Notes for Grammar Section (Bac II 2011)

Part 3: Grammar
1. One of plural noun + singular verb

Ex: One of my friends is very intelligent.

One of our cats has lovely fur.

2. Third conditional (Unreal in the past)

Form1: If + subject + past perfect, subject + would + present perfect.

Ex: If I had joined the party last night, I would have met Jenny.

Form2: Subject + would + present perfect + if + subject + past perfect.

Ex: I would have met Jenny if I had joined the party last night.

3. Passive:

Present simple: Object + (am, is, are) + V3 + by + subject

Active: Bees sting Bopha.

Passive: Bopha is stung by Bees

Present continuous: Object + (am, is, are) + being + V3+ by + subject

Active: Sothea is cooking dinner in the kitchen.

Passive: Dinner is being cooked by Sothea in the kitchen.

4. ‘costs’ [plural] the total amount of money that needs to be spent

Ex: The use of cheap labour helped to keep costs down.

‘cost’ [uncountable, singular] loss or damage

Ex: the terrible cost of the war in death and suffering

5. Past Perfect: Subject + had + V3 (past participle) + object/complement

Ex: They had gone to the market before they arrived at school.
Part 2: Language Use
 Sorry to hear that. (reply to upsetting news)
You can say this if someone tells you something bad has happened
Ex: 1. A: I just lost my job.
B: I’m really sorry to hear that, Rotha!
2. A: I didn’t get into law school after all.
B: Sorry to hear that, Theany. That’s too bad.
 Sorry for your loss. / I’m so sorry.
You can say this if someone tells you that one of their relatives or friends has died.
Ex: 1. A: My father passed away last night.
B: I’m sorry for your loss, Daniel. Is there anything I can do?
2. A: My friends Jodie just died.
B: I’m so sorry, Alice.

 What a pity! / That’s a pity! / What a shame! / That’s a shame!

You can say this if something disappointing has happened.
Ex: 1. A: It’s starting to rain.
B: What a pity. We only just got here.
2. A: The tickets have sold out already.
B: That’s a pity. I really wanted to go.

 May I help you? / Could I help you? / Can I help you? / How can I help you?
If you work in a shop or a business, you can say this to a customer if you think they might need your
help.
Ex: 1. I was looking at the jeans when a sales assistant came over and said, “Can I help you, sir?”
2. A: May I help you, Madam?
B: Yes, I’m looking for a present for my son’s birthday.

 What’s the matter? / What’s wrong with you?

You can say this if someone seems sad, worried, sick, etc. and you want to know what’s wrong.
Ex: 1. When I came home, my wife was crying, “What’s the matter?”, I said.
2. A: What’s wrong with you? You look really upset.
B: I’ve got a headache.

 A: You couldn’t help me, could you? (tag questions)

B: Yes, I could. = Yes, of course. (It means Yes, I could help you.)
Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not the
question.
Ex: 1. A: Snow is white, isn’t it?
B: Yes, it is.
2. A: Snow isn’t white, is it?
B: Yes, it is!
3. A: Snow is black, isn’t it?
B: No, it isn’t!
4. A: Snow isn’t black, is it?
B: No, (it isn’t).
In some languages, people answer a question like “Snow isn’t black, is it?” with “Yes” (meaning “Yes, I
agree with you”). This is the wrong answer in English
AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE AGREEMENT
I. Affirmative Agreement:
When mentioning that one person or thing does something and again that another does the same, we use the
word so or too. By using conjunction and, followed by a simple statement using so or too we can avoid
unnecessary repetition of words from the affirmative sentences. The array of this statement will rely on
whether so or too is used.
1. In the main clause, if a form of the verb be is used then the same tense of the verb be will be used in
the simple statement that follows.

Affirmative statement , and + subject + verb (be) + too

Affirmative statement , and + so + verb (be) + subject
Example:
a. I am happy. You are happy.
- I am happy, and you are too.
- I am happy, and so are you.

2. In the main clause, when a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do, has
done, have written, must examine, etc. comes, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple
statement, and the subject and verb must agree.

Affirmative statement (compound verb) , and + subject + only auxiliary + too

Affirmative statement (compound verb) , and + so + only auxiliary + subject
Example:
a. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the lab tomorrow.
- They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.
- They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
b. I have done my assignment since last week. Thida has done her assignment since last week.
- I have done my assignment since last week, and Thida has too.
- I have done my assignment since last week, and so has Thida.

