jQuery
jQuery is a JavaScript Library.
The purpose of jQuery is to make it much easier to use JavaScript on your website.
jQuery greatly simplifies JavaScript programming.
jQuery is easy to learn.
Before you start studying jQuery, you should have a basic knowledge of:
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
jQuery is a lightweight, "write less, do more", JavaScript library.
The purpose of jQuery is to make it much easier to use JavaScript on your website.
jQuery takes a lot of common tasks that require many lines of JavaScript code to accomplish,
and wraps them into methods that you can call with a single line of code.
jQuery also simplifies a lot of the complicated things from JavaScript, like AJAX calls and DOM
manipulation.
The jQuery library contains the following features:
HTML/DOM manipulation
CSS manipulation
HTML event methods
Effects and animations
AJAX
Utilities
There are lots of other JavaScript libraries out there, but jQuery is probably the most popular,
and also the most extendable.
Many of the biggest companies on the Web use jQuery, such as:
Google
Microsoft
IBM
Netflix
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jQuery Syntax
The jQuery syntax is tailor-made for selecting HTML elements and performing some action on
the element(s).
Basic syntax is: $(selector).action()
A $ sign to define/access jQuery
A (selector) to "query (or find)" HTML elements
A jQuery action() to be performed on the element(s)
Examples:
$(this).hide() - hides the current element.
$("p").hide() - hides all <p> elements.
$(".test").hide() - hides all elements with class="test".
$("#test").hide() - hides the element with id="test".
Anatomy of Jquery Script
The Document Ready Event
You might have noticed that all jQuery methods in our examples, are inside a document ready
event:
$(document).ready(function(){
// jQuery methods go here...
});
This is to prevent any jQuery code from running before the document is finished loading (is
ready).
It is good practice to wait for the document to be fully loaded and ready before working with it.
This also allows you to have your JavaScript code before the body of your document, in the head
section.
Here are some examples of actions that can fail if methods are run before the document is fully
loaded:
Trying to hide an element that is not created yet
Trying to get the size of an image that is not loaded yet
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Tip: The jQuery team has also created an even shorter method for the document ready event:
$(function(){
// jQuery methods go here...
});
Use the syntax you prefer. We think that the document ready event is easier to understand when
reading the code.
jQuery Selectors
jQuery selectors allow you to select and manipulate HTML element(s).
jQuery selectors are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements based on their name, id, classes,
types, attributes, values of attributes and much more. It's based on the existing CSS Selectors,
and in addition, it has some own custom selectors.
All selectors in jQuery start with the dollar sign and parentheses: $().
The element Selector
The jQuery element selector selects elements based on the element name.
You can select all <p> elements on a page like this:
$("p")
Example
Creating First Jquery Script
When a user clicks on a button, all <p> elements will be hidden:
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$("p").hide();
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});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
<button>Click me to hide paragraphs</button>
</body>
</html>
Output:
This is a heading
This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.
Click me to hide paragraphs
The #id Selector
The jQuery #id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML tag to find the specific element.
An id should be unique within a page, so you should use the #id selector when you want to find a
single, unique element.
To find an element with a specific id, write a hash character, followed by the id of the HTML
element:
$("#test")
Example
When a user clicks on a button, the element with id="test" will be hidden:
<html>
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<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$("#test").hide();
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p id="test">This is another paragraph.</p>
<button>Click me</button>
</body>
</html>
Output:
This is a heading
This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.
Click me
Example - 2
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<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("#hide").click(function(){
$("p").hide();
});
$("#show").click(function(){
$("p").show();
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>If you click on the "Hide" button, I will disappear.</p>
<button id="hide">Hide</button>
<button id="show">Show</button>
</body>
</html>
Output:
If you click on the "Hide" button, I will disappear.
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Hide Show
The .class Selector
The jQuery .class selector finds elements with a specific class.
To find elements with a specific class, write a period character, followed by the name of the
class:
$(".test")
Example
When a user clicks on a button, the elements with class="test" will be hidden:
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$(".test").hide();
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h2 class="test">This is a heading</h2>
<p class="test">This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
<button>Click me</button>
</body>
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</html>
Output:
This is a heading
This is a paragraph.
