Java Inter

Advanced Java Questions:

System Design / Java / Spring boot:

👉 For those who like h

#Books:
- Microservices Patterns
a
- Clean Architecture
- Database Internals s
h the hard parts
- Software Architecture:
- Head first Java t
👉 For those who like a
#Udemy:
h
(March month coupon g
a code link)
s
- Both Java + SpringBoot: https://lnkd.in/g5hnVYwZ
h
- Both LLD + HLD: https://lnkd.in/g9gG5F2B
t
a
- Only Java: https://lnkd.in/gNa-QYTn
g
- Only SpringBoot: https://lnkd.in/gS6cabf2

- Only LLD: https://lnkd.in/gSwdjA-4

- Only HLD: https://lnkd.in/gi7Qfqty

👉 Those who like learning from h

#youtube:
a
- Java YT Playlist:
https://lnkd.in/dUNA6vsU s
h
- Springboot YT Playlist: t
https://lnkd.in/gz2A5ih2
a
- LLD YT Playlist: g
https://lnkd.in/dJkgzKxf

- HLD YT Playlist:
https://lnkd.in/d8eDwYVA

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝟭: 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲

- Please tell me about your project and its architecture, Challenges faced?
- What was your role in the project? Tech Stack of project? why this stack?
- Problem you solved during the project? How collaboration within the team?
- What lessons did you learn from working on this project?
- If you could go back, what would you do differently in this project?

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝟰: 𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴-𝗕𝗼𝗼𝘁, 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗔𝗣𝗜

- Dependency Injection/IOC, Spring MVC
- Configuration, Annotations, CRUD
- Bean, Scopes, Profiles, Bean lifecycle
- App context/Bean context
- AOP, Exception Handler, Control Advice
- Security (JWT, Oauth)
- Actuators
- WebFlux and Mono Framework
- HTTP methods
- JPA
- Microservice concepts
- Spring Cloud

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝟱: 𝗛𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗲/𝗦𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴-𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗝𝗽𝗮/𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘀𝗲 (𝗦𝗤𝗟 𝗼𝗿 𝗡𝗼𝗦𝗤𝗟)

- JPA Repositories
- Relationship with Entities
- SQL queries on Employee department
- Queries, Highest Nth salary queries
- Relational and No-Relational DB concepts
- CRUD operations in DB
- Joins, indexing, procs, function

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝟲: 𝗖𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴
- DSA Related Questions
- Sorting and searching using Java API.
- Stream API coding Questions

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰 𝟳: 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗽𝘀 𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗼𝘆𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗧𝗼𝗼𝗹𝘀

- These types of topics are mostly asked by managers or leads who are heavily working on it,
That's why they may grill you on DevOps/deployment-related tools, You should have an
understanding of common tools like Jenkins, Kubernetes, Kafka, Cloud, and all.

𝗧𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝟴: 𝗕𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲

- The interviewer always wanted to ask about some design patterns, it maybe Normal design
patterns like singleton, factory, or observer patterns to know that you can use these in
coding.

Spring Security which every Java Spring Boot

1. Authentication – Verify User Identity

👉 Implement authentication using form login or Basic Auth.
👉 Use SecurityFilterChain instead of WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter (since Spring Security 6).
👉 Store passwords securely using BCryptPasswordEncoder.

2. Authorization – Restrict Access to Resources

👉 Define URL-based access using .authorizeHttpRequests().
👉 Secure methods with @PreAuthorize and @PostAuthorize.
👉 Apply the Principle of Least Privilege to grant minimal required access.

3. CSRF Protection – Prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery

👉 Enabled by default for stateful applications (e.g., form-based login).
👉 Disable for stateless APIs and use JWT or OAuth2 instead.
👉 Use CSRF tokens for form-based apps to prevent forged requests.

4. Password Encoding – Store Passwords Securely

👉 Always hash passwords using BCrypt, Argon2, or PBKDF2.
👉 Never store plaintext passwords in the database.
5. Security Context – Manage Authenticated Users
👉 Spring Security automatically tracks the logged-in user.
👉 Use SecurityContextHolder to retrieve authentication details.
👉 Avoid modifying security context manually unless necessary.

6. OAuth2 & OpenID Connect – Secure External Logins

👉 Integrate Google, GitHub, and other providers using Spring OAuth2.
👉 Always store access tokens securely and never expose client secrets.