3. In the main clause, when any verb except be comes without any auxiliaries, the auxiliary do, does,
or did is used in the simple statement. The tense must be the same and the subject and verb must
agree.

Affirmative statement , and + subject + do, does, or did + too

Affirmative statement , and + so + do, does, or did + subject
Example:
a. Jane goes to school. My sister goes to school.
- Jane goes to school, and my sister does too.
- Jane goes to school, and so does my sister.
b. Tom ate a lot of cakes at the party yesterday. We ate a lot of cakes at the party yesterday.
- Tom ate a lot of cakes at the party yesterday, and we did too.
- Tom ate a lot of cakes at the party yesterday, and so did we
-
II. Negative Agreement
Either and neither in simple sentence function much like so and too in affirmative sentences. They
are used to mention negative agreement. For this, the same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or
did apply.

Negative Sentence , and + subject + negative auxiliary + either

Negative Sentence , and + neither + positive auxiliary + subject

Example:

a. Matthew hasn’t seen the new movie yet. I haven’t seen the new movie yet.
- Matthew hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and I haven’t either.
- Matthew hasn’t seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.
b. I didn’t see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary this morning.
- I didn’t see Mary this morning, and John didn’t either.
- I didn’t see Mary this morning, and neither did John.
c. She won’t go to the conference. Her colleagues won’t go to the conference.
- She won’t go to the conference, and her colleagues won’t either.
- She won’t go to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.
Exercise-1

Use So … ? Neither … in the following sentences.

Example: I’m feeling tired. — So am I.
I don’t like eggs. — Neither do I.

1. I need a holiday.
2. I don’t like milk.
3. I couldn’t get up this morning.
4. I’d love a cup of tea.
5. I’ve never been to Africa.
6.I was ill yesterday.
7. I should smoke less.
8. I spent the whole evening watching television.
9. I didn’t know that Ann was in hospital.

Exercise-2

Correct mistakes in these sentences.

1. We are going to the concert, and so do they.

2. She hasn’t finished the assignment yet, and neither I have.
3. He likes to travel, and so is she.
4. I didn’t know the answer, and he didn’t neither.
5. I am worried about it, and also is he.
6. If Jane won’t go to the party, either will he.
7. Mary wants to go home, and so want we.
8. She is not in agreement, and neither do I.
9. She took pictures, and I did so.
10. He won’t be here today, and either his sister will.
11. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and Florida is as well.
12. This table is not sturdy enough to support a television, and that one probably isn’t
neither.
13. Harvey seldom pays his bills on time, and his brother does too.
14.They are going to leave soon, and so do we.
15. They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am.
16. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and neither did the children.
PAST PERFECT

Form: Subject + had +V3 + Obj

The past perfect is used to indicate: an action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are
two actions in the sentence.
Example: John had gone to the store before he went home.
 Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970.

past perfect simple past now

1st action 2nd action

The past perfect is usually used with before, after, or when. Study the following formulas.

Subject + had + V3 + before + subject + V2

John had gone to the store before he went home.

Subject + V2 + after + subject + had + V3

John went home after he had gone to the store.

Before + subject + V2, subject + had + V3

Before John went home, he had gone to the store.

After + subject + had + V3, subject + V2

After John had gone to the store, he went home.

*Note: The adverb when can be used in place of before or after in any of these four formulas without change in
meaning. We still know which action happened first because of the use of past perfect.
Example: When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

