Gen Bio Reviewer replication; Centrosome

duplication
Cell Cycle
Gap 2 (G2) Duplication or organelles;
One of the postulates of the cell theory states that cells
Protein synthesis;
come from pre-existing cells, which means that cells
Preparation of Cell Division
divide to produce new ones. this cell division shows one
of the main characteristics of all cells (and life in general):
reproduction.
 M Phase
For unicellular organisms, cell division is their way to After interphase, the cell is now ready for the M phase,
produce new individuals. however, in multicellular or cell division. In this stage, the cell ceases growth and
organisms, cell division serves many other purposes. it protein production. Instead, it now focuses on dividing.
The M phase can either be mitosis or meiosis.There are a
can be used for growth and development, production of
lot of differences between mitosis and meiosis.
gametes or sex cells, or repair of tissues and organs.
 Cytokinesis
Like other organisms, cells also have a life cycle called the
After the M phase, the cell will hae two sets of nuclei,
cell cycle. It is a series of events that involve cell growth chromosomes, ad other organelles. For the daughter ells
and cell division. The cell cycle has two main parts: they must undergo a process known as cytokinesis. This
Interphase and M phase. is the process by which the cytoplasm of the original
cell is divided and distributed to the two daughter cells.
Alongside cytokinesis, the nucleus also undergoes
division, termed karyokinesis.
Cytokinesis is similar for all organisms except for those
with a cell wall, like plants. In animal cells, cytokinesis
occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow.
However, in plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the
emergence of a cell plate.

 Interphase
The first part of the cell cycle is interphase. It is longer
than the M phase. Sometimes, it is considered a resting
stage between cell division. However, cells do not
literally “rest”during interphase. Diverse activities
happen inside the cell during this stage.

Stages of Interphase

First Stage: G1 Phase or known as Gap 1 phase

- In this stage, the cell continues to grow. it is very active in
synthesizing proteins RNAs, and other biomolecules
necessary for cell division. it also produces enough
energy for the next step of the cell cycle.
Second Stage: S phase or the Synthesizing phase
- In this stage, DNA synthesis or replication happens. This
results in the formation of two identical copies of the
After cytokinesis, two daughter cells are formed. Each of
chromosomes called sister chromatids. These sister
them will then have to undergo the entire process of the
chromatids are joined together by a single centromere.
cell cycle upon formation. That stage is called the Gap 0
Centrosomes also get duplicated during this phase.
phase.
Centrosomes consist of two centrioles that produce
spindle fibers that are important during cell division.
Gap 0 (G0) Phase
Last Stage: G2 phase or the Gap 2 phase.
Some newly formed cells proceed to interphase and then
- In this stage, the cell duplicates some of its organelles.
tay there, ither temporarily or permanently. That stage is
The cell also stores a lot of energy and synthesizes
the Gap 0 phase. In this phase, the cells become inactive.
necessary proteins for cell division. Consequently, it
Some cells will proceed to cell division if there signals
grows even further during this stage.
telling them to do so. On the other hand, mature heart
cells and nerve cells are examples of cells that
STAGES OF DESCRIPTION
permanently remain in this phase.
INTERPHAS
E
Control Points During Cell Division
Gap 1 (G1) Cell growth; Protein and
RNA synthesis; Preparation The cell cycle is an orderly series of events involving cell
for DNA Synthesis growth and cell division. The process is complicated but
relatively fast. It will only take aroung one to two days,
DNA synthesis or depending on the cell type and age. For some cells during
Synthesis (s)
the embryonic stage, the cell cycle only takes a few
hours.

The cell cycle must try to ensure that the daughter cells
have no defects or errors. In the case of mitosis, the
daughter cells should be duplicates of their parent cells.
These defects errors may result in the formation of
abnormal cells, which may cause diseases such as cancer.

To avoid these errors, internal checkpoints are

established at various points in the cell cycle. These
checkpoints look for errors or mistakes in the cell cycle. If HOW DO CELLS REPRODUCE?
errors are detected, they will need to be corrected, or WHAT ARE THE CONTROL POINTS DURING CELL
the cell may cease to proceed or eventually die. DIVISION?

