Surveying

176
+y

Example 5.2
10.50cm on a
Determine th
m cm.
1200 m.
k Solution
+X
i Scale

1.e.,

or
Scale

Sc
Fig. 5.6 Coordinate axes through plumb point Example 5
From the Figs. 5.5 and 5.6, respectively, a
of focal leng
H-h
AM = X = correlated ph
fsec t-y' sin t
NM = Y=
H-h
y cos t
f sec t -y'sin t
Hence, length of the ground line = Nx? -X) + -Y;)
Determine
Example 5.1 A line AB measures 11.00 cm on a
camera having afocal length of 21.5 cm. The same photograph taken with a Solutior
map drawn to scale of 1/145 000. Calculate the line measures 3 cm on a The gro
average altitude is 350 m. a
flying height of the aircraft, if the
Solution Photo scale Photo distance of line AB
Map scale Map distance of line AB
S 11.00
i.e.,
1/45000 3.00
11.00 1
’hoslaaye S = X
1 1
ha il e 3.00 45000 12272.73 12273
Photoscale f 0.215 Now,
H-h H-350 and
Hence,olenibtoc0.215
t is o5H-350 12273
Hence.
H =2988.695 m
 Aerial Survey 177

5.2 A line 2350 mlong lying at an elevation

of the ofcamera
500 mused
Eample,
on a vertical photograph. The focal length measures
is 20
Determunethe scale of the photograph for an area having an elevation of

Salution
10.50 20
m=
Scale at 500 2350 H-500

o H - 500= 20x 2 3 5 0 b
obr 10.,50
H= 4976.19 m oio
20 of o 1
at 1200 m=
Scale (4976.19 -1200) x100 18880.95 18881
1:18881
Scale is I cm = l88.81 m or
points A and B having elevations of 650 mand 250 m,
Example 5.3 Two vertical photograph obtained with a camera
appear on a
pectively,above datum, flying altitude of 2700 mabove datum.
Their
length of 250 mm and
offocal photographic coordinates are as follows:
coelated
Photographic coordinates
Point
x (cm) y (cm)
+3.65 +2.54
+5.59r
b
-2.25
AB.e
b s toot
the ground line
Determine the length of
Solution
ground coordinates are given by2700 -650 = +-299.3 m
The x (+ 3.65 x 10)
250h
ta
oaXa l,e
= b fi
2700 650 10) =+ 208.28 m
X (+ 2.54 X
250
= - 220.5 m
2700- 250 X(- 2.25 x 10)
H-h 250
547.82 m
2700 - 250 10) = +
x (+ 5.59 x
H-h 250st
10
220.5) = 27.0192 x
Now, (X, - X' =(299.3 + 11.5287 x 10*
547.82) =
(208.28 -
and (,- Y,) =
X,)'+(Y,-,)
Hence, AB = /X, -
11.5287) 10= 620.87m
x
+
= V27.0192
 he
the oftflying
Example area.the
Notes woking
bottom the top exceed
displacements
aerial displacement
The photograph the thbelow Now. or
the principal
e With
top height and
of area From groundpointsdatum From (5.Fro1m0).Eq. 180
the
photograph, the
of ofthe Image 2. the
e of5.4 (5.11) 1. theof
the thtower the tilted
mterpreter
muchphotograph,canals,Relief permissible is anpoint
d increase Eqs.
tower the error above canvertically
flat
tower (5.11)
from
aircraft and
Aphotographs the be negat
towerintroduced displacements displacement photograph used (h= increases. ive in
with
is (5.14) same fences, within
observation,
the prefers limits, below flying and
150.0 as 0), d
respect
principalabove AB may theyasespecially etc., the tahe andAlso, (5.14) = d=h- o
occur to the
onuse often
having can
boundaries map. relief radially height, it it H- 7(H-(h,
m. m.s.1.
80 will be
do on it exposure H-h, h,) +
to m be tilted be can is is h,
used along on the near rollingcauses positive
thpoint
e high
insignificant. the displacementinwards
established be observed
whereas (H-(h,fH-h)-
+
vertical
issatisfactorilyphotographs +
radial working edgesthe the least of station, h,))(H
image is appears
3000 grounds to concluded
7.25 struCtures
linear which for
and itthat
h,(H H-h
m. photos,
lines area permissible - Rf
of the increases
radially the ))(H- -
its
cm. The in caused of and the wil the h) (h
for from only. the that relief +
Compute
bottom except appear usednotdo
relief bepoints relief
distance vertical a tiltednadir the photog
by zero
and outwards the ash,) h, ))
y tforhe
photographic
displacements
relief
on distortion displacement
the
photographs such central
if raph.crooked distance
tphotograph.
he the of as thus pointsfor
measurements. the
point.
isplacement
levation the Therefore, straighton knownas isportion
thedatum.
is decreases
image relief a from
Equations vertica Zero. above (514)
verticalrOads oi
alo occur the
The the an If For
of of