7. JWT (JSON Web Tokens) – Stateless Authentication

👉 Use JWT instead of session-based authentication for microservices.
👉 Secure JWTs using HMAC or RSA signing and validate expiration.
👉 Store tokens in HTTP-only cookies, not in localStorage.

8. Security Filters – Process Requests Securely

👉 Spring Security uses filter chains to apply security rules.
👉 Add custom filters if needed (e.g., JWT validation, logging).

9. Method Security – Secure Individual Methods

👉 Use @EnableMethodSecurity instead of @EnableGlobalMethodSecurity.
👉 Apply @PreAuthorize("hasRole('USER')") for fine-grained access control

10. Session Management – Prevent Session Hijacking

👉 Enable session fixation protection and configure session timeouts.
👉 Use SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS for REST APIs.

11. Security Testing – Ensure Configurations Are Working

👉 Use Spring Security Test with @WithMockUser.
👉 Automate security testing for vulnerabilities.

Java Spring Boot Interview

1. Master Core Java Focus on Java 8+ features: Streams, Lambda expressions, Optional,
Functional Interfaces Understand Multithreading, Collections Framework, and Exception
Handling Be comfortable with OOP principles and SOLID design patterns

2. Spring Boot Fundamentals Understand Dependency Injection and how Spring Boot
simplifies it Learn about Spring Boot starters, configurations, and profiles Be familiar with
REST APIs, Controllers, and Service Layers

3. Spring Boot Advanced Topics Spring Security (JWT, OAuth) Spring Data JPA, Hibernate, and
database relationships Caching with Redis or EhCache Event-driven architecture (Kafka,
RabbitMQ)

4. Microservices & Cloud Deployment Design microservices with Spring Boot Understand API
Gateway (Spring Cloud Gateway, Zuul) Learn Docker, Kubernetes, and CI/CD (Jenkins, GitHub
Actions)

5. Performance & Optimization Profiling tools like JProfiler, VisualVM Caching strategies
Database query optimization

6. Practical Coding & System Design Solve DSA problems (Leetcode, CodeChef) Design
scalable systems with load balancing, caching, and DB sharding

7. Mock Interviews & Real-World Projects Practice with real-world Spring Boot applications Do
mock interviews or explain concepts to a friend

) Top 10 Essential Spring Boot Interview Concepts | Must-Know Topics for every Spring Boot
Developer: https://linktw.in/hmooIN

2) 10 Essential Spring Boot Scenario-Based Interview Questions: https://linktw.in/sPhpxK

3) Top 10 Essential Spring Boot Annotations for Interviews: https://linktw.in/GoMzdV

4) Java Multithreading Crash Course:

https://linktw.in/kLDryG

5) Java Streams in Depth (imp):

https://linktw.in/LrgfYU

6) JWT Authentication in Spring Boot and MongoDB:

https://linktw.in/fpqHSA

7) Achieving zero downtime:

https://linktw.in/OtzFFq

8) System Design masterclass:

https://linktw.in/UWROqql

9) Implement caching in Spring Boot:

https://linktw.in/sOqjDB

Make sure to read about these 20 key caching concepts before your interview 👇

1. Fundamentals of Caching: Types (In-Memory, Distributed, Persistent), Eviction Policies (LRU,

LFU, FIFO, ARC)

2. Cache Invalidation Strategies: Write-Through, Write-Behind, Lazy Loading, TTL

3. Spring Boot Caching Basics (@ Cacheable, @ CachePut, @ CacheEvict) and Providers

(Redis, Ehcache, Caffeine, Hazelcast)

4. Hibernate Caching Overview: First-Level vs. Second-Level Cache, Query Cache, and Their
Use Cases

5. Handling Stale Data in Hibernate Cache Due to External DB Updates and Using Event
Listeners for Cache Eviction

6. Redis Caching Basics: Key-Value Storage, Persistence (RDB, AOF), Expiry Policies

7. Redis Advanced Data Structures for Caching: Strings, Hashes, Lists, Sets, Sorted Sets
8. Redis Transactions and Pipelining: Optimizing Cache Writes