This is another paragraph.
Click me
Fade in effect Example
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$("#div1").fadeIn();
$("#div2").fadeIn("slow");
$("#div3").fadeIn(3000);
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Demonstrate fadeIn() with different parameters.</p>
<button>Click to fade in boxes</button><br><br>
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<div id="div1" style="width:80px;height:80px;display:none;background-color:red;"></div><br>
<div id="div2" style="width:80px;height:80px;display:none;background-
color:green;"></div><br>
<div id="div3" style="width:80px;height:80px;display:none;background-color:blue;"></div>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Demonstrate fadeIn() with different parameters.
Click to fade in boxes
Examples of jQuery Selectors
Syntax Description
$("*") Selects all elements
$(this) Selects the current HTML element
$("p.intro") Selects all <p> elements with class="intro"
$("p:first") Selects the first <p> element
$("ul li:first") Selects the first <li> element of the first <ul>
$("ul li:first-child") Selects the first <li> element of every <ul>
$("[href]") Selects all elements with an href attribute
$("a[target='_blank']") Selects all <a> elements with a target attribute value equal to
"_blank"
$("a[target!='_blank']") Selects all <a> elements with a target attribute value NOT equal
to "_blank"
$(":button") Selects all <button> elements and <input> elements of
type="button"
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$("tr:even") Selects all even <tr> elements
$("tr:odd") Selects all odd <tr> elements
jQuery Traversing
jQuery traversing, which means "move through", are used to "find" (or select) HTML elements
based on their relation to other elements. Start with one selection and move through that
selection until you reach the elements you desire.
The image below illustrates an HTML page as a tree (DOM tree). With jQuery traversing, you
can easily move up (ancestors), down (descendants) and sideways (siblings) in the tree, starting
from the selected (current) element. This movement is called traversing - or moving through - the
DOM tree.
Illustration explained:
The <div> element is the parent of <ul>, and an ancestor of everything inside of it
The <ul> element is the parent of both <li> elements, and a child of <div>
The left <li> element is the parent of <span>, child of <ul> and a descendant of <div>
The <span> element is a child of the left <li> and a descendant of <ul> and <div>
The two <li> elements are siblings (they share the same parent)
The right <li> element is the parent of <b>, child of <ul> and a descendant of <div>
The <b> element is a child of the right <li> and a descendant of <ul> and <div>
An ancestor is a parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, and so on.
A descendant is a child, grandchild, great-grandchild, and so on.
Siblings share the same parent.
Traversing the DOM
jQuery provides a variety of methods that allow us to traverse the DOM.
The largest category of traversal methods are tree-traversal.
The next chapters will show us how to travel up, down and sideways in the DOM tree.
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jQuery Traversing - Ancestors
With jQuery you can traverse up the DOM tree to find ancestors of an element.
An ancestor is a parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, and so on.
Traversing Up the DOM Tree
Three useful jQuery methods for traversing up the DOM tree are:
parent()
parents()
parentsUntil()
jQuery parent() Method
The parent() method returns the direct parent element of the selected element.
This method only traverse a single level up the DOM tree.
The following example returns the direct parent element of each <span> elements:
<html>
<head>
<style>
.ancestors * {
display: block;
border: 2px solid lightgrey;
color: lightgrey;
padding: 5px;
margin: 15px;
</style>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
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$(document).ready(function(){
$("span").parent().css({"color": "red", "border": "2px solid red"});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="ancestors">
<div style="width:500px;">div (great-grandparent)
<ul>ul (grandparent)
<li>li (direct parent)
<span>span</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="width:500px;">div (grandparent)
<p>p (direct parent)
<span>span</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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jQuery parents() Method
The parents() method returns all ancestor elements of the selected element, all the way up to the
document's root element (<html>).
The following example returns all ancestors of all <span> elements:
<html>
<head>
<style>
.ancestors * {
display: block;
border: 2px solid lightgrey;
color: lightgrey;
padding: 5px;
margin: 15px;
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</style>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("span").parents().css({"color": "red", "border": "2px solid red"});
});
</script>
</head>
<body class="ancestors">body (great-great-grandparent)
<div style="width:500px;">div (great-grandparent)
<ul>ul (grandparent)
<li>li (direct parent)
<span>span</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
<!-- The outer red border, before the body element, is the html element (also an ancestor) -->
</html>
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jQuery Traversing - Descendants
With jQuery you can traverse down the DOM tree to find descendants of an element.
