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 MATLAB
and
Simulink In-Depth

Model-based Design with Simulink and

Stateflow, User Interface, Scripting,
Simulation, Visualization and Debugging

Priyanka Patankar
Swapnil Kulkarni

www.bpbonline.com
Copyright © 2022 BPB Online

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
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Online or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable for any damages caused or
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However, BPB Online cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Group Product Manager: Marianne Conor

Publishing Product Manager: Eva Brawn
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First published: September 2022

Published by BPB Online

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UK | UAE | INDIA | SINGAPORE

ISBN 978-93-55511-997

www.bpbonline.com
 Dedicated to
My loving mothers:
Sandhya Patankar & Veena Bagul
My husband:
Pratik Jayraj Bagul
&
My newborn daughter
In memory of:
Chandrakant Omkar Patankar
—Priyanka Chandrakant Patankar
My beloved Parents:
Mrunalini and Mukund Devidas Kulkarni
&
Prajakta Pradeep Pujari
&
My wife Swarupa
In memory of:
Pradeep Shrikrishna Pujari
—Swapnil Mukund Kulkarni
 About the Authors
Priyanka Patankar is a Technical Project Manager in the
automotive industry with over 11+ years of extensive experience in
Software development with MATLAB using model-based engineering
approach. She has completed her M.Tech in Software Systems from
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani. Since the beginning
of her career, she has had opportunities to work with leading
carmakers on body and comfort ECU software development. After
landing her dream job with a world-leading German carmaker, she
has been consistently delivering work products for upcoming luxury
cars and sharing the knowledge with her team. Through this book,
she wants to bring her experience to the application by inspiring the
readers to learn MATLAB and reduce the knowledge gap between
industry needs and education. She spends her free time learning
German language as well as exploring novel aspects of motherhood.
She also loves to travel to new destinations, where she clicks
photographs and shares them on her travel blog.
Swapnil Kulkarni is working as a Technical Project Manager in the
automotive industry. He has more than 12 years of strong
experience working in MATLAB. He has worked in several domains,
such as Body controllers, climate control modules and Infotainment
systems for various car manufacturers. He is also leading a team for
patterns and architecture, where he is responsible for validating
different types of model architectures and creating new patterns
with reusable libraries. He has accomplished several assignments on
Tool development and model architecture design with a leading
carmaker in Germany. Besides working, he regularly plays lawn
tennis, table tennis, and cricket. He also holds a special interest in
Hindustani Indian classical music.
 About the Reviewer
Suraj Prakash Tallur is a Senior Technical Lead Engineer in Body
Comfort Domain with 8 years of automotive experience in model
based software development. He is extensively involved in MATLAB
Simulink modeling, DSPACE Target Link Auto code generation, TPT
MIL/ SIL testing and Canoe Virtual Integration testing for embedded
ECUs in automotive applications.
His area of work involves Cluster leadership, Stakeholder
coordination and providing technical solutions to requirements of
different stakeholders for various automotive applications via Model
based design and development.
He has worked with Japanese clients like Nissan, JATCO in Tata
Consultancy Services for 3 years and currently working in renowned
German OEM since past 5 years. He is Six-Sigma Green Belt and
ISTQB Foundation Level testing certified. He has a B.E. in E&E from
KLESCET VTU University Belgaum.
 Acknowledgement
It is our great pleasure to avail this opportunity to thank everyone
who has helped us write this book directly or indirectly.
First and foremost, we want to express our gratitude towards the
Almighty for enabling us to acquire and share this knowledge. We
would like to thank our family members for staying patient,
encouraging and supportive throughout the development journey of
this book.
We are inclined towards expressing our gratefulness to this book’s
technical reviewer Mr. Suraj Tallur. His review comments bearing in
mind a reader’s perspective have been helpful in refining the
content. In addition, we would like to rightfully acknowledge the
prompt support and tool licenses received from MathWorks Book
program team. We are thankful towards The MathWorks, Inc. and
Mr.Joachim Loew for permitting usage of their images in the book.
Our heartfelt gratitude goes to the BPB Publications team for being
considerate, supportive, and comprehensible with us during each
development stage of this book.
 Preface
We are delighted to share our book ‘MATLAB for Model-based design
and Simulation’ with our readers. Aptly suggested by the title, this
book aims to highlight basics of Model-based design and Simulation
by establishing MATLAB, Simulink and Stateflow core concepts.
MATLAB, which stands for Matrix Library, is a powerful solution
provided by MathWorks Inc. that has the capability to express matrix
and array arithmetic efficiently. MATLAB is a numerical computing
tool, whereas Simulink and Stateflow are Graphical Programming
tools. This book is an extensive guide to learning the fundamentals
of MATLAB, Simulink and Stateflow. It creates a solid foundation of
techniques widely used for model-based development. MATLAB is
expansively used in many industries such as Automotive, Aviation
and Aerospace, Health Care, Medical devices industry, Financial,
Information and Technology. MATLAB, when combined with Simulink
as well as Stateflow, offers multi-domain simulation, automatic code
generation, with testing and verification of embedded systems. With
the help of MATLAB and its toolboxes, the development and
evaluation of algorithms become considerably fast.
MATLAB is an enormous tool with several toolsets embedded within
it. When one wants to start MATLAB modelling by relying on
information available on the Internet or different community
websites, it results in information overload, which raises questions
such as where to start from, how to proceed, what are the key
concepts of MATLAB, Simulink and Stateflow, etc. In this book, we
have addressed most of these questions with some real-world
examples.
As a novice reader, you will begin MATLAB learning journey by
setting up the Tool environment in the system. Then you will get
familiar with the History and Significant features of MATLAB. You will
be acquainted with MATLAB’s desktop user interface and basic
commands, and you will learn data visualization as well. Further, you
will explore Simulink with its key features, configuration settings,
and libraries. You will go through the stepwise approach to create
and simulate a simple Simulink model. You will explore advanced
modelling techniques such as custom libraries, model referencing
and subsystems. You will also learn about test environment creation
and model simulation. Later, you will explore Stateflow concepts
such as flow graph, hierarchical model, conditions, actions,
transitions, etc.
A person who is new to MATLAB and Simulink or wants to quickly
refresh her/his knowledge shall find this book useful. Students,
teachers, researchers as well as professionals shall benefit from it.
This book has been designed specifically for beginners to help them
understand the core features of MATLAB, Simulink and Stateflow.
After reading this book, the reader shall have a strong foundation of
fundamental concepts of the topics, from where she/he can continue
towards attaining an advanced level of expertise. Though it is not
mandatory, having basic programming skills will make the learning
process more efficient and enjoyable.
This book has been derived from our extensive knowledge and
strong experience working with industry leaders. The reader shall be
able to kick off the journey of MATLAB model-based design and
Simulation with this book due to its simple and engaging language.
This journey becomes more exciting with the problem-based
practical examples and useful tips covered in the book. Additionally,
this book will certainly be a great help to crack interviews and exams
based on MATLAB model-based development with Simulink, and
Stateflow.
The book is distributed among three key sections- MATLAB, Simulink
and Stateflow. It comprises of total 15 chapters covering various
topics under these sections, explained as follows:

