MATRICES

A matrix is a branch of Mathematics (algebra) which deal with the arrangement of numerical
information in rows and columns.
COLUMN
This is the vertical arrangement of numerical information.
ROWS
This is the horizontal arrangement of numerical information.
Note:
Matrix is always named by capital letter and its members are named (represented) by small
letters.
𝑎 𝑏
i. 𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
ii. 𝐵 = (𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 )
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏:
The table below shows the number of students at ILBORU HIGH SCHOOL
Form I II III IV
Stream
A 40 37 35 33
B 40 35 36 45
Represent the above information in matrix form

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Let 𝑀 be the matrix of the number of students at ILBORU HIGH SCHOOL
40 37 35 33
𝑀=( )
40 35 36 45

In this case rows represents streams and column represent respective form.

ORDER OF A MATRIX
The order of matrix is determined by counting first the number of rows followed by
the number of columns.
Let 𝑚 represent the number of rows and 𝑛 represent the number of columns; then
the order of the matrix is 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 (read by 𝑚 by 𝑛).
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐:
Determine the order of each matrix in the following givenbelow;
𝑎 𝑏
i. 𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
The matrix has order of 2 𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
ii. 𝐵=( )
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
The matrix has order of 2 𝑥 3

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
iii. 𝐶=( 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓)
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
The matrix has order of 3 𝑥 3

Note:
1. All matrices that have only one row are called ROW MATRICES while
those with only one column are called COLUMN MATRICES.

Example 3:
i. 𝐾 = (1 3 −2)
This is 1 𝑥3 row matrix

ii. 𝐿 = (−3 4)
This is 1 𝑥2 row matrix

iii. 𝑀 = (5 3 4 2)
This is 1 𝑥4 row matrix

1
iv. 𝑅=( )
2
This is 2 𝑥1 column matrix

−3
10
v. 𝑄= 2
11
(7)
This is 5 𝑥1 column matrix
2. All matrices which have equal number of columns and rows are called
Square matrices.

Example 4:
3 6
i. 𝑁=( )
5 5
ii. This is 2 𝑥2 square matrix
 3 6 2
iii. 𝑃 = (7 1 −2)
6 4 3
This is 3 𝑥3 square matrix

SPECIAL MATRICES
1. ZERO (NULL) MATRIX
This is the matrix which has all its members zeros
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟓:
0 0 0
𝐴 = (0 0 0 )
0 0 0

2. IDENTITY MATRIX
This is the matrix such that all of its member in the leading diagonal are one and zeros
elsewhere. The identity matrix must be a square matrix
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟔:
1 0
𝐴= ( )
0 1
1 0 0
𝐵 = (0 1 0 )
0 0 1
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆:
If 𝑎 is an element in matrix 𝐴, it occupies a specific position described by its row (𝑖) and
column (𝑗) as follows:
𝐴𝑚𝑛 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ), for 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯ 𝑚 and 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, ⋯ 𝑛

Foristance:
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐴 = (𝑎 𝑎22 )
21
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐵 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
OPERATION ON MATRICES
These are
i. Addition
ii. Subtraction
iii. Multiplication
ADDITION
The addition of matrices is possible if the matrices have the same order.
Foristance:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ
Then
𝑎+𝑒 𝑏+𝑓
𝐴+𝐵 =( )
𝑐+𝑔 𝑑+ℎ
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟕:
Given the following matrices
−1 3
4 −4 2
𝑃=( ) 𝑄=( 3 ) 𝑅=( ) 𝑆 = (5) 𝑈 = (9 −6)
7 0 1
10 7
5 2 5 7 8
−4 2 −4 −7
𝑉 = (11 32 3) 𝑊 = (0 1) 𝑋=( ) 𝑌=( )
−9 1 1 8
1 0 0 5 3
6 4
𝑍=( )
2 8
a) Which matrices can be added together
b) Find the sum of those that can be added together.
PROPERTIES
i. The addition of matrices is commutative
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴

ii. The addition of matrices is associative

𝑖. 𝑒 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶 )

iii. The additive identity matrix

𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 where 𝑂 is a zero matrix

iv. Additive inverse matrix

𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = (−𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑂 where 𝑂 is a zero matrix and (−𝐴) is the
additive inverse of 𝐴
SUBTRACTION
The subtraction of matrices is possible if the matrices have the same order.
Foristance:

𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ
Then

𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
𝐴−𝐵 =( )−( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ

𝑎−𝑒 𝑏−𝑓
=( )
𝑐−𝑔 𝑑−ℎ

PROPERTIES
i. Subtraction of matrices is not Commutative
ii. Subtraction of matrices is not Associative

MULTIPLICATION
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX
𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝑡 is any real number (Scalar) then;
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑡𝑎 𝑡𝑏
𝑡 𝑥 𝐴 = 𝑡𝐴 = 𝑡 ( ) =( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑡𝑐 𝑡𝑑

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟖:
Given that
0 1 5 3
𝑃=( ) and 𝑄 = ( )
−2 3 −4 1
Find the value of;
1
a) 3𝑃 + 2 𝑄
b) 2𝑄 − 𝑃

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
In multiplying two matrices, the necessary condition is that the number of columns in pre
multiplier (first matrix) should be equal to the number of rows in post multiplier (second
matrix).
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: If the order of matrix 𝐴 is 𝑚 𝑥 𝑝 and that of 𝐵 is 𝑝 𝑥 𝑛 then the order of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛.
Foristance:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑒 𝑓
Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 ℎ
Then

𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎𝑒 + 𝑏𝑔 𝑎𝑓 + 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 = ( ) 𝑥 ( ) = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑐𝑒 + 𝑑𝑔 𝑐𝑓 + 𝑑ℎ

PROPERTIES
i. The matrices multiplication is not commutative
𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝐵 ≠ 𝐵𝐴

ii. The matrices multiplication is associative

𝑖. 𝑒 (𝐴 𝐵) 𝐶 = 𝐴 (𝐵 𝐶 )

iii. The multiplicative identity matrix

𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐴 where 𝐼 is an identity matrix

iv. Multiplicative inverse matrix

𝑖. 𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is an identity matrix and 𝐵 is the inverse of 𝐴

v. Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition

𝑖𝑒 𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟗:
1 2 −5 1 2 −1
Given matrix 𝐴 = ( ) 𝐵=( ) 𝐶=( )
3 4 0 2 9 4
1 4
𝐷 = (−1 5)
3 3
a) Find the value of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴
b) Find the value of 𝐴(𝐵𝐶) and that of (𝐴𝐵)𝐶
c) Comment on the results obtained in (a) and (b) above
GROUP ASSIGNMENT (Collection 25/11 up to 12:00 Noon)
1. Given the following matrices
−1
4 −4 2
𝑃=( ) 𝑄=( 3 ) 𝑅=( ) 𝑈 = (9 −6)
7 0 1
10
5 2 5 7 8
2 −4 −7
𝑉 = (11 32 3) 𝑊 = (0 1) 𝑋=( )
1 1 8
1 0 0 5 3
a) Which matrices among the above can be multiplied together (Give at least 12 pairs)
b) Find the value of 𝑊𝑋, 𝑉𝑊 and 𝑈𝑅
c) Give the order that we expect to have in RX, WR, XV, WX and XW (Note: without
carrying out its calculation).

2. Prove distributive property using matrices 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 of 𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 9 above.

3. Given 𝐴𝑚𝑛 = (𝑎𝑖𝑗 ) where 𝑚 = 3 and 𝑛 = 2, write a matrix 𝐴 with 𝑎22 = 4,

𝑎32 = −5 and 1 elsewhere.

𝑝 𝑞 1 0
4. 4. Given that 𝐴 = (𝑎 𝑏), 𝐵 = ( ) and 𝐼 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 0 1
If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼, prove that:
𝑑 −𝑏 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑝 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐, 𝑞 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐, 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 and 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
A: FOR 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 MATRICES
This is the difference between the product of members found in the leading diagonal and
the product of members found in the main diagonal. The determinant of a matrix is
denoted by | | or △
Foristance:
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟎
Find the determinant of the following matrix
2 4
𝐴=( )
1 3
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
|𝐴| = (2𝑥3) − (4𝑥1)
= 6−8
= −2
∴ |𝐴| = −2

