FIL PSYCH LESSON

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ASSUMPTIONS IN THE STUDY OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

WHY STUDYING SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO MATTERS?

SP as a required course
 CHED Memo Order 34 series of 2017
"kasali tayo"... creates a more inclusive psychology
"hindi naman yata sa mga Filipino"...corrects the biases of a dominantly Euro-American Psychology
"alamin natin"... expands the knowledge base of psychology

WHY TEACHING/STUDYING SP MATTERS FOR FILIPINOS?

"Kilala ba natin ang Filipino?"... gives us more opportunities to understand ourselves as Filipinos
can be an instrument of decolonization

7 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS THAT UNDERLIE AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN SIKOLOHIYANG

PILIPINO

1. PSYCHOLOGY AS “WEIRD”
 Western, Educated (English-speaking), Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic Countries

 Whose Psychology will be the gold standard?

 “ONE PSYCHOLOGY FITS ALL” MENTALITY

2. THE DANGERS OF BLIND FAITH IN WESTERN PSYCHOLOGY

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  CONSEQUENCES OF COPYCAT PSYCHOLOGY
 Marginalization or exclusion of local experiences
 Distortion in the understanding of local experiences
 Alienation: psychology as removed from experiences of the ordinary Filipino.
 Kulelat syndrome

3. ALL PSYCHOLOGY IS INDIGENOUS

 Psychology is indigenous if…
1) It is developed from within the culture
 Ex. Salimpusa/saling-pusa, Pagmamalaki/Taking pride
2) It reflects local behaviors
 Ex. Pakikisama, Balikbayan
3) It can understand behaviors using local frame of reference
 Ex. Using the concept of kapwa in understanding how Filifinos view failure or
success
4) It produces knowledge that is meaningful and relevant to the culture
 Ex. Our own Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)

 Indigenous psychologies have developed in various ways

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 Indigenous psychologies have various forms

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4. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES HAS NOT YET FULLY INDIGENIZED

 INDIGENIZATION
 The process of transforming psychology to reflect local culture
 INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHOUT
 Contributions from WEIRD psychology are contextualized within Filipino culture
 INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHIN
 Local culture as resource; integrating local knowledge systems into formal
psychological knowledge base

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 5. CULTURE AS AN ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE IN SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 CULTURE
 the set of ideas that coordinate the actions and construct the meanings of a group of
people

6. WORLDVIEW AS AN ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK OF CULTURE

 WORLD VIEW AS VALUE ORIENTATIONS (KLUCKHOLM AT STRODTBECK, 1961)

7. THE SP COURSE SHOULD ALSO ACCOUNT THE DIVERSITY OF THE FILIPINO EXPERIENCE
 It is important for the course to emphasize that Filipinos may differ as a function of being
immersed in different cultural contexts: social class, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion,
ideology.

PAGKILALA SA SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

WHAT IS FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?

Filipino Psychology is defined as the psychology rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural
orientation of the Filipinos.
It is a scientific study of ethnicity, society and culture of people and the application to psychological
practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness.

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HISTORY

The roots of Filipino Psychology can be traced back to the introduction of the American education system
in the Philippines. Agustin Alonzo was among the first Filipino psychologist to return from his
education in America (1925) to teach at the College of Education in the University of the Philippines.
On 1960s, Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already aware of the limitations and inapplicability of
Western Psychology.
During the 1970s, or during the reign of Marcos, Filipino Psychology started to emerge.

WHO IS THE FATHER OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez, also known as Doc E, is the Father of Filipino Psychology "Ama ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino". He was born on November 24, 1942 at Santol, Balagtas formally Bigaa, Bulacan. He
is the founder of the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (corporate name: National
Association for Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Inc.).
Enriquez returned from his studies to the Philippines in 1971 and established the Philippine Psychology
Research House.
In 1975, the very first annual national conference on Filipino Psychology was held by the Pambansang
Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP) marking the formalization of Filipino Psychology.

DR. VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ

Born in the Province of Bulacan

Father of Filipino Psychology
Formerly initiated into Psychology in 1963 when he started teaching at the University of the Philippines
(UP). Pursued his masters in the US in 1966
Obtained his Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Northwestern University, USA
Together with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, they embarked on research into historical and cultural roots of
Philippine Psychology
In 1975, he chaired the Unang Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First National
Conference in Filipino Psychology
Authored several publications in indigenous psychology, Filipino personality, psychology of language and
politics, philosophy and values, cross-cultural psychology and Pilipinolohiya.
Received numerous awards, recognitions, and grants both in the Philippines and internationally.