Section 1: MATLAB
Chapter 1 Introduction to MATLAB takes readers through the
history and origin of MATLAB. This chapter sets the context of
MATLAB applications. It also describes its various industry products
and toolboxes used for them. It provides detailed information on the
scope of the book, the installation procedure of MATLAB and its
toolboxes. It also explains how to do an Environmental setup.
Readers shall also understand the benefits of choosing MATLAB over
traditional programming methods.
Chapter 2 MATLAB Desktop Interface deals with the MATLAB
desktop interface and its functions. It makes the readers familiar
with different layouts, Windows, Workspaces, toolbars, and
introduces to some key shortcuts and settings.
Chapter 3 MATLAB basics covers the fundamental concepts and
core elements of MATLAB. It covers variables, arrays, constants,
datatypes, functions, etc. to establish a strong foundation of building
blocks.
Chapter 4 Programming Basics, Control flow and
Visualization introduces readers to various visualization possibilities
available in MATLAB. It covers multidimensional Plots, Graphs, and
Scopes, Images etc. as well.

Section 2: Simulink
Chapter 5 Introduction to Simulink introduces the basic
features of Simulink, which are essential to begin Model
development. This chapter narrates a stepwise approach to creating
a simple Simulink model using basic blocks. It shall explain the
difference between traditional and Model based design. Here the
reader shall learn how to create a blank model, how to design and
implement a simple logic, how to update the model, and how to
simulate the model using commonly used sources and sinks.
Chapter 6 Simulink Editor with Environment informs the
reader about Simulink graphical editor, its toolstrip and menus as
well as overall basic set-up. It shall explain model creation with a
simple example. This chapter also deals with different approaches to
creating an environment/wrapper for the developed model. In this
chapter, the reader shall learn techniques that are helpful to simulate
and test the model.
Chapter 7 Library browser overview provides detailed
information about the classification of Simulink block sets. Important
library blocks shall be explained in brief with few examples, such as
Sources, Sinks, Math Operations, Logic & bit Operations, Continuous,
Discrete, Signal routing and Lookup tables.
Chapter 8 Configuration Parameter settings talks about model
configuration parameters and the options available under different
sub-panes- such as Solver settings, Data Import/Export, Math and
Datatypes Pane, and Diagnostics Pane. Before beginning with the
model development, it is helpful for the reader to be familiar with
the model configuration settings to be fully aware of the capabilities
of Simulink.
Chapter 9 Advanced modelling techniques-I explains advanced
modelling techniques that ease the model design process. In this
chapter, the reader shall understand custom libraries, usage of
masking for library development and some other custom approaches
towards efficient model development.
Chapter 10 Advanced modelling techniques-II explains
additional advanced modelling techniques that ease the model
design process even further. In this chapter, the reader shall
understand in detail the topics such as Subsystems, model
referencing Pane, Hardware Implementation Pane and Signal bus.

