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C_Programming_Full_Notes

This document provides an overview of C programming, covering its introduction, data types, operators, control statements, functions, pointers, structures, file handling, dynamic memory allocation, and preprocessor directives. It includes code examples for each topic to illustrate key concepts. The notes serve as a concise guide for understanding the fundamentals of C programming.

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727821TUEC009 AISHWARYA T.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

C_Programming_Full_Notes

This document provides an overview of C programming, covering its introduction, data types, operators, control statements, functions, pointers, structures, file handling, dynamic memory allocation, and preprocessor directives. It includes code examples for each topic to illustrate key concepts. The notes serve as a concise guide for understanding the fundamentals of C programming.

Uploaded by

727821TUEC009 AISHWARYA T.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C Programming Notes - Aishu

1. Introduction to C
C is a powerful general-purpose programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie.
It is widely used for system programming, developing operating systems, and embedded systems.

Basic structure:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}

2. Data Types and Variables


Primary data types: int, float, char, double.
int a = 10;
float b = 5.5;
char c = 'A';
double d = 3.14159;

3. Operators in C
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
int a = 10, b = 3;
printf("%d", a % b); // 1

Relational: >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=


Logical: &&, ||, !
Assignment: =, +=, -=, *=, /=
Increment/Decrement: ++, --
Bitwise: &, |, ^, <<, >>
Example:
int x = 5, y = 3;
printf("%d", x & y); // 1

4. Control Statements
if, if-else, nested if, switch-case, loops

Example:
if (a > b) printf("A is greater");
else printf("B is greater");

Loop example:
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("%d ", i);
}

5. Functions
Functions modularize code.
Syntax:
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int main() {
int result = add(2, 3);
printf("%d", result);
}

6. Pointers
Pointer stores address of a variable.
int a = 10;
int *p = &a;
printf("%d", *p); // prints 10

Pointer to pointer:
int **pp = &p;
printf("%d", **pp);

7. Structures and Unions


Structure:
struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[20];
};

struct Student s1 = {101, "Aishu"};

Union (shares memory):


union Data {
int i;
float f;
};

8. File Handling
FILE *fptr = fopen("file.txt", "w");
fprintf(fptr, "Hello!");
fclose(fptr);

Reading:
fptr = fopen("file.txt", "r");
char ch = fgetc(fptr);
while (ch != EOF) {
putchar(ch);
ch = fgetc(fptr);
}

9. Dynamic Memory Allocation


malloc, calloc, realloc, free
int *ptr = (int*) malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
ptr[0] = 10;

ptr = realloc(ptr, 10 * sizeof(int));


free(ptr);

10. Preprocessor Directives


#define PI 3.14
#define SQUARE(x) ((x)*(x))
printf("%f", PI);
printf("%d", SQUARE(5));

#ifdef DEBUG
printf("Debug mode");
#endif

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