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SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology) refers to the psychology born out of the experience,
thought and orientation of the Filipinos based on the full use of Filipino culture and language.
“…the study of diwa (psyche).” - refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of
“essence” and and an entire psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior.
The approach is one of the “indigenization from within”, also termed as cultural revalidation,
whereby the theoretical framework and methodology emerge from the experiences of people from
the indigenous culture.
It is based on assessing historical and socio-cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling
Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of native Filipino.

FORMS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology in the Philippines (Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas)

 It refers to a series of events related to the field of psychology in the Philippines.
 Ito ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
 Ito rin ay tumutukoy sa lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro, at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas, banyaga
man o makapilipino.

Psychology of the Filipinos (Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino)

 It refers to any theories or knowledge of Filipino nature regardless of source, western or
local.
 Ito ang palasak na anyo sapagkat pinakakaraniwan o pinakamadali makita.
 Ito rin ay tumutukoy sa pananaliksik, pag-aaral at mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may kinalaman
sa mga Pilipino.

Filipino Psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)

 It refers to a psychology based of the Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings, behavior, and must
derived from indigenous Filipino sources , language and method.
 Nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong Pilipino.

4 FILIATIONS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, later examined the history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up with a
description of the four filiations of Philippine psychology:

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 1. Academic-scientific psychology (Sikolohiyang Akademiko Siyentipiko)
 The Western tradition – This follows the American-oriented psychological tradition
that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876. It was introduced in the Philippines
through formal American education system in universities.

2. Academic-philosophical psychology (Sikolohiyang Akademiko-Pilosopikal)

 The clerical tradition (clergy) – This was started by priest-professors at the University
of Santo Tomas during the 17th century Spanish era. This tradition originally came from
the writings of the preachers and monks in philosophy and "pre-scientific" Spanish elites
and would later join with the American-oriented scientific psychology.

3. Ethnic psychology (Sikolohiyang Katutubo)

 This is the Philippine indigenous psychology in the sense that this includes the frame of
psychological reasoning, enculturation practices, beliefs, and protoclinical
practices that can be culled from language, literature, myths, legends, etc. This also
includes psychological systems worked out by Filipinos with Filipino indigenous elements
as basis (eg. Hermano Pule, Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Kalaw, etc.) and Sikolohiya ng mga
Pilipino (Psychology of the Filipino) as formulated by Virgilio Enriquez.

4. Psycho-medical system with religion (Sistemang Sikomedikal at Relihiyon)

 A psychological tradition that is closely related to ethnic psychology. The psycho-
medical tradition that has religion as the basis and explanation. This includes the
faith healing practices of the babaylan and the katalonan. According to Salazar, he
believes that “no real healing could take place if there were no common ideology or frame
of reference… understood and accepted by both healer and patient.

BASIC TENETS OF FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

Core Value or Kapwa (shared inner self)

 Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Kapwa has two categories, Ibang Tao and Hindi
Ibang Tao
 Ibang Tao (outsider)
 There are five interaction levels under this category:
1) Pakikitungo: civility - right behavior meant right demeanor towards
authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.).
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 2) Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a social value that is primarily
communitarian. It espouses the ability to adapt.
3) Pakikilahok: act of joining - This translates to participation of the entire
community to help a person.
4) Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into conflict with individuality which
many Filipinos in fact willingly throw away in favor of conformity with
demands of those who are in charge.
5) Pakikisama: being united with the group

 Hindi Ibang Tao (one of us)

 There are three interaction levels under this category:
1) Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
2) Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
3) Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others

Pivotal Interpersonal Value

 Filipinos use damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide
their dealings with other people.

Linking Socio-personal Value

 Kagandahang-Loob (shared humanity)
 This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of being
together as a part of one Filipino humanity.