Section 3: Stateflow
Chapter 11 Getting started with Stateflow introduces vital
features for model development using Stateflow. It informs about
advantages and use cases where Stateflow is preferred over
Simulink. In this chapter, the reader shall get familiar with Stateflow
graphical editor, its properties and advantages over Simulink.
Chapter 12 Flow graph explains a stepwise approach to creating
a simple flow graph model using transitions and junctions. It shall
explain the nodes and connections used to implement a flow graph
with the help of logic-driven design examples.
Chapter 13 Statecharts and Hierarchical state model explores
Statecharts and its features. In this chapter, the reader shall get to
know about state machines, control flow and data flow between
state machines, characteristics and hierarchy of the State model.
Chapter 14 event based execution describes event-based
execution in Stateflow. In this chapter, the user shall understand
different types of events and functions. We will clarify the usage of
these events, function calls, functions, and truth table with the help
of examples.
Chapter 15 Stateflow parsing and debugging narrates the
parsing and debugging techniques applicable to Stateflow. In this
chapter, we will be talking about different types of debugging
options and the possibilities of deploying Breakpoints. The reader
shall learn how to use animation and observe data during simulation
to simplify debugging.
In this book, we have tried our best to provide information as
accurate as possible. However, we understand that “To err is
human”, hence we wish to ask for readers’ forgiveness in case of any
shortcomings. We request the readers to provide their valuable
feedback and suggestions on the book and we will incorporate them
in subsequent editions.
—Priyanka Chandrakant Patankar
—Swapnil Mukund Kulkarni
 Coloured Images
Please follow the link to download the
Coloured Images of the book:

https://rebrand.ly/omh0c8c
We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos
available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them
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Errata
We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow
best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with
an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are
our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon
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Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
prejudice against whatever was practised by illiterate persons,
without reflecting that, illiterate as they are, their employers are not
all so; and that, unless success attended their practices, they would
cease to be employed.
For the French mode, twitching, &c., vide Goodwin, Blaine, &c.

When a colt is to be gelded.—In the first or second week in June he

should be cut; and when recovered he should be turned out for the
summer.

“I would not operate,” says Mr. Percivall, “during the season of

changing the coat, nor even just prior to that period, from fear of
interrupting the process, or checking it altogether; neither would I
choose frosty or sultry weather: but, above all, it is advisable to
suspend the operation when the flies abound. If the subject have
passed the colt period of age, I would recommend a dose of
aperient medicine before the operation be undertaken, unless he
should be already living on green food.”

Each testicle should be taken out of the scrotum separately, by an

opening sufficiently large, when a ligature should be applied,
moderately tight only, around the spermatic chord, about an inch
and a half beyond its insertion into the testicle; the separation
should then be effected by the scalpel or knife, between the ligature
and testis. It is sometimes performed without the ligature, by
making the division of the chord with a red-hot knife, but the other
is the neatest and safest mode.

The castration of cats is sometimes practised to keep them from

roving, or to increase their size. For this purpose nothing more is
requisite than to make a slight opening on each side the scrotum, to
slip out the two testicles, and draw them away with the fingers. The
rupture alone of the spermatic chord prevents hæmorrhage in them,
and no future inconvenience is felt. It is often found difficult to
secure a cat for this operation; but it may be easily managed in two
ways:—one by putting the head and fore-quarters of the animal into
a boot; the other by rolling his whole body lengthways in several
yards of towelling; but the former is the most secure and simple, for
no animal is more intractable, as a surgical patient, than grimalkin:
though to administer medicines to a pig beats the cat hollow, as an
obstreperous operation.—Blaine—Nimrod—Percivall.

Castration, s. The act of gelding.

Casteril, or Castrel, s. A mean or degenerate kind

of hawk.

Cat, s. A domestic animal that catches mice.