of is
(5.10),
FromEq. (5.13),
FromEq. or and Again, the and
datuTscalmhe e the
let
Solutionas umeDetpoinet10000.
rmichiExampl
mnneye= e 350 m.
h, of Solution pfocalhotogrEaxpahmple bot mSgiolvuenThisetiby
on
eio H the the 150 displacement
o =the be displacement
relief
by What is
H=
chimney
150 photograph. 5.6 h 5.5 7.50cm
Refer
Fig. m
length is
high = the 3000
To
= R m,
height The is 350 The of
= H-
10000
H-h. Scale = to to the relief
of and d= d= themhy
-h, l(H-h)-h,l are
images d= H= given
S m. the distance
S= be = the image
Rf h= of position
Takeobserved displacement H-h
the at 1000 250 8000 T=15 cm.canmera (3000-1I50)
by
1:10 5.8. H-h elevation 725x80
1250 -hH datum the x is 150 Suvey
Aoral
616125 x 125 and -x8000= from ot
camera Let
f000, of given 250/1000 is tne
1250 focal in 250 m,
m h,level. x2000-350 y
7.50×350 the hy
given a of H top
above
f belength truly the ofheof
2000 \/8000.S= the
mm. principal
031cm with 80
61.6mm
= (70/1000) = the that base
125 vertical pointobject m,
datum.height of m respect r,
mm, 1.590cm=
125/1000 the isy and above if
above
70.0aerial top, the point 725
to
(1250 x , the ofcamerarespectively m.s.. datum the to the cm.
=70 mm
photograph
point datum an image
to
from scale image
150) mm be (sea
X 125 the is of 181
616 m
= above of of \/800
leve) on
principal a the
mmscalefactory
datum
and
1
 Suneying Aerial Surey
182 Now 0.08-0.07 4465
9.08 xh 183

125 mm
5.6.2 Displacement Due to Tilt
h5581m
seen that the images of the
have points
planeof photographs
horizontaxisal,phot1sareographed
We on
being
the vertical photograph, the
Fora camera displaced daevertical
truly vertical. For a relief. photographs.
to ground
of
70mm position,the plane photographs
additional displacement causing
taken no longer remain horizontal, tilted camera
photographic distortion. In ordinaryconsequentiy
H-h
the formulae derived for tilted surveying
practise,
displacementdue to tilt is photographs seldom used. Instead, the
rectified by using are
knownas rectification special cameras and the process iS
150 m /Tiltisthe rotation of the camera ais about the line
of
rotationof the camera axis normal to the
flight line However, flight jpnd úp is
haerialphotograph, tilt is generally understood to mean the combinedwhen considering
effect of bothan
the