Accommodative Surface Values

 Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of
propriety'.
 Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return
favors—whether these were asked for or not—when it is needed or wanted.
 Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by
Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority

Confrontative Surface Values

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  Bahala na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an
expression, almost universally, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in the bahala na attitude as a
culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging situations.
 Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems
and uncertainties.
 Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the
Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

Societal Values
 Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this actually refers to what other people see in a
person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth.
 Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her
worth. This compels a common Filipino to conform to social norms, regardless how obsolete they
are.
 Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth.
 Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a
person.
 Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).

WHAT IS PSYCHOPATHOLOGY?

Filipino psychopathology, or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish psicopatologia, is the study of

abnormal psychology in the Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that
culture-bound syndromes, and can therefore be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with
which Filipinos share cultural connections.
Examples:
 Amok: Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called "Austronesian Mood Disorder", in which a
person suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing frenzy, after which he/she
hallucinates and falls into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has absolutely no memory of the
event.
 Bangungot: A relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his
respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and ultimately to death. The person is
believed to dream of falling into a deep abyss at the onset of his death. This syndrome has been

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 repeatedly linked to Thailand's Brugada syndrome and to the ingestion of rice. However, no
such medical ties have been proven.

MANIFESTATION OF UNIVERSAL MENTAL DISORDERS

Filipino psychopathology also refers to the different manifestations of mental disorders in Filipino
people. One example of such is the manifestation of depression and schizophrenia in Filipinos, which are,
for the most part, less violent.

FILIPINO PSYCHOMEDICINE

Hilot: The use of massage to aid a pregnant mother in the delivery of her child.
Kulam: Hex or bewitchment
Lihi: An intense craving for something or someone during pregnancy. Faith healers or manghihilot
testify that if the craving is not satisfied, abnormality of the child may result.
Pasma: A concept that explains how init (heat) and lamig (cold) together can result in illness,
especially rheumatism.
Susto: Soul-flight. Derived from Latin American traditions.
Pagtatawas: A method of diagnosing illness wherein alum (called tawas) is ritualistically used by the
albularyo or medicine man for diagnosis of a variety of health conditions.
Usog: A concept that explains how a baby who has been greeted by a stranger acquires a mysterious
illness. Apparently derived from the Spanish tradition of Mal de Ojo.
Gabâ or gabaa: The Visayan concept of negative karma.

POSITIVE VALUE

Hospitality
 This is one of the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Foreigners who have gone to the Philippines
find themselves falling in love with the warm hospitality they are shown.
Respect
 This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also by people of all ages
Strong Family Ties and Religions
 Yes. Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep families intact through the
generations.
Generosity and Helpfulness
 Filipinos are generous people. Even when we have very little, we always share with those around
us.
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 Strong Work Ethic
 Yes, we are hardworking people to the point that we are willing to work almost the whole day just
to feed our families
Love and Caring
 This is so true! Filipinos are the sweetest and most loving people in the world. I'm not just saying
this because I'm a Filipino; if you know us well, you will soon figure this out.

NEGATIVE TRAITS

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PAGE 13
POSITIVE TRAITS

Palabra De Honor
Utang na loob

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SUPERSTITIONS

Fitting your wedding dress prior to your wedding day will cost you your life.
When someone sees you and you appear to be headless, it means you’re about to die.
When a woman sings while cooking, she will end up a spinster.
Saying “tao, tao po” while knocking at someone’s door is more than just asking if there’s someone in the
house.
When three people pose for a picture, the one at the center will be the first to die.
Sweeping the floor at night will bring you bad luck.
Oro, Plata, Mata.
Crossing paths with a black cat is a bad omen.
Bringing home food served at a wake or a funeral will bring bad luck.
If you’re coming from a wake, take a detour if you must, just DON’T go home immediately.

MGA BATAYAN NG SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO SA KULTURA AT KASAYSAYAN

1. Mga batayan sa kinagisnang sikolohiya

2. Mga batayan sa tao at sa kanyang diwa
3. Mga batayan sa panahon ng pagbabagong-isip
4. Mga batayan sa panahon ng pagpapahalaga sa kilos at kakayahan ng tao
5. Mga batayan sa panahon ng pagpapahalaga sa suliranin ng lipunan
6. Ang batayan sa wika, kultura at pananaw ng Pilipino

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 INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS
Research Approaches in Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Ano ang layunin (major goals) ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO KNOWLEDGE