The cat is a faithless domestic; though gentle and frolicsome when
young, they even then possess an innate cunning, and perverse
disposition, which age increases, and education only serves to
conceal.
The form and temperament of the cat’s body perfectly correspond
with his disposition; he is handsome, light, adroit, cleanly, and
voluptuous; he loves ease, and searches out the softest places for
rest and repose. The cat is very amorous. The passion of the female
continues nine or ten days, and commonly happens only twice a
year, in the spring and autumn, but sometimes three and even four
times. They go with young 55 or 56 days, and they usually have
from four to six at a litter. As the males are apt to devour their
progeny, the females commonly conceal themselves when they litter,
and if suspicious of a discovery, they carry their young ones away in
their mouths and hide them in holes or inaccessible places. After
suckling them a few weeks, the old one takes them mice or small
birds, to accustom them to eat flesh; but by an unaccountable
caprice, these very mothers so tender and careful, become
sometimes so cruel and unnatural, as to devour their offspring
themselves.
Cats are without docility, and their scent, which, in the dog is so
eminent a quality, is very indifferent, and therefore they hunt by the
eye only; neither do they properly pursue, but rather lie in wait and
attack the animals by surprise; and after having played with, and
tormented them a long time, they kill them without any necessity,
even when well fed, and in no want of prey to satisfy their appetites.
The most immediate physical cause of their inclination to seize other
animals by surprise, comes from the advantage they receive from
the particular formation of their eyes. The pupil in man, and many
other animals, is capable of a certain degree of contraction and
dilation; it enlarges a little when the light is faint, and contracts
when it becomes too strong; in cats and nocturnal birds, as owls,
&c., this contraction and dilation is so considerable that the pupil,
which in the dark is large and round, becomes in the day long and
narrow like a line; and therefore these animals see better in the
night than in the day. There is a perpetual contraction in the eye of
the cat during the day, and it is only by a great effort that he can
see in a strong light, whereas, in the twilight, the pupil resumes its
natural form; he sees perfectly, and profits from this superiority to
know, attack, and surprise his prey.
Cats have less attachment to persons than to houses. When taken to
the distance of a league or two they will return to their former abode
of their own accord. They fear water, cold, and bad smells; they love
to be in the sun, and to lie in warm places; they are very fond of
perfumes, and willingly allow themselves to be taken and caressed
by those who make use of them. They do not come to their full
growth in less than fifteen or eighteen months, but they are capable
of engendering before the end of the first year, and they can
procreate all their lives, which seldom exceeds eight or nine years;
they are notwithstanding, very lively and hardy, and more nervous
than most other animals which live longer.
The wild cat couples with the domestic one, and they consequently
form but one species. It is not uncommon for both males and
females to quit their houses, when they are proud to go into the
woods to seek wild cats, and afterwards return to their former
habitations; it is for this reason that some of our domestic cats so
entirely resemble the wild ones. The greatest difference between
them is internally, the intestines of the domestic cat being longer
than those of the wild cat, although the latter is much the largest
and strongest; his lips are also always black, his ears more stiff, his
tail larger, and his colour more uniform.
In general cats are not, like dogs, subject to degenerate when
transported into warm climates. Their nature is indeed more
constant, and as their domestic state is neither so entire, universal,
nor perhaps so ancient as that of the dog, it is not surprising that
they should have undergone less variation.

Besides this large and ferocious species, the warrens upon the coast
suffer much injury from the common cat becoming wild and
burrowing in the rabbit-holes. They are sometimes surprised and
shot in the sand-banks, or taken in traps; but they are generally too
wary to be approached—and hunting only by night, during the day
they sleep in their dens, and are rarely met abroad.
Some estimate of their numbers may be formed, from the
circumstance of five males having been killed in a herdsman’s
outhouse which joined the warren. They had been attracted there by
one of their own species, and the noise having alarmed the peasant,
he guessed the cause, and cautiously managed to stop the hole by
which they gained entrance, with a turf-cleave. Knowing the value of
the capture, he kept guard upon the prisoners till morning, and then
despatched information to the Lodge. My cousin, with his followers,
promptly repaired to the place, and surrounding the barn with guns
and greyhounds, bolted the wild cats successively, until the whole
number were despatched. This chassé was not only novel, but
profitable. After the death of their persecutors, the rabbits increased
prodigiously; but fears are entertained that these destructive animals
are become once more abundant in the sand-banks.

Cats are said, when they wash their faces, or when they seem
sleepy and dull, to foretel rain. The same is said of them when they
appear irritable and restless, and play with their tails.—Buffon—Wild
Sports—Foster.

Cataplasm, s. A poultice.

Cataract, s. An inspissation of the crystalline

humours of the eye; sometimes a pellicle that
hinders the sight.

Catarrh, s. A deduction of a sharp serum from the

glands about the head and throat.

Caterpillar, s. A worm sustained by leaves and

fruits.

Cathartic, s. A medicine to purge downwards.