The G1 Checkpoint The life cycle of a cell is aptly called the cell cycle.
Throughout the cycle, cells grow and divide. Cell division
The G1 checkpoint is responsible for checking all the has the following functions:
necessary conditions needed for cell division. Also known
as restriction point. It is responsible for determining if Growth and Development
the cell is ready to proceed cell division. This checkpoint Sex Cell Production
happens immediately after the G1 phase.it checks if the Tissue and Organ Repair
cell has the right size and amount of energy reserves also
if the DNA is no damage. If the cell meets all the The M phase includes the two types of cell division:
requirements it will proceed to the S phase. If not, the 1. Mitosis
cell may be remedied to add the problems or proceed to 2. Meiosis.
the G0 phase to become inactive.

The G2 Checkpoint

The G2 checkpoint happens after the G2 phase.Like the

checkpoint, it also assesses the proteins and energy
reserves. But the primarily responsibility is to check that
all chromosomes were replicated correctly with no
damages. If the checkpoint detects damages or errors it In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm id divided and distributed to
may attempt to correct or repair them. If the DNA is fully two daughter cells.
replicated doubled, the cell will proceed to M phase. a) Animal Cell b) Plant Cell

The M Checkpoint
The Chromosome
The M checkpoint happens immediately after the end of
metaphase in the M phase. It verifies wheter all A chromosome is a tightly-packed DNNA molecule found
chromosomes are attached to right spindle fibers and are in the nucleus. In ekaryotes, it varies in size, structure,
properly aligned along the metaphase prior to and appearance depending on the cell cycle stage. The
separation. This will ensure that each cell will have the chromosomes appear as thread-like chromatin during
correct number of chromosomes or chromatids after the interphase. Chromatins are threads nucleosomes, which
cell division. are DNA molecules wrapped around proteins known as
histones.

The chromosomes appear as single chromatids during

Mitosis is known as equational division, while meiosis is the G1 phase. After the S phase, the chromatids double,
known as reductional division. forming two sister chromatids. These sister chromatids
Mitosis functions for the growth, repair, and are joined at their centromeres.
development of body cells or somatic cells.
Stages of Mitosis

Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase
 They also have many differences. Mitosis is also known
as equational division because after it finishes a single
cycle, the parent cell’s chromosome number is equal to
that of it daughter cells. In othr words, if the parent cell is
diploid the daughter cells are also diploid.

On the other hand,, meiosis is a reductional division

because it will lead to the development of haploid cells.
From a diploid parent cell, the chromosome number of
its daughter cells will be reduced by half, forming haploid
cells.

Mitosis involves a singlecell division, while meiosis has

two cell divisions. Because of this, in one complete cycle,
Ploidy
mitosis produces two daughter cells, while meiosis
produces four.
The ploidy level of a cells refers to the number of sets of
chromosomes. Diploid (2N) cells are those that have two Criteria Mitosis Meiosis
sets of chromosomes. Monoploid (N) cells are those that Type of Division Equational Reductional
have one set of chroomosomes. A haploid cell is a cell Division Division
that contains half the set of chromosomes of a diploid Type of Diploid Haploid
organism. All body cells or somatic cells are diploid, while Daughter Cells
sex cells or gametes are haploid. Number of One (1) Two (2)
Divisions
There are also two types of chromosomes: autosomes Number of Two (2) Four (4)
and sex chromosomes. Autosomes, also known as body Daughter Cells
chromosomes, are are present in all cells both males and Fuction For growth, For the
females of an organism. Meanwhile, sex chromosomes repair, and production of
are those chromosomes that differ in each biological sex. development of gametes.
For instance, humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and body cells or
one pair of sex chromosomes. In males, the sex somatic cells.
chromosomes are XY, while in females, they are XX.
Overall, humans have 46 chromosomes. One can also say Mitosis
that the chromosome number of diploid human cell is 2N
= 4, while for haploid human cells such as gametes, it is Prophase
N=23. The first stage of mitosis is prophase. In this stage, all of
the chromosome fibers condense, and the nucleolus
Cells with a complete sets of chromosomes called disappears. Aftercondense chromatin is now known the
euploid. On the other hand, cells that have missing or chromosome. Each chromosome is composed of two
excess chromosomes are called aneuploid. For instance, sister chromatids. Additionally, the nuclear membrane
in humans, an extra chromosome 21 will result in Down may or may not break down.
Syndrome.
Metaphase
The two copies of a particular chromosome are called
homologous chromosomes, which can be seen through a In this stage, chromosomes line up in the center, known
karyotype. A karyotype is an image that shows all of a as metaphase plate. These chromosomes are attached to
specific individual’s chromosomes. the spindle fibers by structures called kinetochores.