MAJOR GOALS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

Pagsasakatutubo (Indigenization)
Pagka-Agham (Science)
Pagka-Pilipino (Filipino Identity)
 Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

THE PROJECT OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO

Development of indigenous psychological concepts

Utilization of indigenous research methods
Creation of authentic and appropriate social scientific psychology
 Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at
Ma. Assumpta David (1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila

RESEARCH APPROACHES

Experimental - adherence to predetermined set of procedures

Survey – conform to an informal agreement with respondents
Participatory – negotiate issues jointly as they arise
Indigenous – seek to enhance awareness as one-with-the-other

INDIGENOUS RESEARCH

Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the modern and the traditional i.e. using scientific methods
and ensuring that they are culturally appropriate.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and borrows concepts from both the modern and traditional cultural systems.
Approaches in the development & utilization z of indigenous viewpoints
 Indigenization from within basis: the indigenous direction: outwards culture as-source
 Identification of indigenous concepts, methods, theories
 Semantic elaboration (meaning of words)
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  Indigenous codification re-codification (process of arranging according to plan)
 Systematization/explication of implied theoretical frameworks (process of
analyzing)
 Application/use

 Indigenization from without basis: the exogenous direction: inwards culture-as target
 Content indigenization translation of imported materials
 Theoretic indigenization
 Indigenization as strategy
 Culture assimilation – happens when two culture or groups of people
influence one another
o indigenous versions of imported systems

Using the culture as source

 Indigenization from within
 Necessarily implies the need for cultural revalidation
 a demand for concepts and methods which are culturally appropriate, scientifically valid

RESEARCH MODELS
MODELS OF DATA COLLECTION

Self-orientation Model
 The data collector and contributors relate to the other only to the extent of waiting until
the other stops responding, e.g. laboratory-based studies of memory. Communication is not
taking place between them through socially shared interpretations or common constructs.
Experimenter-orientation
 The data collectors appear to influence while only the data contributors appear to be
influenced.
 E.g. Asch’s person perception study; an imbalance of power in favor of data collectors who appear
to define the experimental situation.
Reactive-orientation
 The participants in the data collection are reacting to what is currently taking place
between them, e.g. verbal conditioning research; yet the capacities of both data contributors
and collectors to construe are assumed to be unimportant and are ignored.

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 Mutual-orientation
 The data collector and contributor give something to, and gain something from the data
collection, e.g. Piaget’s early research on conservation. Indigenous psychology research uses this
model as the cultural researcher is a culture bearer himself.

RESEARCHER-RESEARCHEE RELATIONSHIP MODEL

Scale of the Researcher Iskala ng Mananaliksik

 Santiago-Enriquez Research Model
 These are methods used by the researcher in generating data that are tried and tested and
are culturally sensitive and appropriate in doing research with Filipinos.

Scale of the Relationship or Interaction between the Researcher and the Researchee Iskala ng
Pagtutunguhan ng Mananaliksik at Kalahok
 The level of interaction between the researcher and the researchee significantly determines the
quality of data obtained.

Researcher-Researchee Relationship Model Levels of Relationship

 There are eight levels of interaction which range from the relatively uninvolved civility of
pakikitungo to the total sense of identification in pakikiisa. These eight levels of interaction can be
divided into two categories: the ibang-tao (outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us).
Levels of Relationship Ibang-tao category (outsider)
 pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
 pakikisalimuha (interaction)
 pakikilahok (participation, joining)
 pakikibagay (conforming)
 pakikisama (adjusting, being along with)
Levels of Relationship Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
 pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
 pakikisangkot (active involvement)
 pakikiisa (full trust)

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FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS

Collective indigenous method partakes of the characteristics of: a community dialogue, focused
group discussion, natural cluster interview, group attestation.
puts premium on:
 cultural appropriateness and
 ordinary get-together