Cathartics are a most important class of medicines, and of all
cathartics Barbadoes aloes is the best. Cathartics improve digestion
and chylification, by cleansing the intestines and unloading the liver,
and if the animal is afterwards properly fed, will improve his strength
and condition in a remarkable degree. Cathartics are always useful
when the appetite and digestion are bad, and this is known by a
voracious or depraved appetite, both for food and for water;
rumbling of the bowels, and a frequent discharge of wind from the
anus. This is the case in a remarkable degree with broken-winded
horses, and generally in such as have chronic cough, or are crib-
biters. They should not be given too strong or too frequently, as they
might thereby weaken instead of strengthening the digestive organs,
and produce the effect they were intended to remove. Cathartics
should always be made with soap, in the following manner, and
then, if given upon an empty stomach, they will be carried off, and
will not be dissolved until they get into the large bowels, where their
effect is intended to be produced: that is carrying off all the
excrementitious matter that may be lodged in them. When given in
this way they never produce sickness or pain in the stomach, but
always operate without pain or danger.
CATHARTIC BALL.

Barbadoes
aloes 5 dr.
powdered, to 1
from oz.
Hard soap 3 to 4
dr.
Ginger 1 dr.
Water 1 dr.
Oil of cloves 10
drops.
Beat the soap, oil of cloves, and water together in a mortar, so as to
form a paste; if necessary use more water. Add the powdered aloes
and ginger, and beat the whole into a ball.—White.
Cattle, s. Beasts of pasture, not wild or domestic.

Cauf, s. A chest with holes, to keep fish alive in

the water.

Cavisson, s. A head-stall provided with a nose-

band and ring, to which a long cord is
attached. The cavisson is used in the earlier
stages of horse-breaking.

Caustics, s. Medicaments which, by their violent

activity, and heat, destroy the texture of the
part to which they are applied.
The most powerful is the actual, or hot iron; but there are many
other caustics possessed of great strength, which speedily destroy
the parts to which they are applied. If a solid caustic is wanted,
nothing is more convenient than the lunar caustic (nitrate of silver).
Milder caustics are more frequently used; such as sulphate of
copper, red precipitate, (nitric oxide of mercury,) burnt alum, &c.
Strong caustics are employed to destroy unhealthy or diseased
parts; and for cleansing foul ulcers, so as to produce a healthy state,
and render them curable by more simple applications. Caustics,
divided into liquid and solid, are strong and mild. The mild are often
called escharotics.
SOLID CAUSTICS,
STRONG.
No. The red-hot
1. iron. (See
Firing.)
2. Pure potash
with lime.
3. Nitrate of
silver, or
lunar
caustic.
4. Nitrate of
copper.

MILD CAUSTICS,
SOLID.

No. Acetate of
1. copper, or
distilled
verdigris.
2. Sulphate of
copper, or
blue vitriol.
3. Red nitrated
quicksilver,
red
precipitate,
or nitric
oxide of
mercury.
4. Burnt alum.
5. Common
verdigris.
The mild require to be finely powdered and sprinkled on the ulcer;
and are sometimes mixed with digestive ointments to increase their
power.
STRONG CAUSTICS,
LIQUID.

No. The sulphuric and

1. nitrous acids,
which must be
used cautiously:
they may be
diluted with a
sufficiency of
water, to be
applicable to the
purpose required.
2. Nitrous acid 1
oz.
Quicksilver ½
oz.
Place them in a large gallipot, or open phial, and avoid the noxious
fumes which arise. When the quicksilver is perfectly dissolved, and
the mixture cold, it may be put into a phial and corked.
This is a strong and efficacious caustic; a certain remedy for the
foot-rot in sheep, and effectual in canker of the horse’s foot,
provided these complaints are properly managed in other respects.
It is formed with melted hog’s lard into a strong detergent ointment,
or diluted with water.
No. Nitrous acid
3. 1 oz.
Verdigris ½
oz.—
Mix.
This caustic is similar to the former, and applicable to the same
purposes.
No. Muriate of antimony,
4. or butter of
antimony.
5. Muriate of
quicksilver,
or
sublimate 1 dr.
Muriatic acid 2 dr.
This is a very powerful caustic, and always requires dilution. Yellow
arsenic mixed with lime and grease, or hog’s lard, is sometimes used
as a caustic to destroy warts, or cure fistula or poll-evil.
MILD CAUSTICS,
LIQUID.

No. Solution of
1. blue vitriol.
2. Any of the
stronger
caustics,
except
butter of
antimony,
diluted with
an equal
quantity, or
more, of
water.
3. Muriatic acid.
4. Muriate of
iron.—
White.
Cauterize, v. To burn with the cautery.

Cautery, s. Cautery is either actual or potential;

the first is burning by a hot iron, and the latter
with caustic medicines.

Caw, v. To cry as the rook or crow.