Anaphase

During anaphase, each chromosome becomes separated

into two sister chromatids, which then migrate toward
the opposite ends ("poles") of the cell through the
centromere. Under normal circumstances,each pole
should receive an equal number of chromatids.

Karyotype of a human male, 46 XY

Telophase
Cell Division: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
During this stage, the chromatids cluster at each pole and
Mitosis and meiosis have the following similarities: start to ndecondense. In each daughter cell, the nuclear
membrane performs to enclose the decondensed
1. They happen after interphase. chromatids (which can now be referred to as
2. They are relatively shorter compared to the interphase. chromosomes). Finally, the micro microtubules get
3. They lead to the production of new daughter cells. broken down in a process known as depolymerization.
4. They always start with a diploid parent cell. They remain in this state until they are needed again.
Cytokinesis

The membrane separates to produce two daughter cells.

In animal cells, cytokinesis is characterized by the furrow(
an invagination of the cell membrane) between the
daughter cells. On other hand, due to a cell wall's
presence, a structure known as a cell plate will
characterize cytokinesis in plant cells. Once cytokinesis is
complete, the M phase concludes.
 Intro Philo Reviewer (Lesson I ) • Man is superior to nature but in the sense of a steward;
he has a role to play (to bring nature to its end, to its
The Human Person in the Environment fulfillment)
• Even if man is superior, there is no domination of nature
Environmental Philosophy (as in the anthropocentric model) because man’s
• Environmental philosophy is the discipline that studies superiority is for the service of nature; in the end, man is
the moral relationships of human beings with the a servant of nature; nature can fulfill its end, for man
environment and its non-human contents. helps nature to reach it; without man, nature cannot
• Like other sciences, philosophy also seeks to explore the reach its end.
relationship between humanity and environment through • “our ‘dominion’ over the universe should be understood
environmental philosophy or environmental ethics. more properly in the sense of responsible stewardship.”
(Laudato Si, 94)
Environmental Philosophers
• They tackle issue such as humanity’s role in the natural • “When the human person is considered as simply one
world, the interaction between nature and human being among others, the product of chance or physical
activities, and humanity’s response to environmental determinism, then ‘our overall sense of responsibility
challenges. wanes.’ A misguided anthropocentrism need not
• Philosophers believe that the person has a special necessarily yield to ‘biocentrism,’ for that would entail
relationship with nature. adding yet another imbalance, failing to solve present
• The person has the ability to change the environment to problems and adding new ones. Human beings cannot be
suit his/her purposes. expected to feel responsibility for the world unless, at the
• The early history of humankind shows that wherever same time, their unique capacities of knowledge, will,
humans came together to for communities, the freedom and responsibility are recognized and valued.”
landscape and the environment changed. (Laudato Si, 96) This is the model of Karol Wojtyla (Pope
• It is and orderly environment where human persons St. John Paul II) in his Theology of the Body, Joseph
thrive best. Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) in his Ecological Sins and
• Disorder can give rise to several problems and challenges Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Pope Francis) in his Laudato Si.
for humankind.
HERBERT MARCUSE
says that man has dominated nature. Change can happen
if we change the way we view our environment. It should
not be a resource to be wasted or used arbitrarily, but we
should live with it in harmony.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

as human beings, we do not have only rights but duties.
We are not only citizens of the community but how we
react to this community and in our reaction to it, change
it.