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

 An approach characterized by groping, searching, probing into an unsystematized mass of
social and cultural data to be able to obtain order, meaning, and directions for research.
 Implies an exploration into cultural, social or psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical framework borrowed from observations outside the focus of investigation.
 Can be related to unobtrusive techniques because the actual procedures for collecting
information may range from observation, documentation, intervention, participation.
Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for “asking questions,” the repetition of ‘tanong’ to
‘tanong-tanong’ indicates seriousness of purpose, one is truly determined to get answers
to ones questions.
 Major Characteristics
 Participatory in nature
 Equality of status
 Appropriate and adaptive
 Integrated with other indigenous methods
 Preparation: pagtatanong-tanong is part of everyday casual interaction, researcher must plan very
well for certain conditions, consider convenience and comfort of informants, their background
differences, language, norms, values, and (history, within/between group activities, policies)
 Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong
 Get to know the people, place, lifestyle
 Greet informants, give credentials (name the go between)
 Go tell them the purpose of the study
 Give an estimate of the expected length of the session
 Guide questions are used when necessary
 Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt

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  Principles of pagtatanong-tanong
 The level of the relationship that exists between the researcher and the informant
significantly influences the quality of data obtained (Santiago-Enriquez Model).
 The language of the respondent is used in the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
 The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for another’ (cultural sensitivity), through this the
researcher knows when to ask or avoid questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for a ‘no’.
 The equality of status is maintained, as it is a dialogue (informant is a kausap or person
spoken with) not an interview.
 The issue of reliability: consistency of response can be checked by repeating the
question in a different way.
 The problem of investigator bias and data contamination can be solved by having
more than one person do the pagtatanong-tanong.
 Repeated sampling from as many informants as possible can produce commonalities of
lexical domain which can then constitute a ‘construct.’
 Familiarity with the language, values, cultural norms, will optimize accuracy and relevance
of interpretations.

Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)

Pakikialam (concerned interference)
Pakikilahok (participation)
Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated visits)
Panunuluyan approach
 Interaction techniques, levels of relationship mula paninimbang hanggang malalimang
pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
 Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at teknolohikal.
 Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.
 Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan: pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan, pakikisuno.
 Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.
 Pakikiramdam at paninimbang: paraan at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-loob.
 Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin, mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o mabasa ang ibig
ipahiwatig ng kausap na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita
(talas ng pakiramdam).

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  Pakikiramdam could serve as a personality disposition, as a situational behavior, as a coping
mechanism; closely related to many general psychological concepts such as empathy and
sensitivity.
 Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan (sentido komon) ang pinaiiral dito at anuman ang
namamasid o nadama, o napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
 Pamamaraan
 panimulang pagsasanay
 paglalakbay at pakikisuno
 paghimpil sa pook
 pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring panuluyan
 paghanap ng tulay
 pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
 Pagsasakatuparan
 pagbati at pagpapakilala
 pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
 pakikipagpalagayan
 pagtulong-tulong
 pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga metodo
 paggawa ng pananaliksik
 pamamaalam at pasasalamat
 Suliraning etikal
 pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik
 pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
 pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng pananaliksik
 paghingi ng pahintulot
 pagtanaw ng utang na loob/pamemerwisyo
 pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian

Pakikipagkwentuhan Method
 Kuwentuhan is an occasion for exchange of information, ideas, insights, and opinions also
it is a sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and experiences.
 Oral (pasalita)
 Written (pasulat)
 Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through time
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  Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)
 Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal, free, as well as a social process of exchanging
information, thoughts, and knowledge that is part of human daily activities.
 Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan
 initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw) before living-in the community (panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a natural cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
 may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
 may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
 libangan
 linangan ng kaalaman
 lunas sa karamdaman
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan
 collective orientation (pananaliksik na sama-sama)
 contains the process of validation (pagpapatotoo)
 construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
 cluster as unit of analysis (pagsali sa likas na umpukan
 with a topic to talk about but without a theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)
 worth or value of story produced from the kwentuhan session (kwenta ng kwento)
 Validity: trustworthiness not truth (mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa makatotohanan)
 Reliability: certification not consistency (process of pakikipagkwentuhan indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)

Ginabayang Talakayan Method

 collective discussion technique ‘sama-sama’ orientation
 Community dialogue or focus group discussion

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 KATUTUBONG PANUKAT NA SIKOLOHIKAL: INDIGENOUS
PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Use in the following purposes:

 Recruitment and selection of personnel
 Admission of students
 Diagnosis of psychological and psychiatric conditions
 In legal and official government procedures
 petitions for nullifications of marriage; child custody; and assessment of juvenile
offenders (CICL)
 Proposed: screening applicants for OCW; political candidates

ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Validity Issues

The Bilingual and Multilingual Filipinos
Most practicing psychologists still prefer to use foreign made tests

GENERAL OPTIONS FOR FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGISTS

Option 1 - Use original

Option 2 - Translation
Option 3 - Develop and Validate new psychological tests for local use

ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSLATING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTS INTO PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE

Not all items in psychological tests are translatable

Example: BDI (Beck Depression Inventory)
Item 11 Agitation
 I am no more restless or wound up than usual
 “agitated” = balisa

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  hindi mapakali
 hindi mapalagay

ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSLATING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTS INTO PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE

Solutions made ...

