Chapter 2

Equations,
Inequalities, and
Applications

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1

 Section 1.9
Grouping Symbols
Simplify by Removing Grouping Symbols
Many expressions use grouping symbols such as
parentheses, bracket, and braces.
The innermost parentheses
3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)] are always removed first.

Simplify. 3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)]

3x + 5[2 – 7(y + 2)] = 3x + 5[2 – 7y – 14]

= 3x + 5[– 7y – 12]
= 3x – 35y – 60

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2

 Section 2.2
The Multiplication Principle of Equality
Multiplication Principle
If both sides of an equation are multiplied by the same nonzero
number, the results on both sides are equal in value.
Solve for w.We need to find the value of w.

Multiplying both sides of the equation by 7/1 will maintain the

balance of the equation.

w = 21 Solution to
the equation.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3

 Division Principle of Equality
Division Principle
If both sides of an equation are divided by the same nonzero
number, the results on both sides are equal in value.
Solve for z. 21z = –273

Dividing both sides of the equation by 21

will maintain the balance of the equation.

z = −13
÷ 21 ÷ 21
Left side Right side
Solution to the equation
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4
 Section 2.3
Using the Addition and Multiplication
Principles Together
Solve for w. 3w − 9 = −24
3w − 9 + 9 = −24 + 9 Use the addition principle to
add 9 to both sides of the
3w = −15 equation.

Use the division principle to

divide both sides of the equation
by 3.
w = −5
Check your answer in
3(−5) − 9 = −24 the original equation.
−15 − 9 = −24
−24 = −24 ✔
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5
 Example
Solve for w. 3w − 9 = −24
3w − 9 + 9 = −24 + 9 Use the addition principle to
add 9 to both sides of the
3w = −15 equation.

Use the division principle to

divide both sides of the equation
by 3.
w = −5
Check your answer in
3(−5) − 9 = −24 the original equation.
−15 − 9 = −24
−24 = −24 ✔
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6
 Section 2.4
Solving Equations with Fractions
Solutions
There are some cases where an equation has no solution at
all.
An equation may also have an infinite number of solutions.

– 1 + 5(y – 2) = 12y + 3 – 7y
– 1 + 5y – 10 = 12y + 3 Distribute to remove the parentheses.
– 7y Combine like terms.

Subtract 5y from both sides.

– 11 = 3
This equation has no solution.
False!

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7

 Example
Solve for z.
7(z + 4) – 10 = 3z + 20 + 4z – 2
Distribute to remove the parentheses.
7z + 28 – 10 = 3z + 20 +
4z –7z2 + 18 = 7z + 18 Combine like terms.

Subtract 7z from both sides.

18 = 18
Always true.

This equation has an infinite number of solutions.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8

 Section 2.5
Translating English Phrases into Algebraic
Expressions
English Phrase Represented by
greater than increased by
more than added to sum of +

less than decreased by

smaller than fewer than
shorter than difference of -

multiplied by or
product of times x or *

divided by ratio or
quotient of ÷ or /

Is, was, has, costs

Equals, represents =
amount to

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9

 Example
Write each English phrase as an algebraic
expression.
a. Twelve more than a number
12 + x
b. Eight less than a number
x–8
b. Six less than one-third of the sum of a number
and four

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10

 Example
An expression may be written for several quantities
using the same variable.
“The necklace costs $45 more than the bracelet.”

Let b = the cost of the bracelet.

Let b + 45 = the cost of the necklace.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11

 Example
An expression may be written for several
quantities using the same variable.
“The necklace costs $45 more than the
bracelet.”

Let b = the cost of the bracelet.

Let b + 45 = the cost of the necklace.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12

 Section 2.8

Solving
Inequalities in
One Variable

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13

 Inequalities
An inequality is a statement that describes
how two numbers are related to one another.
Smaller numbers are on the left.

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

–4 < –1 –1 > –4
“is less than”
“is greater than”
3 < 10
4 > –3
–2 < 4
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14
 Example
In each statement, replace the question mark
with the symbol.
a. 7 ? –1 b. –4 ? 2 c. 0 ? –5
a. 7 > –1 Use >, since 7 is to the right of –1 on the
number line.

b. –4 < 2 Use <, since –4 is to the left of 2 on the number

line.

c. 0 > –5 Use >, since 0 is to the right of –5 on the

number line.
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15
 Graphing an Inequality
Any number that makes an inequality true is called a
solution of the inequality.

The set of all numbers that makes the inequality true is

called the solution set.
x≤3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

A closed circle is used to show that the endpoint is

included in the answer. The symbols ≥ and ≤ will use
a closed circle.
Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16
 Graphing an Inequality

x<5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

An open circle is used to show that the endpoint is

NOT included in the answer. The symbols > and < will
use an open circle.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17

 Example
State each mathematical relationship in
words and then graph it.
a. x < –4 x is less than –4

b. x ≥ –3 x is greater than or equal to –3

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18

 Example
State each mathematical relationship in
words and then graph it.
c. –1 < x x is greater than –1

d. x is less than or equal to –1/2

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19

 Example
Translate each English statement into an
algebraic statement.

a. To achieve a passing grade in her class,

Patty must get at least an 80% on her
final. x ≥ 80
b. Fewer than 200 students were able to
attend the assembly.
x < 200

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20

 Procedure for Solving
Inequalities

You may use the same procedure to solve

inequalities that you used to solve
equations except that the direction of the
inequality is reversed if you multiply or
divide both sides by a negative number.

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 21

 Example
Solve and graph. 3x + 7 ≥ 13

3x + 7 – 7 ≥ 13 – 7
3x ≥ 6

x≥2

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22

 Example
Solve and graph. 5 – 3x > 7

–3x > 2

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 23

 Example
Solve and graph.

Continued

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 Example (cont)

Copyright © 2017, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 25