• The influence of humanity on the environment can be

best understood if we consider the individual person as
a dynamuc source of change within his/her particular
environment
“Our world is changing not for the better but for worse
And humanity is responsible for this”
We benefit greatly from a clean and orderly
Three Major Perspective in Environmental Ethics environment.
Clean/orderly = safety, well being, health
ANTHROPOCENTRISM Dirt/disorderly = diseases, accidents
• Man is central; man is superior; man has control of the
world; man needs to control and use the world for his ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS
own ends.  A philosophical view that believes maintaining order in
BIOCENTRISM the environment will bring out the naural beauty of the
• It claims that humans are not the only important species surroundings and contribute to the well-being of people
on the earth and that they are not inherently greater to and other organisms living in it.
other living things.  the appreciation of natural beauty brings about concern
• It suggests that humans are equal members of the for the environment and helps people relate more
environment and that humans and other living things are
effectively with nature.
interdependent.
ECOCENTRISM
• Man is not central; nature/environment is central; man is Human Actions
not superior but is one with nature, part of nature; man i. Environmental Degradation
needs to be one with nature in his acts. ii. Pollution
• Ecological model highlights too much the role of nature iii. Depletion of Human Resources
to the detriment of man (man must allow nature to be
and not touch it; man has no role to play; he just allows A. ANCIENT THINKERS
nature to be. • Early Greek philosophers, the Milesians regarded Nature
as spatially without boundaries, that is, as indifinite in
In the Christian perspective ... extent.
STEWARDSHIP
• ANAXIMANDER employed the term “boundless” to
convey the further thought that nature is indeterminate- B. SOCIAL ECOLOGY
boundless in the sense that no boundaires between the • For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian
warm and cold or the moist and dry regions are originally social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection
present within it. wherein few people overpower others while exploiting
the environment for profit or self-interest. Social
ecologists call for small-scale societies, which recognize
that humanity is linked with the well-being of the natural
CREATION AND DESTRUCTION. world in which human life depends.
• Anaximander’s sketch of the world begins with the
generation of opposites in certain region of Nature: A C. ECOFEMINISM
portion of the boundless first differentiates itself into a • This theory argues that ecological crisis is a consequence
cold-moist, it begins to evaporate the moisture of the of male dominance. In this view, whatever is “superior” is
latter, and this process forms a vaporous atmosphere. entitled to whatever is “inferior”.
• Eventually, the expanding vapor or steam burst the • Male traits as in the anthropocentric model are superior
enclosing fiery shells into rings, and rushing outward, as opposed to female traits as in the ecocentric model.
envelopes them. The opposite forces caused an • Domination works by forcing the other to conform to
imbalance that necessitated their ultimate destruction. what is superior. Nature must be tamed, ordered and
• What appear to us as heavenly bodies are in reality parts submit to the will of the superior.
of the fiery rings that we glimpse through openings left in • These theories value the care, conservation, preservation
the steamy, vaporous envelopes. The revolution of the of nature, and humanity.
stars, sun, and moon around the central earth is in reality • Erich Fromm, a German humanistic philosopher, believes
the rotation of the vapor-enveloped rings of fire. that it is about time that humaity ought to recognize not
• PYTHAGORAS. another ancient philosopher described only itself but also the world around it.
the universe as living embodiment of nature’s order, • For Fromm as human beings, our biological urge
harmony and beauty. He sees our relationship with the forsurvival truns into selfishness and laziness.
universe as living embodiment of nature’s order, • The human desire to experience union with others is one
harmony and beauty. of the strongest motivators of human behavior and the
• He sees our relationship in the universe involving other is the desire for survival.
biophilia (love of other living things) and cosmophilia
(love of other living being) (Lesson II)
• The Chinese cosmic conception on the other hand is
based on the assumption that all that happens in the FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON
nature is a continuous whole like a chain of natural • This lesson highlights freedom from the intellectual,
consequences. They believed in a primeval pair yin and political, spiritual, and economic aspects. To be free is a
yang. part of humanity’s authenticity.
• The universe does not proceed onward but revolves
without beginning or end. FREEDOM
• Human beings’ happiness lied in his conformity with • An intrinsic and essential property of the person.
nature or tao; the wise, therefore, conforms with tao and • We always seek freedom
is happy. • Rooted in self-determination
• the Exercise of Free Will and Intellect
B. MODERN THINKERS • Voluntariness - refers to the ability of a person to act out
IMMANUEL KANT. In his third critique, Critique of of his or her own free will and self-determination. govern
Judgement, Immanuel Kant expresses that beauty is • Responsibility - refers to the person being accountable for
ultimately a symbol of morality. his or her actions and their consequences.
• According to Kant, we must ignore any practical motives • Freedom is experienced through the act of making
or inclinations that we have and instead contemplate the choices.
object without being distracted by our desires.
• The beautiful encourage us to believe that nature and REALIZE THAT “ ACTION HAVE
humanity are part of a bigger design. The concept of a CONSEQUENCES
larger design is the belief in an ultimate goal in which Aristotle
every aspect of the sensible world has its place in a larger • The power of Volition (the power to make your own
purpose, draws our thoughts toward a supersensible choice or decisions) - The imperative quality of a
reality. judgement of practical intellect is meaningless, apart
• Kant believes that the orderliness of nature and the from will.
harmony of nature with our faculties guide us toward a • Reason can legislate (control), but only through will can
deeper religious perspective. its legislation be translated into action.
• • If there is no intellect, there would be no will.
There are numerous theories to show care for the • The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is
environment aside from the ecocentric model such as within the power of everyone to be good or bad, worthy
deep ecology, social ecology, and ecofeminism to name or worthless. This is borne out by:
some. • Our inner awareness of an aptitude to right or wrong;
• The common testimony of all human beings;
A. DEEP ECOLOGY • The rewards and punishment of rulers
• For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome of • The general employment of praise and blame.
anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind • Moral acts, which are always particular acts, are in our
is extended to nature, when in fact humanity is part of power and we are responsible for them. Character or
nature. Deep ecologists encourage humanity to shift habit is no excuse for immoral conduct.
away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism. (example: cutting classes)
• For Aristotle, a human being is rational (based on facts or The Need for Divine Law
reason and not by emotion). Reason is divine • Man’s faculties are insufficient to direct him to his proper
characteristic. Humans have the spark of the divine. If end.
there were no intellect, there would be no will. • Human judgement is uncertain.
• Our will is an instrument of free choice. Reason, will, and • Some law must exist to govern internal actions.
action drives each other. • All evil deeds must get punished.