B: FOR 3x3 MATRIX

Consider the matrix below;
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐴 = (𝑎 2 𝑏2 𝑐2 )
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑏 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2
|𝐴| = 𝑎1 | 2 | − 𝑏1 |𝑎 𝑐3 | + 𝑐1 |𝑎3 |
𝑏3 𝑐3 3 𝑏3
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟏
Given that
1 5 4
𝐴 = (−3 4 2)
7 3 1
Find the determinant of 𝐴

SINGULAR AND NON SINGULAR MATRIX

SINGULAR MATRIX
A matrix is said to be singular if it’s determinant is equal to zero.
This means for a matrix
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟐:
Find the determinant of a matrix below
4 8
𝐴=( )
2 4
NON SINGULAR MATRIX
A matrix is said to be non singular if it’s determinant is not equal to zero
This means for a matrix
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴=( )
𝑐 𝑑
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟑:
Find the determinant of a matrix below;
−2 5
𝐴=( )
2 0
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟒:
Given that
27 𝑥
𝐴=( ) is a singular matrix, find the value of 𝑥
𝑥 3
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟓:
Show that the matrix
2
𝐴 = (𝑥 − 1 𝑥 − 1) is a singular matrix for values of 𝑥
𝑥+1 1
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟔:
Find the value of 𝑤 if the following matrix is non singular
2
𝐴 = (𝑤 2)
4𝑤 2

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟕
Find the value of 𝑎 for matrix
3 1 −3
𝐴 = (1 2𝑎 1 ) to be singular matrix
0 2 𝑎

MINOR OF A MATRIX 𝟑𝒙𝟑 MATRIX

Consider 3𝑥3 matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 and is obtained by deleting 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗 𝑡ℎ column

This means that

𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑀11 = |𝑎 𝑎33 | where 𝑀11 is called a minor obtained by deleting row and column
32

Containing 𝑎11 .
Other minors can be obtained as follows;
𝑎21 𝑎23
𝑀12 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
31
𝑎21 𝑎22
𝑀13 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31
𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑀21 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32
𝑎11 𝑎13
𝑀22 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
31
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑀23 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31
𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑀31 = |𝑎 𝑎23 |
22
𝑎11 𝑎13
𝑀32 = |𝑎 𝑎23 |
21
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑀33 = |𝑎 𝑎22 |
21
Note: Number of minors will be equal to number of elements.
The absolute value means determinant.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟖
Given that
2 4 −2
𝐴 = ( 3 5 3 ) find all minors of A
−1 7 6
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
5 3
𝑀11 = | | = 30 − 21 = 9
7 6
3 3
𝑀12 = | | = 18 + 3 = 21
−1 6
3 5
𝑀13 = | | = 21 + 5 = 26
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀21 = | | = 24 + 14 = 38
7 6
2 −2
𝑀22 = | | = 12 − 2 = 10
−1 6
2 4
𝑀23 = | | = 14 + 4 = 18
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀31 = | | = 12 + 10 = 22
5 3
2 −2
𝑀32 = | | = 6 + 6 = 12
3 3
2 4
𝑀33 = | | = 10 − 12 = −2
3 5

COFACTOR
Cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 which is denoted by 𝑐𝑖𝑗 is given by;

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 |𝑀𝑖𝑗 | where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗

Foristance;
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
 𝑎11 𝑎12
Then, 𝑀23 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31

𝑐23 = (−1)2+3 |𝑀23 |

Therefore,
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑐23 = −1 |𝑎 𝑎32 |
31

Note: The cofactor of 𝐴 is denoted by 𝐴𝑐 .