9. Redis Pub/Sub: Real-Time Messaging for Cache Invalidation Across Applications

10. Redis Cluster and Replication: Ensuring High Availability and Scalability

11. Redis Eviction Policies: LRU, LFU, Random, Noeviction Strategies

12. Redis LUA Scripting: Optimizing Batch Cache Operations

13. Redis Performance Optimization: Connection Pooling, Thread Tuning, Memory Optimization

14. Memcached vs. Redis: Key Differences and When to Use Each

15. Hazelcast and Apache Ignite: Distributed Caching, Near Cache, and In-Memory Data Grid
Features

16. Cache Synchronization Across Microservices: Challenges and Solutions Using Redis

17. Implementing Cache Refresh Jobs to Handle Stale Data Automatically

18. Best Practices for Distributed Caching in Java: Avoiding Cache Stampede, Thundering Herd
Problem

19. Optimizing Cache TTL: Balancing Performance and Data Freshness in Redis and Other
Caches

20. Monitoring and Debugging Caches: Redis Insight, Micrometer, Prometheus, and Grafana

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟏: 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐅𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

- Please tell me about your project and its architecture, Challenges faced?
- What was your role in the project? Tech Stack of project? why this stack?
- Problem you solved during the project? How collaboration within the team?
- What lessons did you learn from working on this project?
- If you could go back, what would you do differently in this project?

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟐: 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐉𝐚𝐯𝐚

- String Concepts/Hashcode- Equal Methods
- Immutability
- OOPS concepts
- Serialization
- Collection Framework
- Exception Handling
- Multithreading
- Java Memory Model
- Garbage collection

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟑: 𝐉𝐚𝐯𝐚 -𝟖/ 𝐉𝐚𝐯𝐚 -𝟏𝟏/ 𝐉𝐚𝐯𝐚 -𝟏𝟕

- Java 8 features
- Default/Static methods
- Lambda expression
- Functional interfaces
- Optional API
- Stream API
- Pattern matching
- Text block
- Modules

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟒: 𝐒𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤, 𝐒𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠-𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐭 𝐌𝐢𝐜𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐀𝐏𝐈

- Dependency Injection/IOC, Spring MVC
- Configuration, Annotations, CRUD
- Bean, Scopes, Profiles, Bean lifecycle
- App context/Bean context
- AOP, Exception Handler, Control Advice
- Security (JWT, Oauth)
- Actuators
- WebFlux and Mono Framework
- HTTP methods
- JPA
- Microservice concepts
- Spring Cloud

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟓: 𝐒𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠/𝐇𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐉𝐏𝐀/𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 (𝐒𝐐𝐋 𝐨𝐫 𝐍𝐨𝐒𝐐𝐋)

- JPA Repositories
- Relationship with Entities
- SQL queries on Employee department
- Queries, Highest Nth salary queries
- Relational and No-Relational DB concepts
- CRUD operations in DB
- Joins, indexing, procs, function

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟔 : 𝐂𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠
- DSA Related Questions
- Sorting and searching using Java API.
- Stream API coding Questions

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟕: 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐩𝐬 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐨𝐲𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐓𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐬

- These types of topics are mostly asked by managers or leads who are heavily working on it,
That's why they may grill you on DevOps/deployment-related tools, You should have an
understanding of common tools like Jenkins, Kubernetes, Kafka, Cloud, and all.

𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝟖: 𝐁𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞

- The interviewer always wanted to ask about some design patterns, it maybe Normal design
patterns like singleton, factory, or observer patterns to know that you can use these in
coding.

Watch Resources : Shrayansh Jain

1. Advantage of Spring boot over traditional Spring MVC: https://lnkd.in/gbHYBdFJ
2. What is Layered Architecture: https://lnkd.in/gdstJnet
3. Maven Lifecycle: https://lnkd.in/gjYygKX7
4. Spring boot REST API Annotations: https://lnkd.in/gGYpinzs
5. Bean Lifecycle & loC: https://lnkd.in/g6PCbj5U
6. Spring-Boot Roadmap: https://lnkd.in/dk6XiWJm

As a Full-Stack Engineer,

Please learn :

- Frontend + Backend – Be comfortable with both.

- Database Management – SQL & NoSQL, indexing, and query optimization.

- Authentication & Authorization – JWT, OAuth, Sessions.

- Scalability – Caching, Load Balancing, Microservices.

- DevOps Basics – CI/CD, Docker, Kubernetes, Infrastructure as Code (Terraform).