HUMAN (POSITIVE) LAW

• Formulations of human reason concerning particular
determinations of natural law.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS • Concerned with transient/contingent realities.
LOVE IS FREEDOM • A means to enable man to live virtuously.
(this could be a guiding principle of man)
• Of all creatures of God, human beings have the unique • For Aristotle, the purpose of a human being is to be
power to change themselves and the things around them happy. To be one, one has to live a virtuous life. In other
for the better. words, human beings have to develop to the full their
• A human beings therefore, has a supernatural powers - rational, moral, social, emotional, and physical
transcendental destiny. This means that he can rise here on earth.
above his ordinary being or self to highest being or self. • For St. Thomas Aquinas, he follows the same line of
• This is line with the idea of St. Thomas that in the plan of thinking, but points to a higher form of happiness
God, a human being has to develop and perfect himself possible to humanity beyond this life, and that is perfect
by doing his daily tasks. happiness that everyone seeks but could be found only in
• Hence, if a human being perseveringly lives a righteous God alone.
and virtuos life, he transcends his mortal state of life and • For love is in consonance with humanity’s free nature, for
soars to an immortal state of life. law commands and complete; love only calls and invites.
• The power of change, however, cannot be done by St. Thomas emphasizes the freedom of humanity but
human beings alone, but is achieved through chooses love in governing humanity’s life.
cooperation with God. Between humanity and God, • Since God is love, then love is the guiding principle of
there is a gap, which God alone can bridge through HIs humanity toward self-perception and happiness his
power. ultimate destiny.