Cellular, a. Consisting of little cells or cavities.

Cement, s. The matter with which two bodies are

made to cohere.

Cerate, s. A plaster made of wax.

Cere, s. (Cera, Linn.) A term in ornithology for the

naked skin which covers the base of the bill, as
in the hawk kind.

Cerecloth, s. Cloth smeared over with glutinous

matter.
Certificate for killing Game, s. The legal authority
prescribed by act of parliament.
Penalty for shooting without, 20l.
To be taken out annually, in the parish or place where your assessed
taxes are paid—costs, 3l. 13s. 6d., and one shilling fee to the
collector.
Does not authorise unqualified persons to kill game, but exempts
them from the penalty of 20l., and leaves them subject to that of 5l.
for non-qualification, and also to that of 5l. a piece for every head of
game found in their possession.
For menial servants, hired as gamekeepers, costs, 1l. 5s., and a
shilling fee to the collector.
Persons, not menial servants, must have a three and a half guinea
certificate, and should have, also, the common gamekeeper’s
certificate, to hold a deputation.
When demanded by any assessor, collector, land owner,
commissioner, inspector, surveyor, occupier of land, also
gamekeeper, or other person, provided the two latter produce their
certificates, previously to requiring yours, penalty for refusing, 20l. If
you have not your certificate to produce, your name, and place of
abode, may be asked. All certificates expire on the 5th of April in
each year.
If you have not a certificate to produce at the time it is called for,
your Christian and surnames, and place of abode, may be demanded
by any assessor, &c. &c., (as before mentioned) and the penalty for
refusing them, or giving a false name, is 20l.

Cerulean, a. Blue, sky-coloured.

Chad, s. A sort of fish.

Chaffinch, s. A bird so called, because it delights in

chaff.
This bird is rather less than the sparrow. The bill is bluish; irides
hazel; the forehead black; crown of the head, back part, and sides of
the neck, bluish ash-colour; the cheeks, under side of the neck, and
breast, dull pink; back, chestnut-brown; rump greenish; belly, white,
tinged with pink; the bastard wing and coverts of the primary quills
are black; those of the secondary tipped with white; the smaller
coverts black and greyish, on which is a spot of white; the quill-
feathers dusky, slightly edged with greenish yellow on the outer
webs, marked with white on both webs at the base; tail dusky; the
exterior feather is obliquely marked with white, taking in the whole
of the outer web, the next is tipped with white; legs dusky.
The female is of a dull green above; the breast and belly of a brown
or dirty white; the wings have the same markings as the male, but
less brilliant.
This bird makes a most elegant nest of green moss, curiously
studded with lichen, interwoven with wool, and lined with feathers
and hair. It builds against the side of a tree, particularly in ivy, or in
some forked branch of a bush; but particularly in apple trees
overgrown with moss and lichen, and, like many other birds, adapts
the materials of its nest to the surrounding colour; an instinct of no
small importance.—Bewick.

Chain, s. A series of links fastened one within

another; a bond, a manacle; a fetter.
Chaise, s. A carriage either of pleasure or
expedition.

Chaldron, or Chaudron, s. A dry English measure of

coals, consisting of thirty-six bushels heaped
up. The chaldron should weigh two thousand
pounds.

Chalk, s. A white fossil, usually reckoned a stone,

but by some ranked among the boles.

Chalybeate, a. Impregnated with iron or steel.

Chambel of a Horse, s. The joint or bending of the

upper part of the hind leg.

Chamois, s. An animal of the goat kind, the skin of

which made into leather is called Shammy.
The chamois is a little larger than a goat, but much superior in
power and agility; the strongest man could not hold one of a month
old; they bound from precipice to precipice to a prodigious distance,
gaining the loftiest summits, and precipitating themselves from the
steepest rocks without fear. The chase of this animal occupies a
great part of the mountainous population, and many perish annually
in the hazardous pursuit.
Often the hunter, overtaken by a dark mist, loses himself amongst
the ice, and dies of cold and hunger; or the rain renders the rocks so
slippery, that he is not able to reascend them. In the midst of eternal
snows, braving all dangers, they follow the chamois frequently by
the marks of their feet; when one is perceived at a distance, the
hunter creeps along till within reach of his gun, which he rests on a
rock, and is almost always sure of his prey: thus the innocent beast,
which tranquilly feeds, perhaps enjoys the last moments of its happy
existence. But if his watchful eye perceives the enemy, as is often
the case, he flies from rock to rock, “timor addidit alas,” and the
fatigues of the pursuer begin, who traverses the snows, and climbs
the precipices, heedless of how he is to return. Night arrives, yet the
hopes of the morrow reassure him, and he passes it under a rock.
There, without fire, without light, he draws from his wallet a little
cheese and oaten bread, which he is obliged to break with a stone,
or with the hatchet he carries to cut his path in the ice. This repast
finished, he falls asleep on his bed of snow, considering what route
the chamois has probably taken. At break of day he awakens,
insensible to the charms of a beautiful morning, to the glittering rays
which silver the snowy summits of the mountains around him, and,
thinking only of his prey, seeks fresh dangers. Thus they frequently
remain many days in these horrible deserts, while their wives and
families scarcely dare to sleep, lest they should behold the spirits of
their dead husbands; for it is believed that a chasseur, after his
death, always appears to the person who is most dear to him, to
make known where lie his mangled remains, to beg the rites of
burial.