Generally:
For 3 by 3 matrix a cofactor matrix can be found by assigning determinant of the minor of
each entry an approximate positive or negative sign.
𝑖. 𝑒
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
𝐴 = ( 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13
𝐴 = (𝑐21
𝑐 𝑐22 𝑐23 )
𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33
+𝑀11 −𝑀12 +𝑀13
𝐴𝑐 = (−𝑀21 +𝑀22 −𝑀23 )
+𝑀31 −𝑀32 +𝑀33

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏𝟗:
Given that
2 4 −2
𝐴 = ( 3 5 3 ) find 𝐴𝑐
−1 7 6
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Minors are:
5 3
𝑀11 = | | = 30 − 21 = 9
7 6
3 3
𝑀12 = | | = 18 + 3 = 21
−1 6
3 5
𝑀13 = | | = 21 + 5 = 26
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀21 = | | = 24 + 14 = 38
7 6
2 −2
𝑀22 = | | = 12 − 2 = 10
−1 6
 2 4
𝑀23 = | | = 14 + 4 = 18
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀31 = | | = 12 + 10 = 22
5 3
2 −2
𝑀32 = | | = 6 + 6 = 12
3 3
2 4
𝑀33 = | | = 10 − 12 = −2
3 5

And hence,
9 −21 26
𝐴𝐶 = (−38 10 −18)
22 −12 −2

TRANSPOSE
If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged ie 1st row become 1st column, 2nd row
become 2nd column and 3rd row become 3rd column hence the new matrix formed is called
the transpose of the original matrix. For matrix A its transpose is denoted by 𝐴𝑇 .
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝟎:
Give the transpose of the following matrices
4 8
𝐴=( )
1 0
3 7
𝐵 = (9 10)
3 2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
4 1
𝐴𝑇 = ( )
8 0
3 9 3
𝐵𝑇 = ( )
7 10 2

ADJOINT
This is the transpose of the Cofactor matrix.
For example if
𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13
𝐴 = (𝑐21
𝑐 𝑐22 𝑐23 )
𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33
Adjoint of A=(𝐴𝑐 )𝑇
 𝑐11 𝑐21 𝑐31
Hence the adjoint of A = (𝑐12 𝑐22 𝑐32 )
𝑐13 𝑐23 𝑐33

Example 21:
2 4 −2
Find the adjoint of the matrix 𝐴 = ( 3 5 3)
−1 7 6
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Minors are:
5 3
𝑀11 = | | = 30 − 21 = 9
7 6
3 3
𝑀12 = | | = 18 + 3 = 21
−1 6
3 5
𝑀13 = | | = 21 + 5 = 26
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀21 = | | = 24 + 14 = 38
7 6
2 −2
𝑀22 = | | = 12 − 2 = 10
−1 6
2 4
𝑀23 = | | = 14 + 4 = 18
−1 7
4 −2
𝑀31 = | | = 12 + 10 = 22
5 3
2 −2
𝑀32 = | | = 6 + 6 = 12
3 3
2 4
𝑀33 = | | = 10 − 12 = −2
3 5

9 −21 26
𝐴𝐶 = (−38 10 −18)
22 −12 −2
And hence;
9 −38 22
𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = (𝐴𝐶 )𝑇 = (−21 10 −12)
26 −18 −2
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
A: FOR 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 MATRIX
The inverse of a matrix A of order 2 𝑥 2 is another matrix of order 2 x 2 such that
𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐼 where 𝐼 is the identity matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞
Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐴−1 = ( ) hence 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐼
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠
i.e
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 1 0
( )∙( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 0 1
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒇:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 1 0
( )∙( )=( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑟 𝑠 0 1
𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠 1 0
( )=( )
𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠 0 1
Hence;
𝑎𝑝 + 𝑏𝑟 = 1 … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝑖)
𝑐𝑝 + 𝑑𝑟 = 0 … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
𝑎𝑞 + 𝑏𝑠 = 1 … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑐𝑞 + 𝑑𝑠 = 0 … … … … … … … … … … … … . . . (𝑖𝑣)
Solving (i) and (ii) by elimination we obtain
𝑑
𝑝 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 and
−𝑐
𝑟=
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Solving (iii) and (iv) by elimination we obtain
−𝑏
𝑞 = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 and
𝑎
𝑠=
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
Thus, this matrix can be written as;
𝑑 −𝑏
𝑝 𝑞 1 𝑑 −𝑏 1
( ) = (𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
−𝑐
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 ( ) where 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 = |𝐴|
𝑟 𝑠 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐

𝑝 𝑞 1 𝑑 −𝑏
Hence if 𝐴 = ( ) then 𝐴−1 = |𝐴| ( )
𝑟 𝑠 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: The inverse exist only for non-singular matrices, for singular matrices inverse does
not exist.
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝟐:
Find the inverse of the following matrices
−4 −2
𝐴=( )
3 2