 Adaptation = literal translation
 modifying other parts
 ITC Test Translation and Adaptation
 Guidelines (Hambleton, 2006)
Localization

FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS WITH FILIPINO VERSIONS

Myers – Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

16 Personality Factor (16PF)
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
Sacks Sentence Completion Test (SSCT)

ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSLATING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTS INTO PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE

Bias in Translation of Psychological Tests that must be avoided

 Construct Bias
 Method Bias
 Item Bias

ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSLATING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTS INTO PHILIPPINE LANGUAGE

Addressing equivalence and bias

 Construct equivalence research in the Philippines
 Measurement units and full scalar equivalence research in the Philippines
 Practical Approaches to reducing bias

PROPOSITIONS TO ENSURE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TESTS ARE VALID FOR FILIPINOS

Stop assuming that these tests are valid

Teachers of Testing and Assessment must give emphasis to the topics related to equivalence and bias
in using psychological tests in different cultures and languages

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 Researchers should do more systematic and sustained investigations on construct, method and item
bias
Researchers should prioritize investigation on widely used personality and intelligence tests used
in the Philippines.

PROPOSITIONS TO ENSURE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TESTS ARE VALID FOR FILIPINOS

Researchers should work on more translations for different Filipino ethno linguistic groups
Researchers should publish and disseminate their results
Practitioners in the rural and less-educated clients should seek for test translations and adaptations
For non-translatable items and constructs, Filipino psychologists are thus challenged to make more
efforts to develop indigenous Filipino psychological tests

INDIGENOUS FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP)

Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino (PPP)
Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob (Mapa ng Loob)
Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino (PKP)

PANUKAT NG UGALI AT PAGKATAO (PUP)

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez

 Pioneered in the effective use of Indigenous Methods in Philippine Social Science Research.
Ma. Angeles Guanzon – Lapeña (co-researcher)
 Faculty member of the Psychology Department of De La Salle University.
 Her field of expertise is in psychometrics and social science methodologies, and her name is
linked with the Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a national organization of
Filipino Social Scientists.
Dr. Enriquez sought to construct a test in Filipino that measured Filipino-oriented traits, behaviors,
and attitudes.
The resulting test, the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP) was presented in 1981 at the International
Conference on Personality Assessment, after which work on the test continued over the years.
”19 identifier items” on self-claimed personality traits which were included in the PUP for personality
research purposes.
The validity scales indicate the respondent’s tendency to deny basic truths and to reject cultural values
held by Filipinos.
Measures Filipino oriented traits, behaviors and attitudes
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 Domains: Extraversion/Surgency, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and
Intellect/Openness to Experience
160 items, in Filipino (with English translations)
24 trait scales, 2 validity scales, 8 distractor items
19 items designed to assess culturally-relevant attitudes and behaviors for use in personality
research (drinking and gambling behavior) “inaaming ugali'
Ilocano, Cebuano, Bicolano, Ilonggo, Kapampangan
13 Traits
 mahiyain, pikon, sumpungin, matyaga, mapagmasid,/mausisa, maramdamin, matulungin, sunod-
sunoran, matigas ang ulo, mapag-isa, mapagkumbaba, malakas/mahina nag loob, mahirap
kausapin
12 Traits
 ambisyoso, sigurista, kuripot, magalang, malikhain, mapagtimpi, palaaway, pintasera, relihiyosa,
responsable, mapagbigay, salawahan

PANUKAT NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO (PPP)