Champ, v. To bite with a frequent action of the

teeth; to devour.
Chance, s. Fortune, the cause of fortuitous events;
the act of fortune; accident; possibility of any
occurrence.

Chap, s. The upper or under part of a beast’s

mouth.

Char, s. A fish found chiefly in Winandermeer in

Lancashire.
The char is a most beautiful and excellent fish, and is a fish of prey.
They generally haunt deep cool lakes, and are seldom found at the
surface till late in autumn. When they are at the surface, however,
they will take either fly or minnow. I have known some caught in
both these ways, and have myself taken a char, even in summer, in
one of those beautiful, small, deep lakes in the Upper Tyrol, near
Nazereet; but it was where a cool stream entered from the
mountains, and the fish did not rise, but swallowed the artificial fly
under water. The char is always, in its colour, a very brilliant fish, but
in different countries there are many varieties in the tint. I do not
remember ever to have seen more beautiful fish than those of
Aussee, which, when in perfect season, have the lower fins and the
belly of the brightest vermilion, with a white line on the outside of
the pectoral, ventral, anal, and lower part of the caudal fin, and with
vermilion spots, surrounded by the bright olive shade of the sides
and back. The dorsal fin in the char has eleven spines, the pectoral
fourteen, the ventral nine, the anal ten, and the caudal twenty. I
have fished for them in many lakes, without success, both in
England and Scotland, and also amongst the Alps; and I am told the
only sure way of taking them is by sinking a line with a bullet and a
hook having a live minnow attached to it, in the deep water which
they usually haunt.—Davy.

Char, v. To burn wood to a black cinder.

Charadrius (Linn.) s. Plover, a genus thus

characterised:
Bill shorter than the head, slender, straight, compressed, nasal
furrow prolonged more than two-thirds; mandibles bulged towards
the tip. Nostrils at the base, jagged, slit lengthwise in the middle of a
large membrane, which covers the fosse. Legs long or of middle
length, slender, three toes directed forwards; the outer toe joined to
the middle one by a short membrane; the inner toe separate. Tail
slightly rounded or square. Wings of middle size, the first quill a little
shorter than the second, which is the longest in the wing.—Montagu.

Charcoal, s. Coal made by burning wood. Charcoal

poultices are sometimes used to remove the
fetid smell arising from greased heels.

Charge, v. To accuse; to command; to fall upon, to

attack; to load a gun.

Charge, s. Care, trust, custody; command,

commission; imputation; expense; onset; the
quantity of powder and ball put into a gun; a
preparation, or a sort of ointment applied to
the shoulder-splaits and sprains of horses.
Charges are plasters applied to the legs to remove windgalls and
lameness, previous to turning the horse out. Those in common use,
are—
1. Yellow rosin 2
oz.
Burgundy 4
pitch oz.
Barbadoes 2
tar oz.
Bees-wax 3
oz.
 Red lead 4
oz.

2. Yellow rosin 1
lb.
Bees-wax 8
oz.
Common 2
turpentine oz.
Armenian 4
bole, oz.
powdered —
Mix.
The first three are to be melted together, and then the latter is to be
added. The mixture is to be constantly stirred until sufficiently cold
to be applied; and if it prove too thick when cold, it may be softened
with a little oil or lard.

Charger, s. an officer’s horse.

Chariot, s. A carriage of pleasure, or state.

Charmer, s. One that has the power of charms, or

enchantments.
The Charmer.—That individuals have exercised a powerful and
unaccountable influence on the most unmanageable animals, by
means which still remain a mystery, is certain. The most remarkable
case on record, is that of an Irish blacksmith, who, by an
undiscovered agency, could subdue the most vicious horses. He
asserted, that this was effected by merely whispering in the animal’s
ear some potent spell, and hence he gained the title of the charmer.
This power over the most desperate horses was so often put to the
test, that all doubt is idle. He never refused to enter the stable of
horses that to all besides were unapproachable, and after a short
tête-à-tête, the animal would be found trembling and subdued, and
while every limb appeared convulsed with terror the charmer would
pass under his belly, lift his feet, or do any thing he was required. In
his repeated experiments upon the most savage horses, the charmer
never received any injury, or failed in subduing the animal.
Many attempts have been made to account for the means by which
this influence was obtained. The general belief was, that some
powerful drug was passed by the exorciser into the horse’s ear; but
by what means was he enabled to approach sufficiently close to a
furious brute to administer it?
It is singular that though the charmer was a miserable and poverty-
stricken wretch, no bribe could induce him to communicate the
charm—if it was one—and though immense sums of money were
offered, he carried the secret with him to the grave!