- System Design – Learn distributed systems and architectural patterns.

- Performance Optimization – API response time, database queries, and UI rendering.

- Security – Protect against SQL Injection, XSS, CSRF, and API security threats.

- Testing – Unit, integration, and end-to-end testing.

- Monitoring & Logging – Debugging production issues effectively.

- WebSockets & Real-Time Apps – Build chat apps, notifications, live updates.

- GraphQL & REST APIs – Know when and how to use them efficiently.

- Containerization & Orchestration – Master Docker & Kubernetes for deployment.

- State Management – Redux, Zustand, React Query for frontend apps.

- Event-Driven Architecture – Kafka, RabbitMQ, or AWS SQS for async communication.

- Mobile-Responsive Development – Make web apps work across all devices.

- Cloud Services – AWS, GCP, Azure – know the basics of cloud computing.

- Code Maintainability – Write clean, scalable, and modular code.

- Soft Skills – Communication, problem-solving, and collaboration are crucial.

Stop jumping between frameworks. Master core concepts.

As a backend engineer,

Please learn :

If you're a backend developer and want to move beyond just building CRUD APIs, it's time to
focus on high-impact backend skills that will make you stand out.

Here's what you should master:

1. Security: Protect Your Systems

A secure system is non-negotiable. Learn:
✔ Authentication & Authorization (OAuth 2.0, JWT)
✔ Encryption & Cryptography (AES, RSA)
✔ OWASP Top 10 (Common security risks & how to prevent them)
✔ Threat Detection (SEIM, IDS, IPS)
2. Performance: Make It Lightning Fast
Every millisecond counts. Optimize with:
✔ Caching Strategies (Redis, Memcached)
✔ Rate Limiting & Throttling (Prevent abuse & overload)
✔ Load Balancing (Distribute traffic efficiently)
✔ Chaos Engineering (Test system resilience)
✔ Fault Tolerance (Recover from failures gracefully)

3, Database Engineering: Query

Backend engineers who understand databases deeply have a huge advantage:
✔ Query Optimization & Indexing (Faster queries, better performance)
✔ Database Trade-offs (SQL vs NoSQL)
✔ Transactions & Isolation Levels (ACID principles)
✔ Sharding & Partitioning (Scaling databases effectively)

4. API Design: Build APIs Developers Love

Design APIs that are scalable, maintainable, and easy to use:
✔ OpenAPI 3.0 (Industry-standard API documentation)
✔ REST vs GraphQL (Choosing the right approach)
✔ Status Codes, Versioning & Pagination (Best practices)

5. Architecture & Paradigms: Choose the Right Structure

The right architecture makes or breaks a system:
✔ Monolith vs Microservices vs Modular Monolith
✔ Serverless vs Traditional Backend
✔ Concurrency, Parallelism & Multithreading
✔ Optimistic vs Pessimistic Locking (Handling data consistency)

6. Distributed Systems: Scaling

Modern backend systems are distributed. Learn:
✔ Microservices Patterns (SAGA, CQRS, Event Sourcing)
✔ Event-Driven Architecture (Kafka, RabbitMQ)
✔ gRPC & Protobuf (Faster, efficient communication)

7. DevOps: Deploy & Manage Systems

Being DevOps-aware helps backend engineers build better software:
✔ CI/CD Pipelines (Automate deployments)
✔ Containerization (Docker, Kubernetes)
✔ Understanding SLAs & Incident Management

8. Observability: Know What's Happening in Your System

✔ Logging, Monitoring & Tracing (ELK, Prometheus, Jaeger)
✔ Performance Profiling & Optimization
✔ Alerting & Incident Response