these effects and it causes the image of the object on the

of
Displacementsdue tilt are usually lessthan those film to be displaced
produced
are errors which are zero at the centre ofdue to ground relief.
Fig. 5.8 These displacements the photograph and
towards the elevated and
increase
about the isocentre.
depressed edges; the displacements are radial
Example 5.7 A tower was photographed from an elevation of 800 mak
If the amount of tilt is known, the amount of displacement may be
radialmmdistances
bottom of the tower from
of the top and the principal computed.
But it is very difficult to determine the angle of tilt analytically. graphically or by
point areThe112.2
datum. and 81.6 mm. If the bottom of the tower has an elevation
arectifying instrument To determine the tilt, the position of the images of at least
250 m, determine the height of the tower. three ground points, whose position have been determined by ground surveying.
must appear on the photograph.
Solution Let us consider two ground points Aand B.photographed as a and bon a
iltod nhotograph, and a and bon a vertical photograph (Fig. 5.9). If the vertical
photograph is rotated about the axis of tilt by the angle of tilt, the images a and
Given r, = 112.2 mm; , = 81.6 mm would fall on a and b", respectively. The coresponding tilt displacements will
H= 800- 250 = 550 m be d'a" and b'b".
Hence, 0.1122 - 0.0816 = 0.1122 x
h The lines ab and ab' are the principal lines of the tilted and vertical
h= 150 m
photographs.,
The tilt displacement of a with respect to a
Example 5.8 A section line AB 300 m long on a flat terrain measures d, = ia' - ia
But ia' =n'd - ni=ftan (t + ) -f tan (t/2)
102.4 mm on the vertical photograph. Aradio tower also appears on the photograph.
The distance measured form the principal points to the image of the bottom and ia = ka + ki =ftan a+ftan (2)
and top of the radio tower were found to be 7 cm and 8 cm respectively. The Hence, d, =f tan (t + a)-ftan (t/2)-f tan a-f tan (t12)
average elevation of terrian was 553 m. Determine the height of the tower. Take (5.15)
f= 152.4 mm. Or =f[tan (t+ a)-tan a- 2 tan (t/2))
Similarly, (5.16)
Solution Scale of photograph, s= 102.4 1 d, =f[tan ß- tan (ß-)-2 tan (/2)]
300 x 10° 2929.69 where d, is tilt displacement of b with respect to b.
The angles a and B can be found by
kb
H=0.1524 = 446.5 m tan =
ka tan ß=
1/2929.69 f
 Surveying

186 i asint

f- iasint
ib sint
BB = f-ibsint
Similarly, displacement is that
inthecombined
upperpart of till
of the
effect
relief these
photograph while they are cumulative in tehnde Lower
and
The
Note
ofthephotograph.
photograph cm x 22.5Scm is taken
22.5vertical. by acame
focal length 150 mm and tilted
aerial at 1° to the Findthe relative isplacen
Example 5.9 An
distantfrom the
points a and b
each 74.2 mm principal
point
and
of the two
principal line.
on the
Solution + 150 tan (1/2)°= 75.509 mm
ia =74.2
(1/2)°= 72.890 mm
ib =74.2 - 150 tan
(75.509)x sin1° = 0.668 mm
dd' = 150-75.509 x sin 1

(72.890)x sin1° = 0.623 mm

bB" = 150 - 72.890 x sin 10

SURVEY
PROCEDURE OF AERIAL
5.7
The general procedure of an aerial survey consists of establishing ground Contro

and photographyphoto interpretation and stereoscopy; and t

(Dflight planning These aspects are dealt with in the
fol oN
construction of map and cartography.
sections.

5.8 GROUND CONTROL

amount of ground conmt
(OTo obtain results with sufficient accuracy, a certain
framework of points, of known relate
is essential It consists in establishing a plotted and throu
are
positions, around which the details in the photograph surveyed. These poin
terrain
which the photographic data is correlated with the extent of the ground control
The
are known as control stations or control points.
the cartograpi
determined by the objects and scale of the map, flight control, andfour
three to control poite
process by which the maps will be produced. At least
be readily identifiable on te
must appear in each photograph and these should
photographs. The methods for establishing control for aerial surveys are s
tothose used for any other survey.