Grammar B1-B2: Past perfect: 1

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. When she ___ on the course, she had never studied a foreign language before.
a. enrolled b. 'd enrolled
2. When I closed the door, I realised that I ___ my keys inside.
a. left b. 'd left
3. She looked really sad but I didn't know what ___.
a. happened b. 'd happened
 4. ___ when you rang the doorbell?
a. Did Sai already leave b. Had Sai already left
5. This is the oldest building in the town. It ___ over 200 years ago.
a. was built b. 'd been built
6. By the time I moved in, they ___ the building work.
a. finished b. 'd finished
7. I opened the door, and ___ inside.
a. went b. 'd gone
8. I looked in the letter box yesterday and the letter still ___.
a. didn't arrive b. hadn't arrived
Grammar B1-B2: Past perfect: 2
Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. By the time I could talk to her, she ___ to quit her job.
a. decided b. 'd decided
2. I looked at the photo and suddenly realised that I ___ that man somewhere before.
a. saw b. 'd seen
3. First I ___ the salad, then I toasted the bread.
a. made b. 'd made
4. ___ breakfast when you got up?
a. Did James already cook b. Had James already cooked
5. She didn't feel like another coffee as she ___ one.
a. just had b. 'd just had
6. We had the French exam this morning. It ___ as hard as I'd expected, though.
a. wasn't b. hadn't been
7. I asked Sara if she wanted to go for a walk, but she still ___ her homework.
a. didn't finish b. hadn't finished
8. Dinosaurs ___ hundreds of millions of years ago.
a. lived b. had lived
CONDITIONAL
Form: If + subject + verb + object, subject + verb + object
Subject + verb + if + subject + verb + object
There are 4 types of conditional:
Zero Conditional:
Form: If + S + V1 + Obj, S + V1 + Obj
Use: Real event with 100% certainty
Ex: If we heat water to 100 degree Celcius, the water boils.
The water boils if we heat water to 100 degree celcius.
First Conditional:
Form: If + S + V1 + Obj, S + modal verb (will, can, may) + V1 + Obj
Use: Real event with lower than 100% certainty
Ex; If you walk in the rain, you will get wet.
Second conditional:
Form: If + S + V2 + Obj, S + modal verb (would, could, might) + V1 + Obj
Use: Unreal event in the present and future
Ex: If I were you, I would study hard.
Third Conditional:
Form: If + S + had + V3 + Obj, S + modal verb (would, could, might) + have + V3 + Obj
Use: Unreal event in the past
Ex: If I had studied hard before my exam, I would have passed the exam.
Mixed Conditional:
Form1: If + S + had + V3 + Obj, S + modal verb (would, could, might) + V1 + Obj
Use: Unreal event in the past and unreal event in the present (Past/Present)
Ex: If I had bought a car last week, I could travel with you now.

Form2: If + S + V2 + Obj, S + modal verb (would, could, might) + have + V3 + Obj

Use: Unreal event in the present and the past as well
Ex: This meeting is very important. If it weren’t important, I wouldn’t have called you on your holiday.

Grammar B1-B2: Conditionals 1: 1

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. When I go on holiday, I always _____ my neighbour to water my plants.
a. ask b. asked c. would ask
2. If I _____ the problem to my sister, she'll be happy to help me.
a. explain b. explained c. will explain
3. We'll be late for the film if we _____.
 a. didn't hurry up b. won't hurry up c. don't hurry up
4. If I didn't need the money, _____ less.
a. I work b. I'll work c. I'd work
5. If you _____ a red card, you can't play in the rest of the game.
a. get b. got c. will get
6. What would you say if he _____ you on a date?
a. Asks b. asked c. would ask
7. I'll have a shower as soon as _____ home.
a. I get b. I'll get c. I'd get
8. I _____ English every day if I had time.
a. studied b. will study c. would study

Grammar B1-B2: Conditionals 1: 2

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. What would you do differently if you _____ to do this again?
a. have b. had c. would have
2. If I _____ the more expensive bike, I won't have enough money to pay my rent.
a. buy b. bought c. will buy
3. The project _____ delayed if I don't finish this report on time.
a. is b. will be c. would be
4. If I _____ you, I'd go to the doctor's.
a. am b. were c. will be
5. When I look at a computer screen for too long, I _____ a headache.
a. get b. got c. would get
6. You don't need to print your ticket as long as _____ the email.
a. you have b. you had c. you'll have
7. If I cared what people think, I _____ a very boring life!
a. had b. will have c. would have
8. I'll go and visit her as soon as I _____ time.
a. have b. will have c. had

Grammar B1–B2: Conditionals 2: 1

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. If he _____ the penalty, we would have won Saturday's game.
a. scored b. had scored c. would score
2. I _____ a cake this morning if I'd known you were coming.
a. buy b. would bought c. would have bought
3. If I _____ so much cheese last night, I wouldn't feel terrible now.
a. didn't eat b. wouldn't eat c. hadn't eaten
4. We _____ late if you hadn't taken such a long time getting ready.
 a. wouldn't be b. won't be c. aren't
5. If you hadn't seen the car, it _____ us back there.
a. would have hit b. hadn't hit c. would hit
6. If my grandmother _____ alive, she would have loved to see me graduate.
a. Is b. would be c. were
7. I _____ you it wasn't a good idea if you'd asked me.
a. would tell b. would have told c. will tell
8. If I'd bought that flat then, it _____ worth a lot of money now.
a. would be b. had been c. will be