5 Blogs to Learn 25 Kubernetes Concepts:

1) Kubernetes Architecture: https://lnkd.in/gmRDrusm

2) POD Lifecycle: https://lnkd.in/g9cbpma4
3) etcd Setup: https://lnkd.in/guD6EeuY
4) etcd Locks: https://lnkd.in/gYbtKsK2
5) crashloopbackoff: https://lnkd.in/gyKyBRt2
6) OOMKilled: https://lnkd.in/gznwimNr
7) ImagePullBackOff: https://lnkd.in/gzCTSWRG
8) CreateContainerConfigError: https://lnkd.in/g6Z5TdBt
9) CreateContainerError: https://lnkd.in/gG_2nHb7
10) RunContainerError: https://lnkd.in/ggQcqi5t
11) Node Disk Pressure: https://lnkd.in/gu9eFiRw
12) Node Not Ready: https://lnkd.in/gksPqZYF
13) Pod Disruption Budget: https://lnkd.in/gNZNxewk
14) RBAC: https://lnkd.in/g2Pr_aA5
15) DNS Optimization: https://lnkd.in/gmNkjZeV
16) Kubernetes Controller: https://lnkd.in/gZ6pkzMt
17) pod.yaml Breakdown: https://lnkd.in/g7yhk_tS
18) Kubernetes Upgrades: https://lnkd.in/g3nwTgwA
19) KEDA vs Karpenter: https://lnkd.in/gED3Vypc
20) Operator vs Helm: https://lnkd.in/gSeg56ME
21) Kubernetes Air Gap: https://lnkd.in/gxxqWdEE
22) QoS Classes: https://lnkd.in/gr_QU8BN
23) Kubernetes CI/CD: https://lnkd.in/gpk_Et74
24) Deployment Strategies: https://lnkd.in/gdU_8A38
25) Security Contexts: https://lnkd.in/gNQizuFy

* Why is java platform independent?

Java is platform-independent because it compiles code into bytecode, which can run on any
device with a compatible Java Virtual Machine (JVM), regardless of the underlying hardware or
operating system. This allows Java programs to be written once and run anywhere, providing
consistent behavior across diverse computing environments.

* Types of the accessibility modifiers. explain each one of them?

Public: Allows access from any other class.

Protected: Allows access within the same package and by subclasses.
Default (Package-Private): Allows access only within the same package.
Private: Restricts access to only within the same class.

* Explain JVM architecture?

Method Area: This area stores class-level data such as method bytecode, field data, and static
variables.
Heap Area: It's the runtime memory area where objects are allocated. All objects created in
Java are stored in the heap, and memory management is handled by the garbage collector.
Stack Area: Each thread in Java has its own stack, which stores method invocation frames. It
keeps track of method calls, local variables, and partial results. Stack memory is used for
method execution and is cleared once the method completes.
Program Counter (PC) Registers: Each thread in Java has its own PC register, which holds the
address of the currently executing bytecode instruction.

* Explain Class Loaders in the JVM/Java?

The Java Class Loader Subsystem is responsible for loading classes into memory as they are
referenced by the program. It consists of three main components:
Bootstrap Class Loader: Responsible for loading core Java classes that are part of the Java
Runtime Environment (JRE). These classes include fundamental classes like java.lang.Object
and java.lang.String.
Extension Class Loader: Loads classes from the extensions directory (jre/lib/ext) of the Java
installation. These are additional libraries or extensions that provide functionality beyond the
core Java runtime.
Application Class Loader: Also known as the System Class Loader, it loads classes from the
class path, which includes directories and JAR files specified by the user. It's responsible for
loading application-specific classes and resources.
Together, these class loaders work to dynamically load classes into memory as needed,
allowing Java programs to access and utilize the required classes at runtime.

* What is the class in java?

A Java class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the structure and behavior of objects
by specifying attributes (fields) and methods

* What is Object in Java?

Java object is an instance of a class that combines data and behavior of a class.

*.What are the differences between HashMap, TreeMap, and LinkedHashMap in Java, and
when would you use each one?
A: Discuss the performance characteristics of each map (e.g., time complexity
for get() and put()), order of elements, and real-world use cases. Consider how the underlying
data structures (hash table, red-black tree, and linked list) affect performance and ordering.
- https://medium.com/@AlexanderObregon/exploring-the-world-of-java-maps-hashmap-
linkedhashmap-and-treemap-6c12297063f6

* How does Java’s garbage collector work, and what are some techniques to optimize garbage
collection in large-scale applications?
A: Delve into different garbage collection algorithms (e.g., Serial, Parallel, G1), heap
management, and JVM flags that control GC behavior. Discuss how to minimize GC pauses
and avoid common pitfalls, like creating too many short-lived objects or large object
allocations.
- https://medium.com/@AlexanderObregon/understanding-javas-garbage-collection-bc141a2ef31f