5.9 FLIGHT PLANNING

the area
The information required to plan a flight mission consists oflongitudinal
surveyed, focal length of the camera, scale of the photograph,
 on is
the chimney he 30%. is
overlap side the and 60% overlap
the ofleft the tomm 82.5 and X-axis Vertcal longitudinal
is the ifkm, 15 x
point. principal photograph, vertical the On
next photograph. kn20of
area an
cover required
to photographs numberof Determine
the m.10
base the after, shortly takenappears high 120chimney
m 2
A5.1DXample =
km1iscm25 xphotograph
cm 25 aerial anscale
of The 5.10 xample E
apoiofntprincipal the at
64.286x (1-0.6)x
(1-P)S
18 -+l=: = N photographs consecutive by
twice covered Area 5.13 Fig.
+l=35.567
36 16x10 L
cover
kml6 to by
cameraAphotographs number
of Hence, photographed
twice is
length
is
64.286
m :cmn 1S= or ground the of
part This
21
=64.286 1350 S=
cm21.0 m,f= 1350 H=cm, 18 =0.L6, 60% P,=
= m, 10 x16L=
Now,
57Le, 7210
5150
by
cameraB photograph scale
of
by
cameraAphotograph scale
of base Air
length focal the
proportional
to inversely photograph
is scal
ofe theheight, flying same For Camera
f
photograph Scal
ofe Solution
=
H
60%. overlap
is
longitudinal The 1350
m? height
of flying aat
long km16 kncwn 5.13. Fig. shown
in isand base air the as
stip coveringa camera
inA the by
taken photographs
be
would many How covered
by distance The
exposures
is , successive two between
any aircraft an
Base Air 5.9.6
mm150 length Focal
mm210 (521
mm
230 mmX 230 mmI80 mmX 180 Format T=
3600 L
CameraB CameraA exposures,
in
given seconds,
by is
heights. flying same the at aB
nd camerasA giby
ven widths strip the Cxposures betwcen
recorded
and area photography
the for of
scales Compare
the 5.11Example CObVeetwt de interval flight the along the If
distance time the km, LisIine the of speed ground
aircraft
Vis
ground the and km/h between Interval 5.9.5
231. =1l xrequired
21 photographs
= number
of theHence, Exposures
(-03)x\00x2511 photographic of
the square Note
15x1000 tephotographs
variases number
of
approximate scale. the that note pertinent
to is h
(1-P,)Siw number
of the Hence,
requiredphotographs
+1
area strips= Number
of 53 N, x N = N-
(1-0.6)x100%25 dth
the wiof SwP,) that so
21
+1= +1
W=(l-P)
Sw
(20x1000
1-P)St Similarly,
net
width
+1area Number photograph, by
cach covered
the lengtofh stripphotographs of N0-P)S that so
per
Solution +1
191 190
Sutvey Aerial Suneying
 780 The
(b) (a)
Solution (b) (a) m
Scale, Ground Size Radial The Radial the the and
780 m photographand photogaphs
of ground distance 120 m h=82.5percentInage distance the
photograph
distance distance Fig. focal are
514.8 distance, P
of
of of
mm, S.l4over
, lap the length 20
l= covered, =
R=S=H-h
= =
0.0975 top the f= P, top ofmm
(1- (1- 200 200 -h,) (H
f Rf of R=To base 125 abetnd ween ofthe x
P)P) mm R=mm m chimney, mm, P,
xSI = (82.5/1000)780 x of Fi5.1g4. thecamera 20 Suneying
62.4 (125/10) 514,8 x = H-h chimney,
20 97.5(125/1000)
200 514.8 (125/1000)
x
indicate the chimney mm.
780 82.5 H-
cm was The
x mmmmm780-120 h,the two
20 = ro 125
62.4, = 780 h,
m,
P2photo=twgro aphs. from flying
514.8 m
= H-h mm.
or consecutive
Rf
the height
1 Determine
Y-axison
cm
125mm 120 = of
= the
62,4 photogrgh
m sesn the aitcrait
m

