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Lecture 7-Irrigation System Minor Losses in Pipelines

The document discusses minor losses in pipelines caused by abrupt changes in flow geometry, such as bends, valves, and fittings. It highlights that while these losses can often be neglected in long pipelines, they are significant in shorter ones and vary with flow conditions. The document also provides specific loss coefficients for various components and examples of calculations related to head loss in irrigation systems.

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Jeff Gabotero
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230 views17 pages

Lecture 7-Irrigation System Minor Losses in Pipelines

The document discusses minor losses in pipelines caused by abrupt changes in flow geometry, such as bends, valves, and fittings. It highlights that while these losses can often be neglected in long pipelines, they are significant in shorter ones and vary with flow conditions. The document also provides specific loss coefficients for various components and examples of calculations related to head loss in irrigation systems.

Uploaded by

Jeff Gabotero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Irrigation System Minor Losses in Pipelines

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses in Pipelines

 Minor losses in pipelines (hm) are caused by abrupt changes in the


flow geometry as a result of changes in pipe size, bends, valves
and fittings of all types.

Valves Fittings
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024
 In long pipelines these minor losses can often be neglected without
serious error, but they may be quite important in short pipes.
 Minor losses are generally greater
where flow decelerates than where an
increase in velocity occurs because of
the eddies created by separation of the
flow from the conduit boundary.
2
V
hm = K
2g
where,
hm = minor loss
K = minor loss coefficient
V = velocity in the pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


 Loss coefficient differs for each component.
 It is assumed to be independent of Re.
 Typically provided by manufacturer or generic table.

NOTE: values of K for different flow components are obtained


experimentally

Total Head Loss: h L = h f + hm

V  2
L 
 hL = 2 g   f D +  K 

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses: Valves

a) Gate valve:
K (wide-open) = 0.2
K (half-open) = 5.6

b) Globe valve:
K (wide-open) = 10.0

c) Angle valve:
K (wide-open) = 5.0

d) Swing-check valve:
Typical valve geometries K (wide-open) = 2.5

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses: Bends

90o smooth bend


90o miter bend 180o return bend
K (w/o vanes) = 1.1 K = 2.2
K (w/ vanes) = 0.2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses: Fittings

Straight –
Through Flow
Tee
K = 0.40

90o elbow 45o elbow


Side – Outlet
K = 0.90 K = 0.40 Flow Tee
K = 1.80

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses: Contractions

Pipe entrance

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


Minor Losses: Expansions

For sudden expansions,


θ = 180o:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


 Minor losses in turbulent
flow vary approximately
with the square of the
velocity and are usually
expressed as a function
of velocity head. Table
11.2 presents the minor
losses in pipes.

 The velocity head is lost


at submerged discharge.
Head loss at submerged
discharge can be
decreased by installing a
diverging section of pipe
to lower the discharge
velocity.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


 Total head loss in a system is comprised of major losses (in the pipe
sections) and the minor losses (in the components).

i pipe j
sections components

 If the piping system has constant diameter,

V2  L 
hL =  f +K
2g  D 

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024
Example No. 1:

Water (ν = 1.02 x 10-6 m2/s) is pumped between two reservoirs at a


rate of 20 L/s through 125 m of 50 mm cast – iron pipe. Determine
the horsepower required by the pump if its efficiency is 70%.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024
Example No. 2:

Determine the head supplied by the pump and sketch the EGL and
HGL of the system. The flow rate of the system is 100 L/s. Assume f
= 0.018 and neglect minor losses. Use kinematic viscosity of water
of = 1.02 x 10-6 m2/s.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024


SW No. 2:
A pipe system carries water from a reservoir and discharges it as a
free jet as shown below. How much flow is to be expected through
a 200-mm steel commercial pipe with all the fittings shown below.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING | 2nd Term A.Y. 2023-2024

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