* What are some best practices for exception handling in Java, and how can you avoid
common pitfalls like swallowing exceptions or overusing checked exceptions?
A: Discuss the importance of meaningful exception messages, proper use of try-catch-finally,
and when to use checked vs. unchecked exceptions. Touch on the performance overhead of
exceptions and how excessive use of checked exceptions can lead to verbose code.
- https://medium.com/@ShantKhayalian/mastering-java-exception-handling-a-comprehensive-guide-
for-developers-c31cef921d75

* Explain the concept of classloaders in Java and how they work with the JVM to load classes
dynamically at runtime.
A: Discuss the role of class loaders (BootstrapClassLoader, ExtensionClassLoader,
and SystemClassLoader), the delegation model, and how custom classloaders can be
implemented. Touch on the implications for security and memory management in enterprise
applications.
- https://medium.com/@fullstacktips/what-are-class-loaders-and-different-types-of-class-loaders-in-
java-e12f05821bc2

* What is the difference between the final, finally, and finalize keywords in Java?
- https://medium.com/@sharma0purnima/understanding-final-finally-and-finalize-in-java-
29b19eb17519

* Explain the concept of autoboxing and unboxing in Java with an example.

- https://naveen-metta.medium.com/autoboxing-and-unboxing-in-java-demystifying-the-magic-
28fcf0d4204e

* What is the difference between the String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer classes?
- https://medium.com/@salvipriya97/string-vs-stringbuilder-vs-stringbuffer-which-one-to-choose-
4308dbcc3022

* What are the advantages of using an enum in Java?

- https://www.baeldung.com/a-guide-to-java-enums

* How does Java handle memory management with references (strong, weak, soft, phantom)?
- https://medium.com/@psdevraye/memory-management-in-java-interview-questions-and-answers-
abaa826aec61

* What is the difference between Runnable and Callable in Java?

* How does the synchronized keyword work in Java, and when should you use it?
* What is the role of ExecutorService in managing threads in Java?

Collections Framework
How do you perform sorting in a Java collection?
Explain the differences between TreeSet and HashSet in Java.
What is the purpose of the ConcurrentHashMap in Java, and how does it differ from HashMap?
JVM Internals
Can you explain the role of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in executing Java programs?
What are Java’s different memory areas (heap, stack, method area, etc.), and what are their
purposes?
What is the purpose of the native keyword in Java, and when should it be used?

- String Concepts/Hashcode- Equal Methods

- Immutability
- OOPS concepts
- Serialization
- Collection Framework
- Multithreading
- Default/Static methods
- Lambda expression
- Functional interfaces
- Optional API
- Stream API
- Pattern matching
- Text block
- Modules

1. Which Java collection would you use to store invoices for fast lookup by invoiceId? Why?
2. How to remove duplicate invoices from a list?
5. How to sort invoices by date? Which collection would you use?
6. What is the difference between a HashSet and a TreeSet? When would you use each?
7. Why is HashMap preferred for storing invoices with invoiceId as the key?
8. What is the time complexity of put(), get(), and remove() operations in a HashMap?
9. What is the impact of choosing a bad hash function for invoice IDs in a HashMap?
10. Which collection would you use to maintain invoices in sorted order by date?
11. How does TreeSet ensure sorting? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
12. How can you group invoices by partnerId using a Map?
13. Can a HashMap store multiple invoices under the same partnerId? If so, how?
14. How to implement sorting of invoices using Comparator and Comparable?

Junior
* Name some of the characteristics of OO programming languages
* What are the access modifiers you know? What does each one do?
* What is the difference between overriding and overloading a method in Java?
* What’s the difference between an Interface and an abstract class?
* Can an Interface extend another Interface?
* What does the static word mean in Java?
* Can a static method be overridden in Java?
* What is Polymorphism? What about Inheritance?
* Can a constructor be inherited?
* Do objects get passed by reference or value in Java? Elaborate on that.
* What’s the difference between using == and .equals on a string?
* What is the hashCode() and equals() used for?
* What does the interface Serializable do? What about Parcelable in Android?
* Why are Array and ArrayList different? When would you use each?
* What’s the difference between an Integer and int?
* What is a ThreadPool? Is it better than using several “simple” threads?
* What the difference between local, instance and class variables?