he length
n between
Example
was 5.14 19
parallax
SolutionS=height
3000 +As (e) The(d) (c) AThe
of 2 a
or or or
Solut(ai)HiosnforwardeleTvheaatnidon focaExal wimdeandple
+
factor The The The The orSe Hence.
mthe 2 The
of 250 100016x
lengtofh km
16overlap
measurements above
principal = number number effective
stripsofapproximate effective longitudinal the
the mm. 23of920 flight lap of
to
21 percentage
5.1358.75% =
tower,
scalethe of H-3662100 = 366H-= ground
is cm
Inthe
photographs.safety,
Ina altitude long.
terrain,
the points +l=
18.3919 of longitudinal
lateral H-h, 60% used.beis It
pai r of photographs T= H=2466m is
the common
of add time and The is 0.5875P;=
3000120 H base L8x1000 3600x0.920
3600L coverage S
366 desired
photograph
its which is
1725 between 23
100 lateral /1000021/100 the airplane
f_25I 95.50 two
oftop overlapping coverage X found to
and
which overlap, was mm. photographs per 10
side and m,
Survey
Aerial
coverage The compute
has
base at +1=5.63 6 000 lap the
At theoretically,
strip,are 192
exposures 2300 is by approximate
for is datum a vertical is = 25%.
formula, photographs a
also was tower the speed
datum x 2300
2300 on a
or at level, time at the fight
is
found photographs,
each is0.75 m of
datum observed s=
17.25therefore.
elevation
cm1 and of =0.4 x ground scale 192
to
photography end. 1725 are mission
= level. be the = to km/h. is
120 3.50 camera
and m=920 for 1:10000,
be
the making m each for
m mm. the mean 1.725 = 23 A
cmcamera an
difference had the a 0,920 photograph the
Estimate distance
aircraft total km area
a average
focal km 23x with
of cm. 8 193
km
a
 Suveying
194 Aerial Sunvey
BH L=Sl= 62.5 x 25 =
04> x15625
For the datum clevation, Air base =04 L= m 195

B
H
Example 5.16 An area of 1562.5= 625 m
150 km x 105 km
photogrammetry. From the data
given below is to be surveyed using aerial
or
95.50
SXb 12000 >X 1146 m requiredto cover complete area;
height of light,determine number
spacing of of photogaphs
1000
The parallax eposure distance and exposure interval:
Bf 1146x250 Size of flight lines, ground
Potom H-h (3000-0)
95.5 mm photograph =23 cm x
Averagescale of photograph = 1:25000 23 cm
Pop 95.5 + 3.5 = 99 mm Average elevation of terrain =335 m
1146x 250 Longitudinal overlap = 65%
99 Side overlap =286
3000-h Ground speed of aircraft = 270 km/hr
h= 106.06 m Focal length of camera =200 mm
Least count of intervalometer = 0.55 sec
Example 5.15 Two consecutive photographs were taken with acamen Flying Height:
focal length 200 mm mounted on an airplane flying at a height of 1500 m m
Overlap was exactly 60% and the size of prints was 250 mm x 250 mm.
The
height was same in case of both the exposures and the flight was balanced soflying H 2500
0.2
there was no drift. The ground was flat and was 250 mabove the mean sea
Determine the scale of the photograph and the length of the air base. level. H= 5000 m
Theoretical ground spacing of flight lines:
Solution Focal length of the camera, f = 200mm = 20cm. W= (1-P) Sw
Height at which the photographs were taken, H= 1500 m. =(1 -0.28) x 250 x 23 =4140 m
Height of the ground above the mean sea level, h = 250 m. Number of flight lines required
20cm L.
Scale of the photograph= H-h (1500 -250) m N,=+1= 4140 4|= 26.36 =27
Thus, the scale of the photographs is 1 cm = 62.5 m Actual spacing of flight lines l0527x10 = 3888.89 m
The actual ground length covered by each photograph:
L = (1 - P)Sl = (1 - 0.6) x 62.5 x 25 = 625 m Ground distance between exposure:
Hence, air base = 625 m eL=(1 - P)SI
Alternatively, refer to Fig. 5.15. = (1-0.65) x 250x 23 =2012.5 m
Exposure interval = 2012.5
75
= 26.83 sec (since leash count of intervelometer = 0.5S)
= 26.5 sec

-Air base km/hr = 270 x10' =75 m/s

3600
Adjusted ground distance between exposures:
L= 75 X 26.5 = 1987.5 m
Air base
Number of photographs per flight line,
150 x10 +1= 76.47 =77
0.4L
N = 1987.5
0.6L
77 x 21 = 2079
lotal number of photographs required = N, xNy =