Dr. Annadaisy Carlota

 Was a full-time faculty member of the Department of Psychology in University of the Philippines,
Diliman from 1965 – 2012.
 The courses she handled were Psychological Measurement, Psychological Assessment,
Developmental Psychology and Research Methods.
It is a 425-item personality test which assesses nineteen traits. The test is intended for the age-
range of 13 years old and above, although usage has mostly been with adults.
Filipino and English
2 Norms for percentile and standardized scores
It was initiated in 1978 and was motivated by several factors such as:
 Lack of agreement among Filipino researchers about the most salient dimensions of Filipino
Personality.
 Choice of traits were from foreign tests.
 Scarcity of indigenous measures.
Porma K – traits that are salient for interpersonal relations
 Pagkamaalahanin/Thoughtfulness
 Pagkamadaldal/Social Curiosity
 Pagkamagalang/Respectfulness
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  Pagkamaramdamin/Sensitiveness
 Pagkamasunurin/Obedience
 Pagkamatulungin/Helpfulness
 Pagkamaunawain/Understanding
 Pagkapalakaibigan/Sociability
Porma S – Personal traits
 Pagkamaayos/Orderliness
 Pagkamahinahon/Emotional Stability
 Pagkamasayahin/Cheerfulness
 Pagkamatapat/Honesty
 Pagkamatyaga/Patience
 Pagkaresponsable/Responsibility
Porma KS – intelligence – creativity cluster
 Pagkamalikhain/Creativity
 Pagkamapagsapalaran/Risk Taking
 Pagkamasikap/Achievement Orientation
 Pagkamatalino/Intelligence

MASAKLAW NA PANUKAT NG LOOB (MAPA NG LOOB)

Gregorio E.H. Del Pilar

Developed in 2010-2013, UP Personality Research Lab
188 item personality inventory
theoretical framework: Five Factor with Filipino trait constructs
4 facets per factor, 2 interstitial scale (N and A, A and C) and a social desirability scale
8 items each scale
Available in online and pen and paper format
Five Factor Model (Costa & McCrae)
 Openness to experience
 Conscientiousness
 Extraversion
 Agreebleness
 Neuroticism
Facet Scales of Mapa ng Loob

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  Openness to experience (Kakaibang pag-iisip, Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman, Pagkamasining,
Pagkamaharaya)
 Conscientiousness (Pagkamasikap, Pagkamaplano, Pagkaresponsable)
 Extraversion (Pagkamasayahin, Pagkapalakaibigan, Pagkamasigla, Pagkamadaldal)
 Agreebleness (Pagkadimayabang, Pagkamapagkatiwala, Pagkamaunawain, Pagkamapagparaya)
 Neurotiscm (Hina ng Loob, Pagkamaramdamin, Pagkamapag-alala, Pagkasumpungin)

PANUKAT NG KATALINUHANG FILIPINO (PKP)

Aurora Palacio
Designed to measure the mental ability of a Filipino adult (16 years old and above)
Bases: Verbal Skills and Non-Verbal Skills
Separately timed, total 70 minutes
Theoretical Framework follows Binet: CIS, FID, GIS
Measures the following aspects of intelligence
 Vocabulary (Talasalitaan) 30 items
 Analogy (Ugnayan) 30 items
 Numerical Ability (Kakayanan sa Bilang) 25 items
 Non-Verbal Ability (Isinalarawang problema) 50 items

DISCUSSIONS ON NEW DEVELOPED INDIGENOUS/LOCAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

Foreign psychological tests were widely used here in the Philippines from different settings for the same
purpose.
Most of the intelligence tests, aptitude test, achievement test, personality test, neuropsychological tests
and even happiness or well-being scales that are used in academic, industrial, and clinical settings were
standardized and validated from different foreign countries.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS

In 1975, Carmen Santiago, a postgraduate student of psychology in UP, did a study on pagkalalaki (no
equivalent in English, but approximately it means “masculinity”, “maleness”, “manhood”, or all of
these) for a class under Enriquez.
The study was to be the turning point in the Philippine social research for it was in her articles
(Santiago, 1975, 1977) that the pakapa-kapa (”groping”) approach was first introduced.

PAGE 28
Enriquez (1992) as cited by Bernardo supported his idea and advocated for the development of
indigenous psychological tests of personality and intelligence among others, have been developed.
Examples of Filipino made psychological tests
 Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino
 Filipino Work Values Scale
 Panukat ng Sarili
 Emotional Quotient Scale among Children
 Assessment of Grandparenting Style, and more

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