Mid
* What is reflection?
* What is dependency injection? Can you name a few libraries? (Have you used any?)
* What are strong, soft and weak references in Java?
* What does the keyword synchronized mean?
* Can you have “memory leaks” on Java?
* Do you need to set references to null on Java/Android?
* What does it means to say that a String is immutable?
* What are transient and volatile modifiers?
* What is the finalize() method?
* How does the try{} finally{} works?
* What is the difference between instantiation and initialisation of an object?
* When is a static block run?
* Why are Generics are used in Java?
* Can you mention the design patterns you know? Which of those do you normally use?
* Can you mention some types of testing you know?

Senior
* How does Integer.parseInt() works?
* Do you know what is the “double check locking” problem?
* Do you know the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
* How is a StringBuilder implemented to avoid the immutable string allocation problem?
* What does Class.forName method do?
* What is Autoboxing and Unboxing?
* What’s the difference between an Enumeration and an Iterator?
* What is the difference between fail-fast and fail safe in Java?
* What is PermGen in Java?
* What is a Java priority queue?
* *s performance influenced by using the same number in different types: Int, Double and
Float?
* What is the Java Heap?
* What is daemon thread?
* Can a dead thread be restarted?

comprehensive list of Java Collection Framework topics, categorized for better understanding:

Core Collection Concepts

Introduction to Java Collection Framework
Differences between Collection and Collections
Collection vs. Map
List, Set, Queue, and Map – When to use what?

List Implementations (Ordered & Indexed Collections)

ArrayList (Dynamic Array, Fast Read, Slow Insert/Delete)
LinkedList (Doubly Linked List, Fast Insert/Delete, Slow Random Access)
Vector (Thread-Safe, Legacy Collection)
Stack (LIFO Data Structure, Extends Vector)

Set Implementations (Unique Elements, No Duplicates)

HashSet (Unordered, Uses HashMap Internally)
LinkedHashSet (Maintains Insertion Order)
TreeSet (Sorted Set, Uses Red-Black Tree)

Map Implementations (Key-Value Pairs, No Duplicate Keys)

HashMap (Fast, Unordered, Allows One null Key)
LinkedHashMap (Maintains Insertion Order)
TreeMap (Sorted, Uses Red-Black Tree)
IdentityHashMap (Uses Reference Equality Instead of equals())
WeakHashMap (Garbage Collection of Unused Keys)
ConcurrentHashMap (Thread-Safe, High Performance)

Queue Implementations (FIFO Collections, Used in Task Scheduling)

PriorityQueue (Heap-based, Elements Sorted by Natural Order or Comparator)
ArrayDeque (Efficient Stack & Queue Implementation)
LinkedBlockingQueue (Thread-Safe Blocking Queue)
PriorityBlockingQueue (Thread-Safe, Supports Priority-Based Processing)

Advanced Concepts in Collections

Sorting Collections (Collections.sort(), List.sort(), Comparator, Comparable)
Fail-Fast vs. Fail-Safe Iterators
Iterator, ListIterator, and Enumeration Differences
ConcurrentModificationException and How to Handle It
Immutable Collections (List.of(), Set.of() – Java 9+)
CopyOnWriteArrayList & CopyOnWriteArraySet (Thread-Safe Collections)
BlockingQueue & Deques for Multi-Threaded Environments

Performance & Memory Optimization

How HashMap Works Internally (Hashing, Buckets, Load Factor, Collision Handling, Rehashing)
Why HashSet is Faster than TreeSet?
Time Complexity of Collection Operations
Memory Efficient Collections (EnumSet, BitSet)
Best Practices for Optimizing Collection Performance

Streams & Functional Operations on Collections

Processing Collections Using Streams (map(), filter(), reduce())
Grouping & Partitioning with Collectors.groupingBy()
Parallel Streams for Large Data Processing
 Custom Implementations & Real-World Use Cases
Implementing a Custom HashMap
Implementing LRU Cache using LinkedHashMap
Designing a Thread-Safe Collection

Interview-Specific Topics
ArrayList vs. LinkedList – Performance & Internal Working
HashMap vs. ConcurrentHashMap – Thread-Safety Mechanisms
Sorting a Custom Object List Using Comparator
Finding Duplicates in a List Using Set
Implementing a Producer-Consumer Model Using BlockingQueue
This structured list will help you systematically master Java Collections and prepare for
interviews, real-world development, and performance optimisation.