Fig. 5.15
 Thus. formula difference is the The95
Solution to an Also. The
Since (a) 450 Example
altitude with Corresponding = can 208
difference
Solution given plate Exampl
line A170e where
length camera
bysize
ditf e ren
be c e The
can m mm. havewe b
dp is
above anfor is
be is 20.0 of B=(1-P) of determined parinal ax
used
extremely
in 4500 5.18 to the error awith a5.17 the
datum.
mm? difference
height the air 20000 net mean l ax bar
dh= Scale = of wide
paraby
to dp mA base 65% Ah=
calculate dh=datum dh= H=
= between
What above
m.sTh.le. pair of S=
0.15 angle A
princip al the finds
(4500450 (H-h small, Ap in phot
mm
overlap ographic obs
95x4500 = 1750x (34000) 170 170/1000 H
wil parallax elevation, (H-h (1given is1000
in lens (H fol owingerved
the photographs Bf - H ion
h. h2.50
0.65) X measuring along of
-h)
base. (H-)ap applicaton
dp will mm betwo 170 by
20000 f=
survey Ap+ aerial Sunveying
the between x0.15 the x the equation: in
X also points 100
2.50 mean error 25
difference was = is
b,H photographs,
determining
be the mm
= prncipal
ifthe taken = x 3400
smal. the 5.83 dh 20000= pont.
parallax ofcarried
95.92 two for flight. was
in
elevation m
m
m elevation points base dp used out theflying
Hence, an the ofFind to
1750
aerial 0.15 with a
measured the scale
of is
an m 25
ifthe 2.50 camera mm error
approximate the lower cm
mm. is is in x?
paralkr fheigh
Fi
noint nd equal from

nethod), Tie 5.15 selected

method. mapping culverts, mareadily y photograph any Picture which nrocess and so
ahliaue
corresponding control that negat
prints privntaessre the thepointsand the InSomeof
ng control The prinThets (b) prfomoer cire se
be
methods
After 5.14
the the onl y
photographs.picture photographtheiwirth
are of prin ts .
PLOTTING
DETAILS THE thatsheet identifiable
etc.trees, negatives these Hence.
mechanical Control detail
negatives
of preparatiopoingrwhionundcthpois.photnasts,soegrmblaphseanprd ocessing
known
to points
resection the Often madeare
they The
corners control
used by be central match WORKING control i.e.,
the
can picture of are as theThese are
fo r
ground
on used This the are ofpoints a
method radial
be and have
rectiied, rationed negative
soand
film, calculations,
ofeach
for obtained.
map portion a Ah= p h=
plotting buildings, control consists adjustment, the plainmetric
plotted UP
used control
line of
orienting are which are the 645.13 m= =
(slotted is enlarged (H-h)Ap+b,H
4050x
to at of used plotted
controls
true
assembled DATA 4050×2.50+95x4500
negatives20,0+95x4500
20.0 (H-h)ap
+tb H
map method. least
added. The same byprints.
can (H-hy Ap (H-hyAp we
the points points. of a th e relat1ve mm (4050
x2.50
best well-defined pl ot special
shape for map be Aerial
have Sunvey
template nd
method)adetails two selecting the the photographs Much or control FROM
Therefore, are photographs.
advantage consecutive These oftrue camera as
reducedmaking are on easily
the from oriented to are
transferred these then positions.
are that the
of transparent the
identified produce
positions aerial numbered THE
graphical ends can carefully
of
tomatched a scale
the be points known distortionand bring map that
in of the photographs, of PHOTOGRAPHS To a
control
the from photographs. objects These of the them have on mosaic the in (4050)
20.0 x -93.70 m
structures, forms ground as map the achieve
radial a all rationed with the ground the
stereoscopicmethod
(radialline photographs
points transforming
the may different
defined
clearlyandpoints few the same
to the sheet plot,
prints, this, order
or
line principal area prints. be same toboth are an
should e.g.,These points framework
do covered. eliminated some details
method. scale.scales. the the also are index of
plotting bridges,objects not on printer, points scale required. exposure.
be to points All These ground plotted. picture on
have the map.
sothe to By the by The on of the 209