Grammar B1–B2: Conditionals 2: 2

Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. If I'd planted seeds in spring, I _____ tomatoes now.
a. would have b. had have c. 'll have
2. My mum would be fine now if the doctor _____ what was wrong with her at the beginning.
a. had realized b. would have realized c. realised
2. If my train had been on time, I _____ my meeting.
a. won't miss b. wouldn't miss c. wouldn't have missed
3. If you _____ studying earlier, you'd feel more prepared for the exam.
a. start b. would start c. had started
4. would have seen the fireworks if they _____ here 15 minutes earlier.
a. were b. would be c. had been
5. If I didn't have so much work this week, I _____ with you yesterday.
a. would have gone b. would go c. had been
6. My parents _____ if my grandmother hadn't left Ireland.
a. wouldn't meet b. wouldn't have met c. won't meet
7. They really don't think they know about this. If they did, she _____ her job months ago.
a. would lose b. had lost c. would have lost
Notes for Bac II 2012
Part 3. Grammar (10 points)
Example: Conjunctions: time
As soon as, when, once
We can use when, once, as and as soon as to talk about a specific point in time when something
happened or will happen:
Ex: As soon as we hear any news, we will call you. (future tense)
Ex: Once they get home in the evening, they always close their curtains. (present tense)
Ex: When we were in Greece, we went to as many islands as possible. (past tense)

1. present simple tense

 Form: Subject + V1 + Object
Ex: I get up at six o’clock every morning.
Ex: She gets up at six o’clock every morning.

2. present perfect
Form: Subject + have/has + V3 + Object
Ex: I have lived here since I was a child.
Ex: She has lived here since she was a child.

3. Verbs in Time Clauses (in future tense)

Form: When + Subject + V1 + Object, Subject + will/be going to + V1 + Object
Ex: When I see him, I will give him your message. Or I will give him your message when I see him.
Ex: When Joan gets a good job, she is going to buy a condominium.

4. Conditionals: so long as = as long as, if

unless = if…not, except if
 Unless
From: Unless + Subject + V1 + Object, Subject + modal verbs (will, can, may, shall…) + V1 + Object
Subject + modal verbs (will, can, may, shall…) + V1 + Object + unless + subject + V1 + Object
Ex: Unless we leave now, we will be late. ___________________________________
If we don’t leave now, we will be late.
Except if we leave now, we will be late. ___________________________________
 So long as
Form: So long as + Subject + V1 + Obj, Subject + modal verbs (will, can, may, shall…) + V1 + Obj
Ex: So long as you promise not to drive too fast, you can borrow my car.
_______________________________________________________

I don’t watch TV unless / so long as I have nothing else to do.

5. Same to number 3

Notes for Bac II 2012

Part 2. Language Use (10 points)
1. It’s my pleasure. (formal) / My pleasure. (less formal)
Meaning: This is a polite thing to say after someone has thanked you for helping them or giving
something to them.
Ex: 1- A: “Thanks for helping us.” B: “My pleasure.”
2- A: “Thank you driving me, James.” B: “It’s my pleasure, madam.”
2. Here you are. (formal) / Here you go. (informal)
Meaning: You can say this when you handing something to somebody.
Ex: Each time the nurse handed pills t a patient, she said, “Here you are.”
3. Not right now, thanks. / No, not just now, thanks.
 Meaning: It’s usually used for a refusal of a serving of food or drink. There is an implication that more
will be wanted later.
Ex: A: Do you want some more coffee? B: Not right now, thanks.
4. Keep an open mind. Or Have an open mind
Meaning: To wait until you know all the facts before forming an opinion or making a judgement.
Ex: We should keep an open mind until all of the evidence is available.
5. How awful! (short form) / How awful it was! (long form)
Meaning: 1. To express shock or dismay 2. To express strong opinion about a situation.
It usually ends with exclamation mark, and normally begins with How or What.
Ex: 1. “I just heard that Smiths lost their house in the storm. How awful!”
2. What a liar he is!
6. Unless (conj.) = except if, if……not
Meaning: It is used to say what will or will not happen if something else does not happen or is not true.
Ex: She won’t go unless you go. / Unless you go, she won’t go.
(=If you don’t go, she will not go either, but if you go, she will go).
7. Congratulations!
Meaning: Something that you say when you want to congratulate someone or how pleased you are about
his or her success or happiness.
Ex: 1. A: “I got the Job.” B: “Did you? Congratulations!”
2. A: “I passed my driving test.” B: “Congratulations!”