Chase, v. To hunt, to pursue; to drive.

Chase, s. Hunting, pursuit of anything as game;

fitness to be hunted; pursuit of something as
desirable; hunting match; the game hunted;
open ground stored with such beasts as are
hunted; the chase of a gun, is the whole bore
or length of a piece.
Chaser, s. Hunter, pursuer, driver.

Check, s. Restraint, curb; in falconry, when a hawk

forsakes the proper game to follow other birds;
the cause of restraint; a stop.
When hounds divide and are in two parts, the whipper-in must wait
for the huntsman’s halloo before he stops either. If there are many
scents, and it is quite uncertain which is the hunted fox, he should
stop those hounds that are the farthest down the wind, as they can
hear the others, and will reach them soonest.
When hounds are at a check, every one should be silent, and stand
still, the huntsman had better let the hounds alone, or content
himself with holding them forward, without taking them off their
noses.
If hounds come to a check on a high road, by the fox being headed,
in trying back they have the best chance of hitting off the scent
again, as they may try on both sides at once.—Beckford.—Daniel.

Checkmate, s. The movement on the chess-board,

that puts an end to the game.

Cheek, s. The side of the face below the eye; a

general name among mechanics for almost all
those pieces of their machines that are double.

Cherup, v. To chirp, to use a cheerful voice.

Chess, s. A nice and intricate game, in imitation of
a battle between two armies.
RULES FOR CHESS.

1. Move your pawns before your pieces, and afterwards bring out
the pieces to support them; therefore the king’s, queen’s and
bishops’ pawns should be the first played, in order to open the game
well.
2. Do not, therefore, play out any of your pieces early in the game,
because you thereby lose moves, in case your adversary can, by
playing a pawn, make them retire, and he also opens his game at
the same time: especially avoid playing your queen out, till your
game is tolerably well opened.
3. Avoid giving useless checks, and never give any unless to gain
some advantage, because you may lose the move, if the adversary
can either take or drive your piece away.
4. Never crowd your game by having too many pieces together, so
as to prevent your men advancing or retreating as occasion may
require.
5. If your game should be crowded, endeavour to free it by
exchanges of pieces or pawns, and castle your king as soon as
convenient; afterwards bring out your pieces, and attack the
adversary where weakest.
6. When the adversary plays out his pieces before his pawns, attack
them as soon as you can with your pawns, by which you may crowd
his game and make him lose moves.
7. Never attack the adversary’s king without a sufficient force; and if
he attack yours, and you cannot retaliate, offer exchanges; and
should he retire, when you present a piece to exchange, he may lose
a move. It also may sometimes be expedient to act in this manner in
case of other attacks.
8. Play your men in guard of one another, so that if any be taken,
the enemy may also be captured by that which guarded yours, and
endeavour to have as many guards to your piece, as your adversary
advances others upon it; and, if possible, let them be of less value
than those he assails with. When you cannot well support your
piece, see if by attacking one of his that is better, or as good, you
may not thereby save yours.
9. Never attack but when well prepared, for thereby you open your
adversary’s game, and prepare him to pour in a strong attack upon
you, as soon as your weaker one is over.
10. Never play till you have examined whether you are free from
danger by your adversary’s last move; nor offer to attack till you
have considered what harm he would be able to do you by his next
moves, in consequence of yours.
11. When your attack is in a prosperous way, never be diverted from
it by taking any piece, or other seeming advantage, your adversary
may purposely throw in your way, with the intent that, by your
taking the bait, he might gain a move which would make your
design miscarry.
12. When, in pursuing a well-laid attack, you find it necessary to
force your adversary’s defence, with the loss of some pieces; if, upon
counting as many moves forward as you can, you find a prospect of
success, sacrifice a piece or two to gain your end: these bold
attempts make the finest games.
13. Never let your queen stand so before the king, as that your
adversary, by bringing forwards a rook or a bishop, might check your
king if she were not there, for you could hardly save her, or perhaps
at best must sacrifice her for an inferior piece; as for example: place
the white king on 61, the queen on 53; the black king on 4, and the
rook, on 16: which last, if moved to 13, must be taken by the white
queen, who in return would be taken by the black king, because the
white queen could not otherwise be moved without putting the king
on check to the black rook.