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS

FOUR CLASSIFICATION OF LAW
SPIRITUAL FREEDOM
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
• St. Thomas Aquinas establishes the existence of God as a
first cause of all God’s creations, human beings have the
What is Law?
unique power to change themselves and things around
• Directed towards specific ends
them for the better.
• Something that induces us to act in a certain way.
• As humans, we are both material and spiritual. We have a
• Something that restrains us from acting in certain ways.
conscience because of our spirituality. God is Love and
Love is our destiny.
“...an ordinance of reason for the common good, made
by him who has the care of the community, and ACTIONS (GOOD OR EVIL)
promulgated.”  CONSCIENCE
 GOD’S LOVE
4 Kinds of Law
JEAN PAUL SARTRE
1. Eternal Law
INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM
2. Natural Law
• Sartre’s philosophy is considered to be a representative
3. Divine Law
of existentialism. The human person is desire to be God.
4. Human Law
The human person builds the road to the destiny of
his/her choosing; he/she is the creator.
ETERNAL LAW
• Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual
• That law which exists because of God’s Divine
choice, regardless the power of other people to influence
Providence.
and coerce our desire, beliefs, and decisions.
-As God created the Universe, the Universe is governed • To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine,
by HIs laws. free to choose and be responsible for one’s life.
• Eternal law is the basis for all other kinds of laws.
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
NATURAL LAW
SOCIAL CONTRACT
• The rational creature’s participation in Eternal law
• He is the most famous and influential philosophers of the
• Rational creatures derive their acts and ends from natural
French enlightenment in the 18th century. In his book the
law.
Social Contract. He elaborated his theory of human
• Basic formulation: “do good, avoid evil”
nature.
• Human beings have to form a commuity or civil
DIVINE LAW
commuity to protect themselves from one another,
• Specific formulations of eternal law.
because the nature of human beings is to wage war
• Necessary for the directing of human conduct.
against one another.
• This Divine Law is divided into old (Mosaic) and the new
• And since by nature, humanity tends toward self-
(Christian)
preservation then it follows that they have to come to a
• The analysis of this law is the function of Theology.
free mutual agreement to protect themselves.
• Thomas Hobbes, a philosopher, thinks that to end the • For Ayn Rand, individual mind is the tool for economic
continuous and self-destructive condition of warfare, progress, since the mind is important, the sector that
humanity founded the state with its sovereign power of molds it should not be controlled by the government.
control by means of a mutual consent. • Rand believes that thinking is volitional. A person has the
• Rousseau believes that a human being is born free and freedom to think or not.
good. Now, he is in chains and has become bad due to • Rand cited the right to gain, to keep, to use, and to
the evil influence of society, civilization, learning, and dispose of material values. Most developed countries
progress. have disposed their toxic wastes developing countries.
• Because of this human being lost his original goodness, • Filipinos embraced family and political parties. For the
his primitive tranquility of spirit. Filipinos, one does not only fulfill reasons of the mind but
• In order to restore peace, bring his freedom back, and as of the heart and personal involvement as well.
he returned to his true self, he saw the necessity and
came to form the state through the social contract • Filipinos loob is the basis of Christian value of sensitivity
whereby evryone grants his individual rights to the to the needs of others and gratitude. It encompassed
general will. give and take relationship among Filipinos.
• The term social contract is a certain way of looking at a • As such, repaying those who have helped us is a
society of voluntary collection of agreeable individuals. manifestation of utang na loob or debt of gratitude.
• There must be a common power or government which Loob priotized family, relatives, and even non-kinsmen
the plurality of individuals (citizens) should confer all (male relative)
their powers and strength into (freedom) one will (ruler). • It bridges individual differences and is the common factor
among human beings.
EVALUATE AND EXERCISE PRUDENCE IN CHOICES • The concept of Rand’s free individual and Filipino’s view
CAREFUL GOOD JUDGEMENT THAT ALLOWS SOMEONE of the free human being may have differences but can be
TO AVOID DANGER OR RISKS. overcome.
• Skinner maintains that behavior is shaped and • The potential of the Filipino should be able to grow so