A descendant is a child, grandchild, great-grandchild, and so on.
Traversing Down the DOM Tree
Two useful jQuery methods for traversing down the DOM tree are:
children()
find()
jQuery children() Method
The children() method returns all direct children of the selected element.
This method only traverses a single level down the DOM tree.
The following example returns all elements that are direct children of each <div> elements:
<html>
<head>
<style>
.descendants * {
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display: block;
border: 2px solid lightgrey;
color: lightgrey;
padding: 5px;
margin: 15px;
</style>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("div").children().css({"color": "red", "border": "2px solid red"});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="descendants" style="width:500px;">div (current element)
<p>p (child)
<span>span (grandchild)</span>
</p>
<p>p (child)
<span>span (grandchild)</span>
</p>
</div>
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</body>
</html>
jQuery Traversing - Siblings
With jQuery you can traverse sideways in the DOM tree to find siblings of an element.
Siblings share the same parent.
Traversing Sideways in The DOM Tree
There are many useful jQuery methods for traversing sideways in the DOM tree:
siblings()
next()
nextAll()
nextUntil()
prev()
prevAll()
prevUntil()
jQuery siblings() Method
The siblings() method returns all sibling elements of the selected element.
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The following example returns all sibling elements of <h2>:
<html>
<head>
<style>
.siblings * {
display: block;
border: 2px solid lightgrey;
color: lightgrey;
padding: 5px;
margin: 15px;
</style>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("h2").siblings().css({"color": "red", "border": "2px solid red"});
});
</script>
</head>
<body class="siblings">
<div>div (parent)
<p>p</p>
<span>span</span>
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<h2>h2</h2>
<h3>h3</h3>
<p>p</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
jQuery Traversing - Filtering
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The first(), last(), eq(), filter() and not() Methods
The most basic filtering methods are first(), last() and eq(), which allow you to select a specific
element based on its position in a group of elements.
Other filtering methods, like filter() and not() allow you to select elements that match, or do not
match, a certain criteria.
jQuery first() Method
The first() method returns the first element of the specified elements.
The following example selects the first <div> element:
Example
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("div").first().css("background-color", "yellow");
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Homepage</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<div style="border: 1px solid black;">
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<p>A paragraph in a div.</p>
<p>Another paragraph in a div.</p>
</div>
<br>
<div style="border: 1px solid black;">
<p>A paragraph in another div.</p>
<p>Another paragraph in another div.</p>
</div>
<br>
<div style="border: 1px solid black;">
<p>A paragraph in another div.</p>
<p>Another paragraph in another div.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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jQuery last() Method
The last() method returns the last element of the specified elements.
The following example selects the last <div> element:
jQuery last() Method
The last() method returns the last element of the specified elements.
The following example selects the last <div> element:
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Refining and filtering selection
jQuery filter() Method
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("p").filter(".intro").css("background-color", "yellow");
});
</script>
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</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to My Homepage</h1>
<p>My name is Donald.</p>
<p class="intro">I live in Duckburg.</p>
<p class="intro">I love Duckburg.</p>
<p>My best friend is Mickey.</p>
</body>
</html>
Definition and Usage
The filter() method returns elements that match a certain criteria.
This method lets you specify a criteria. Elements that do not match the criteria are removed from
the selection, and those that match will be returned.
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This method is often used to narrow down the search for an element in a group of selected
elements.
Tip: The filter() method is the opposite of the not() method.
Syntax
$(selector).filter(criteria,function(index))
Parameter Description
criteria Optional. Specifies a selector expression, a jQuery object or one or more
elements to be returned from a group of selected elements.
Tip: To specify multiple criteria, use comma.
function(index) Optional. Specifies a function to run for each element in the set. If it returns true,
the element is kept. Otherwise, the element is removed.
index - The index position of the element in the set
Note: this is the current DOM element.
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