B: FOR 3x3 MATRICES

To form an inverse of a matrix of size 3 x 3 the following steps should be observed.
i. Find the determinant of a matrix
ii. Find the minors of a matrix
iii. Find the cofactor matrix
iv. Find the adjoint matrix
v. Then the inverse (𝐴−1 ) will be given by
1
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝟑:
Find the inverse of a matrix
1 3 3
𝐴 = (1 3 4 )
1 4 3

PROPERTIES
1. i. 𝐴 ∙ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐼
ii. (𝐴𝐵)−1 ≠ 𝐴−1 ∙ 𝐵 −1
iii. (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 ∙ 𝐴−1
iv. (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴

2. i. (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
ii. (𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1
iii. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 ∙ 𝐴𝑇

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION USING MATRIX METHOD

Consider the following simultaneous equations:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑝
{
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑞

Steps for solving this simultaneous equation:

1. Write the equations in matrix form
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑝
( ) (𝑦) = (𝑞 )
𝑐 𝑑
 2. Find the inverse of the matrix coefficient.
𝑎 𝑏
i.e 𝐴 = ( )
𝑐 𝑑
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = ( )
|𝐴| −𝑐 𝑎

3. Pre multiply the inverse matrix on both sides of the matrix equation and
hence obtain the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦
i.e
1 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 1 𝑑 −𝑏 𝑝
( )( ) (𝑦) = ( ) (𝑞 )
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

1 0 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑝 − 𝑏𝑞
( ) (𝑦) = ( )
0 1 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐𝑝 + 𝑎𝑞

𝑑𝑝 − 𝑏𝑞
𝑥
(𝑦) = (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑎𝑞 − 𝑐𝑝 )
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐

𝑑𝑝 − 𝑏𝑞 𝑎𝑞 − 𝑐𝑝
∴𝑥= and 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 24:
Solve the following simultaneous equations by matrix (inverse) method
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6
a) {
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −13

3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
b) {
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 9

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
c) { 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
d) {𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 𝑧 = 4

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS USING CRAMER’S RULE

STEPS
Given the following simultaneous equation:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑝
{
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑞
i. Write the given simultaneous equation in matrix form
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑝
( ) (𝑦) = (𝑞 )
𝑐 𝑑

ii. Find the determinant of the matrix coefficient

𝑎 𝑏
( )
𝑐 𝑑

𝑎 𝑝
iii. To obtain the value of x replace column ( ) by (𝑞 ) and hence find its
𝑐
∆𝑥
determinant. And this is denoted by . That is 𝑥 = ∆ .
𝑏 𝑝
iv. To obtain the value of y replace column ( ) by (𝑞 ) and hence find its
𝑑
∆𝑦
determinant. And this is denoted by ∆𝑦 . That is 𝑦 = ∆ .

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐𝟓
Solve the following system of simultaneous equations by the method of Cramer’s
rule
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6
a) {
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −13

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
b) {3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 0
c) { 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 5
−𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −4
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION METHOD
This is an algorithm used to solve linear systems. To describe this algorithm, we first
introduce the triangular form of linear system. Which lead to triangular matrix.

Definition: Triangular Matrices An 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix is upper triangular if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, for all

𝑖 > 𝑗, and is lower triangular if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, for all 𝑖 < 𝑗. A square matrix is a
diagonal matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.

Some examples of upper triangular matrices are:

2 −1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1
( ) (0 1 3) and (0 0 0 1)
0 2
0 0 2 0 0 1 1

and some examples of lower triangular matrices are

2 0 0 3 0 0 0
1 0
( ) (3 1 0) and (0 0 0 0)
1 1 1 3 1 0
1 0 2 0 1 2 1

The Gaussian elimination method is known as the row reduction algorithm for solving linear
equations systems. It consists of a sequence of operations performed on the corresponding matrix of
coefficients.
To perform row reduction on a matrix, we have to complete a sequence of elementary row
operations to transform the matrix till we get an upper triangular matrix. There are three types of
elementary row operations which can be used; they are:

 Swapping two rows (interchanging any two rows) and this can be expressed using the
notation ↔, for example, 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
 Multiplying a row by a nonzero number, for example, 𝑅1 → 𝑘𝑅2 where k is some nonzero
number
 Adding a multiple of one row to another row, for example, 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 𝑘𝑅1
These processes are called elementary row reduction
Note: when solving systems by Gaussian two situations may occur:
i. If 𝑎33 = 0, the system is inconsistency. i.e No solution
ii. If 𝑎33 ≠ 0, the system is Consistency

STEPS:
1. Write linear system into augmented matrix
i.e
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑝
{𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑞 ⟹ (𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | 𝑞)
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑟

2. Use the operations to reduce the system into triangular form

3. Write the triangular system into linear system
4. Use back substitution technique to find the solution set starting from the last equation to get
the values of variables
eg:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 1 −2 1 𝑥 −1 1 −2 1 −1
{ 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5 ⟹ (0 1 −3) (𝑦) = ( 5 ) ⟹ (0 1 −3| 5 )
𝑧=2 0 0 1 𝑧 2 0 0 1 2
In order to solve the system by Gaussian elimination, we reduce it into triangular form then the
solution set can be obtained by using a technique of Back substitution.
From last equation 𝑧 = 2, substitute into eqn 2, we have 𝑦 − 3(2) = 5, 𝑦 = 11. Then 𝑧 = 2 and
𝑦 = 11 substitute into first, we have 𝑥 − 2(11) + 2 = −1. Hence 𝑥 = 19
∴ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (19,11,2)

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
Solve the following system of simultaneous equations by Gauss elimination method
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
Let us write these equations in an augmented matrix form.
1 1 1 2
(1 2 3| 5 )
2 3 5 11
𝑅2 → 𝑅2 – 𝑅1.
1 1 1 2
(0 1 2| 3 )
2 3 5 11
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 – 2𝑅1
1 1 1 2
(0 1 2| 3)
0 1 3 7
𝑅3 → 𝑅3 – 𝑅2.
1 1 1 2
(0 1 2| 3)
0 0 1 4
Therefore
𝑧 = 4
𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3 − 2(4) ⟹ 𝑦 = −5
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2 − (−5) − 4 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3
∴ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (3, −5,4)

Exercise
1. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss elimination method.
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 52
2𝑥 + 𝑦 – 𝑧 = 0
 2. Solve the following linear system using the Gaussian elimination method.
4𝑥 – 5𝑦 = −6
2𝑥 – 2𝑦 = 1

3. Using Gauss elimination method, solve:

2𝑥 – 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
𝑥– 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2

GAUSS – JORDAN ELIMINATION METHOD

This is an algorithm that is used to solve the systems of linear equations. The process
begins by first expressing the system as matrix in augmented form, and then reducing it to
an equivalent system by simple row reduction operations. The process is continued till
when we get an obvious solution (identity matrix)
The main aim of Gauss Jordan elimination is to convert a matrix into reduced row echelon
form called canonical form.
The reduced row echelon form has the following conditions:
1. All rows with only zero entries are at the bottom of matrix
2. The first non-zero entry in a row called the leading entry or pivot of each non zero
row is to the right of leading entry of the row above it.
3. The leading entry also known as the pivot in the non-zero row is 1.
4. All other entries in the column containing a leading 1 are zeros.
Hence the reduced row echelon form of a matrix is a diagonal matrix (identity matrix)
Examples:
Solve the following system of equations using a gauss Jordan elimination method
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
a) {
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 11

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
In augmented form this is written as
1 3 7
( | )
3 4 11

𝑅2 ⟶ 3𝑅1 − 𝑅2
1 3 7
( | )
0 5 10

𝑅2
𝑅2 ⟶
5
 1 37
( | )
0 12

𝑅1 ⟶ 𝑅1 − 3𝑅2
1 01
( | )
0 12
∴ 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10
b) { 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0
c) {3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −3
d) { 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =0
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1

EXERCISE
Solve the following problems by Gauss Jordan elimination method
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
1. {
𝑥−𝑦 =4

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
2. {
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −6
3. {
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 14

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10
4. {𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
−𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2

𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9
5. { −𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −4
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 17