy, and time in Simple Harmonic Motion at t = 0, when x = ±A.

17.

i. Incorrect
In order to make a→ + b→ + c→ + d→ = 0, it is not necessary to have all
the four given vectors to be null vectors. There are many other
combinations that can give the sum zero.
ii. Correct
a→ + b→ + c→ + d→ = 0
a→ + c→ = -(b→ + d→)
Taking modulus on both the sides, we get:
|a→ + c→| = |-(b→ + d→)| = |b→ + d→|
Hence, the magnitude of (a→ + c→) is the same as the magnitude of
(b→ + d→).
iii. Correct
a→ + b→ + c→ + d→ = 0
a→ = (b→ + c→ + d→)
Taking modulus both sides, we get:
|a→| = |b→ + c→ + d→|
|a→| ≤ |a→| + |b→| + |c→| ....(i)
Equation (i) shows that the magnitude of a is equal to or less than the sum
of the magnitudes of b→, c→, and d→.
Hence, the magnitude of a vector can never be greater than the sum of the
magnitudes of b, c, and d.
iv. Correct
For a→ + b→ + c→ + d→ = 0
a→ + (b→ + c→) + d→ = 0
The resultant sum of the three vectors a→, (b→ + c→), and d can be zero
only if (b→ + c→) lie in a plane containing a and d, assuming that these
three vectors are represented by the three sides of a triangle.
If a and d are collinear, then it implies that the vector (b→ + c→) is in the
line of a and d. This implication holds only then the vector sum of all the
vectors will be zero.

OR

Triangle law of vector addition states that when two vectors are represented as
two sides of the triangle taken in the same order, then the closing side of the
triangle taken in the opposite order represents the magnitude and direction of the
 resultant vector.
Consider two vectors, P and Q, respectively, represented by the sides OA and
AB. Let vector R be the resultant of vectors P and Q.

From triangle OCB,

OB = OC + BC
2 2 2

In △ABC,
In triangle ACB with θ as the angle between AC and AB

BCAB = sin θ
so BC = AB sin θ = Q sin θ
ACAB = cos θ

In △OBC, OB = OC + CB
AC = AB cos θ = Q cos θ
2 2 2

OB = (OA + AC) + CB
2 2 2

R = (P + Q cos θ) + (Q sin θ) R = P + Q + 2PQ cos θ

2 2 2 2 2 2

R = P2+Q2+2PQcos⁡θ
The direction of result tan t vector can be found by following
tan ϕ = BCOC = Qsin⁡θP+Qcos⁡θ

Resultant act in the direction making an angle

with direction of vector P.

18. Consider a disc of mass M and radius R. This disc is made up of many
infinitesimally small rings, as shown in the figure. Consider one such ring of mass
(dm) and thickness (dr) and radius (r). The moment of inertia (dl) of this small ring
is, dI = (dm)R2

I=∫dI
I=∫0R2MR2r3dr=2MR2∫0Rr3dr
I=2MR2[r44]0R=2MR2[R44−0]
I=12MR2
 OR

a. The moment of inertia (M.I.) of a sphere about its diameter is given

by =25MR2

Given,
Moment of inertia of the sphere about its diameter is given by = (25)mR²
Use, parallel axis theorem ,
Moment of inertia of the sphere about tangent is given by = I + mR²
= (25)mR² + mR²
= (7/5)mR²
b. Moment of inertia of disc of mass m and radius R about any of its diameter
is = mR²/4
Moment of inertia about diameter is given by = I = I = (14)mR²
x y

Using , perpendicular axis theorem,

I =I +I
z x y

Where I is moment of inertia about perpendicular axis of plane of disc.

z

Hence,
I = (14)mR² + (14)mR²
z

= (12)mR²

Moment of inertia of disc about passing through a point of its edge is

given by;
Use , parallel axis theorem, we get
I = I + mR²
z

= (12) mR² + mR²

= (32)mR²