maintained by its consequences. that he will be aware of his uniqueness. Children should
• Yelon accepted that behavioral psychology is at fault for be brought up to the identity of the members of the
having overanalyzed the words reward and punishment. family and simultaneously with that of the nation.
We might have miscalculated the effect of the • Self-sufficiency (Kasarinlan) should recognize human
environment in the individual. worth and dignity.
• There should be a balance in our relationship with others • Kagandahang loob, kabutihang loob and kalooban are
and the environment. terms that show sharing of one’s self to others. Loob puts
• Skinner thinks that the problem is to free human beings one in touch with his fellow beings.
not from control but from certain kinds of control, and it
can be solved only if we accept the fact that we depend SHOW THAT SITUATIONS THAT DEMONSTRATE
upon the world around us and we simply change the FREEDOM OF CHOICE AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF
nature of dependency. THEIR CHOICES
• We do not need to destroy the environment or escape • According to Rand, individual freedom should be aligned
from it. What is needed, according to skinner, is to with economic freedom. The Filipino harmony can be a
redesign it. helping value to the full development of Filipino if it
• Life is full of paradoxes, nobody could nor should control opens up to embrace the whole Philippine society.
it. We have to be open to life, learn to accept and live • There are cases where the Filipino may adversely affect
with paradoxes. Learning with contradiction is not the the social and financial status of the one moving upward
same as living contradiction. the social ladder. For instance, the more well-off
• In the spirituality of imperfection, we learn to accept that members of a family share their gains with their relatives
life, our environment is both evil and good. We learn to and friends in need.
be flexible and adaptable. • Sometimes, the beneficiaries of the monetary assistance
• Indeed, the theory of freedom has negative and positive (utang or loan) just use the money for non-essentials.
tasks. Our lives should not merely controlled by rewards Where there are more important concerns that should be
and punishments. prioritized.
• According to Yelon, punishment is an educative measure, • As leader or manager with “magandang kalooban” is not
and as such is a means to the formation of motives, passive but plays active role in economic development.
which are in part to prevent the wrongdoer from Leaders should not just focus on the impact of job
repeating the act and in part to prevent others from performance but treat every individual worker as
commiting a similar act. persons and not as objects.
• Indeed, the environment plays a significant part in our • “Kasarinlan” promotes entrepreneurship which minimize
lives. Since the stone age, we had proven that we are not foreign control of Filipinos.
completely under its mercy. We have and shall continue • Individualism should be tied with social responsibility and
to tame and adapt to the changes in the conditions of the should not be just “tayo-tayo” or “kami-kami”. Our own
environments. individuality should be interact with others.
• As Plato believes, the soul of every individual possesses • As individuals who are free, Filipinos should recognize
the power of learning the truth and living in society that their own brand of uniqueness, instead of copying foreign
is accordance to its nature. cultures.
• For Aristotle and Rand, reason and will or volition is part
CHOICES HAVE CONSEQUENCES AND SOME THINGS ARE of our being human. In relation to this, Filipinos had
GIVEN UP WHILE OTHERS ARE OBTAINED IN MAKING proven matured thinking, pertaining to EDSA revolution.
CHOICES • The decision is based on the Filipinos’ belief in freedom.
20th century gave rise to the importance of the They also voluntarily risked their lives as they face danger.
individual, the opposite of medieval thought that was Again, the EDSA Revolution is one example of social
God. contract as discussed earlier in this lesson.
 Theology Reviewer
Lesson I.  Theological Virtues
1. Faith
THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM 2. Hope
Common Understanding 3. Charity
 Social event
 Registration to the Church  Moral Virtues
Result 1. Temperance
 Nominal Catholics 2. Justice
3. Prudence
Definition
4. Fortitude
 Baptism is a sacrament which man, being washed with
water in the name of the Three Divine Persons is
spiritually reborn  Fruits of the Holy Spirit
1. love 6. generosity
NAME OF THE SACRAMENT 2. joy 7. faithfulness
1. Baptism- Gk. Word baptizein meaning to plunge or to 3. peace 8. gentleness
immerse
4. patience 9. self-control
2. Washing of regeneration and renewal by the Holy Spirit
3. Enlightenment 5. kindness 10. Humility