Extra Conversational Phrases (greeting or farewell/response)

1. A: Hi Sayoko. How’s it going?
B: a. Great thanks. And me? b. Great thanks. And her? c. Great thanks. And you?

2. A: Hi Bradley. How’re you doing?

B: a. Not so much, thanks. b. Not just now, thanks. c. Not too bad, thanks.

3. A: Hi. I’m Jeremy.

B: a. Good to see you Jeremy. b. Pleased to meet you Jeremy. c. Sorry to hear that Jeremy

4. A: I don’t think we’ve met. It’s Harry.

B: a. Hi Harry. It’s Adele. b. Hi there, it’s Harry c. You’re welcome Harry
5. A: Hi Serena. How are you?
B: a. Fine, thanks. b. Yes, thanks. c. No, thanks.

6. A: Dr. Payne. May I introduce Mr. Smith?

B: a. How does it do, Mr. Smith? b. How do you do, Mr. Smith? c. Who do you do, Mr. Smith?

7. A: Oh my God! Melanie? Is that you?

B: a. Stevie! Long see no time! b. Stevie! Long no time see! c. Stevie! Long time no see!

8. A: Bye Robert. We’re heading home now.

B: a. OK. See you later. b. OK. See you sooner. c. OK. See you going.

9. Got an early start you guys, so I’d better be off.

B: a. Sure. Go easy now Kim. b. Sure. Take it easy Kim. c. Sure. Easy does it Kim.
 10. A: Bye, Mum. See you soon
B: a. Seeing you, love. b. Be seeing you, love. c. Better be seeing you, love.

11. A: I can’t believe it! I failed my driving test again!

B: a. Oh well. Better luck next time. b. Oh well. Just my luck! c. Oh well. No such luck!

12. A: We’ve got to go right now or we’ll miss our flight.

B: a. Ready when I am. b. Ready when you are. c. Ready steady go.

13. A: I woke up with a really awful hangover this morning.

B: a. Serves you well for getting drunk b. Serves you wrong for getting drun
c. serves you right for getting drunk

14. A: Someone stole my wallet last night.

B: a. Sorry to hear that. b. Sorry to know that. c. Sorry to be told that.

15. A: We’re so lucky! We just missed that train that crashed yesterday.
B: a. Oh my God! May as well! b. Oh my God! Just as well! c. Oh my God! Might as
well!

16. A: Thank you so much for letting me know.

B: a. Not to mention it . b. Never mention it. c. Don’t mention it.

17. A: I didn’t get that job I was going for .

B: a. Too bad b. Not bad c. So bad

18. A: Hey Dad! I got top of the class in maths today.

B: a. That’ll teach you! b. That’s no excuse! c. That’s more like it!

19. A: I got into trouble for talking in class today.

B: a. That’ll teach you! b. That’s the idea! c. That’s more like it!

20. A: With so many planets out there, there must be intelligent life somewhere.
B: a. You know full well. b. You never know. C. You know what’s what.

Conjunctions: Time Clause

Grammar > Words, sentences and clauses > Conjunctions and linking words > Conjunctions: time
When, after, before, until, since, while, once, as and as soon as are subordinating conjunctions which can be
used to connect an action or an event to a point in time.

action/event conjunction time

She was in a bad car accident when she was young.

action/event conjunction time

everyone has gone to

We can’t play loud music after
bed.

Brush your teeth before you go to bed!

I’ll wait with you until the bus comes.

I’ve been very busy since I started my new job.

No one left the cinema while the movie was on.

I’ll call you once I arrive.

We always have an ice cream as soon as we get to the beach.

I bumped into her as I came out of the bank.

Warning:
We don’t use will after conjunctions referring to future time:
When people walk into the room, they will feel something special.
Not: When people will walk into the room…
I will call you as soon as I get to the office.
Not: … as soon as I will get to the office.
 A time clause can come first in a sentence. When it comes first, use a comma after it.
A time clause can also come second in a sentence. No comma is needed.
TIME CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Ex: After sorbet became popular in France, it spread to the rest of Europe.
MAIN CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE

Ex: Sorbet spread to the rest of Europe after it became popular in France.