Foundation  Incorporation into the Church

 Biblical Foundations - we become members of the Church
a. Gen.1:2 – water has been the source of life and - brings about Christian responsibilities.
fruitfulness; Scripture sees it as “overshadowed” by
the Spirit of God.
b. 1 Pt. 3:20 – in Noah’s ark, a few, that is, eight persons  Sharing in Christ’s Mission
were saved through water.
- three-fold office of Christ:
c. crossing of the Red Sea
a. prophetic - preaching
d. crossing of the Jordan River
e. Ez. 36:25 b. priestly - worship
f. Jesus’ Baptism – in order to fulfill all righteousness; a c. kingly – service
manifestation of his self emptying. (Mt. 3:13, 15; Phil.
2:7)  Indelible Spiritual Character
g. blood and water – which flowed out from the side of - a seal that can never be erased by mortal sin or even by
Jesus are types of Baptism and Eucharist. (Jn.19:34, 1 Jn.
5:6-8), from then on it is possible to be born of water and death.
spirit (Jn. 3:5) - thus renders the Sacrament of Baptism non-repeatable.
Effects
 Effects of Baptism Ministers and Recipients
1. New life in union with Christ  Ministers and Recipients
2. Removal of the original sin a. ordinary ministers = bishops, priests, deacons
3. Incorporation into the Church b. extraordinary ministers = any person may baptize (in
cases of necessity) using the prescribed formula for
4. Sharing in Christ’s mission baptism
5. Indelible spiritual character  Anybody who are not yet baptized

 New Life in union with Christ Symbols and Meanings

 Symbols and Meanings
- described as dying and rising with Christ in Baptism. 1. Anointing with Chrism – sign of the royal priesthood
- symbolized by being immersed into and coming out of and enrollment into the company of the People of God.
the water.
2. White Garment – symbol of their new dignity and new
 Removal of the Original Sin life with Christ.
- symbolized by the washing with water
- “original sin” -the sinful state resulting from the first sin. 3. Lighted Candle – shows their vocation to live as befits
- freedom form sin means indwelling of the Holy Spirit children of light.
through gifts and fruits.
Necessity of Baptism
 Gifts of the Holy Spirit  Necessary for salvation, without, no one can enter the
1. Wisdom Kingdom of God
2. Understanding  Types: baptism by water, by blood and by desire
3. Counsel
4. Fortitude Matter and Form
5. Knowledge  Matter
6. Piety  Remote matter: true and natural water
 Proximate matter: immersion, outpouring sprinkling of
7. Fear of the Lord
water
 Form: “Name…I baptize you in the name of the Father,
and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit
 CHURCH’S TEACHING ON BAPTISM
Popular Understanding
Baptism makes one think of:
1. A.Water
B.Washing away of
original sin
2. a. An entry into the Church building
b. Babies
c. Passive reception
d. Clerical ritual
e. Works automatically
3. a.Once-and-for-all ritual
b.No active influencing power in ordinary life
c. Past event
Church’s teaching
Baptism truly means:
1. A. New life in Christ- sharing in his dying and rising with
him which includes the forgiveness of original sin and all
personal sins
B. Through the cleansing power of water and the Holy
Spirit
2. a. Incorporation to the Christian community, Christ’s body
b. adults and babies
c. sacrament of the Church’s faith
d. personal prayer of those celebrating the sacrament
e. receiving thetransforming grace of Baptism leading us
to conversion and commitment.
3. a. Ritual calling for a life of Christian discipleship
b. Influencing our daily life as a permanent source of
sharing in God’s own life in Christ
c. single event grounding the baptized whole future life
process by renewing the baptismal vows