When, once, as

We use when, once, and as to refer to the time that something started.
Ex: When we were in Greece, we went to as many islands as possible.
Ex: They always close their curtains once they get home in the evening.
As soon as
We use as soon as to refer to something that happened or will happen right after or immediately after.
Ex: As soon as we hear any news, we’ll call you.
Ex: People began buying more ice cream as soon as scientists found ways to freeze things.
Before
We use before to introduce the second event.
Ex: She’ll pick you up before comes here.
Ex: Before there were freezers, people needed ice to make frozen dessert.
After
We use after to introduce the first event
Ex: After she comes here, she’ll pick you up.
Ex: Ice cream became popular after an Italian duchess bought it to France.
Until
We use until to refer things that continued or will continue up to a certain time.
Ex: I’m going to wait until the January sales start to buy a new jacket.
Ex: Until he mentioned his name was Doug, I thought he was called Damien! (less common order)
We spell until with one l. (Not: untill)
While
We use while to show that actions or events happen at the same time in the past, present or future.
Ex: Can you wait in the car while I run into the shop?
Ex: They were talking while the teacher was explaining the activity.
Warning:
We don’t use during instead of while. During is a preposition, not a conjunction, and it must be followed by a
noun or a pronoun:
I like to have the radio on while I study.
Not: I like to have the radio on during I study.

Exercises:
I. Read, find the mistake and correct it.
1. Whenever you will be in town, call me.
2. As soon as I will get all the vaccinations I need, I will be leaving for Southeast Asia.
3. After Dave is going to break the track record, many universities will offer him scholarships.
4. I promise to call you as soon as we will land.
5. I tell you what happed as long as you keep it a secret.
6. If I won’t find a job soon, I’ll go travelling for a while.
7. When you will see Silvana, can you tell her to phone me?
8. You should read the contract carefully before you will sign it.
9. We stop for some lunch when we get to the next petrol station.
10. You’re not going out unit you will finish your homework.
11. I promise I take the dog for a walk after I’ve had my dinner.
12. I’m sure Donal won’t continue working here even if we will offer him more money.

II. Write a “C” on the line if the sentence is correct. Write an “X” on the line if there is a mistake in
the time clause.
1. _______ You should visit that part of the country when it will be spring.
2. _______ It will get cold in the desert when winter will come.
3. _______ As soon as you learn to swim, I will take you to our cabin at the lake.
4. _______ When the children are going to visit their grandmother, Henry and I will be going to Europe.
5. _______ When Bruce visits him tomorrow, his doctor will probably tell him to increase his medication.
6. _______ Will you buy me a wool jacket when you will be in Scotland?
7. _______ The actress who plays this role will receive an award when the critics will see her performance.
8. _______ When I have time, I will try to run two miles.
9. _______ When the fire engines go down the street, all the dogs in the neighborhood howl.
10. _______ As soon as Joan will get a good job, she is going to buy a condominium.

III. Grammar Application

Exercise 2.1 Time Clause
Read the sentences about Ernest Hamwi, the possible inventor of the ice cream cone.
Label the first event 1 and the second event 2.
1 Until Ernest Hamwi invented the ice cream cone, most people ate ice cream in a dish.
2 Hamwi was a waffle seller at the 1904 World’s Fair when he invented the ice cream cone.
3 When an ice cream seller at the fair ran out of dishes, Hamwi rolled up a waffle.
4 The warm waffle turned hard when Hamwi filled it with ice cream.
5 As soon as they saw Hamwi’s cones, all the other ice cream sellers started using them.
6 Before Hamwi started an ice cream cone business, he returned from the fair.
7 After Hamwi’s story became popular, many people said that they invented the ice cream cone.
8 Another man, Italo Marchiony, invented an edible ice cream cup before Hamwi invented his cone.

Exercise 2.2 Time Words

Complete the sentences. Circle the correct answer.
1 Before / After people drove cars, they rode horses.
2 When / Until the Internet became popular, people wrote letters and sent faxes.
3 Before / After the first men landed on the moon in 1969, U.S. astronauts made five more trips to the
moon between 1969 and 1972.
4 As soon as / Before people used digital cameras, they took photographs using film.
5 Public transportation changed completely until / when the first airlines began to operate.
6 People did not understand the solar system when / until scientists invented telescopes.
7 Before/As soon as telephones existed, communication was very slow.
8 As soon as / Until scientists developed medicines such as vaccines, public health improved rapidly.