Scribd
Upload
10 views8 pages

Lab Report 2

The lab report focuses on verifying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) through practical experiments. The objectives include understanding these laws and comparing measured values with calculated ones. The results confirmed the reliability of KVL and KCL in circuit analysis, highlighting their importance in electrical engineering.

Uploaded by

abhasan7710
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views8 pages

Lab Report 2

The lab report focuses on verifying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) through practical experiments. The objectives include understanding these laws and comparing measured values with calculated ones. The results confirmed the reliability of KVL and KCL in circuit analysis, highlighting their importance in electrical engineering.

Uploaded by

abhasan7710
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

LAB REPORT ON

Verification of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and


Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Introduction:

Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two approximate equalities that deal with the current
and potential difference (commonly known as voltage) in electrical circuits. They
were first described in 1845 by Gustav Kirchhoff. This generalized the work of
Georg Ohm and preceded the work of Maxwell. Widely used in electrical
engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's laws.

Objectives:

The purpose of this experiment is:

 To develop an understanding of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s


Current Law (KCL) practically.
 And finally measured values are going to be verified with calculated
values.

Theory and Methodology:


Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) in a DC circuit states that, "the algebraic sum of the
Voltage drop around any closed path is equal to the algebraic sum of the Voltage
rises”. In other words, "the algebraic sum of the Voltage rises and drops around
any closed path is equal to zero”. A plus (+) sign is assigned for the potential
rises (- to +) and minus sign (-) is assigned to a potential drop (+ to -). In
symbolic form, Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) can be expressed as
å cV = 0, Where C is used for closed loop and V is used for the potential rises

and drops.
Figure-1: Loop circuit
Analysis of KVL circuit

For doing a complete analysis of KVL, with the given values of circuit parameters
follow the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate the value of supply current, I:
I = E / (R1+R2+R3)
Step 2: Calculate V1, V2, and V3:
V1= I×R1 V2= I×R2 V3= I×R3
Step 3. Use KVL to verify:
åcV=0 or E-V1-V2-V3=0

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL):


Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) in a DC circuit states that," the algebraic sum of the
currents entering and leaving an area, system or junction is zero”. In other word,
"the sum of the currents entering an area, system or junction must be equal the
sum of the currents leaving the area, system or junction”. In equation form,
å I Entering = å I leaving

Figure-2: Node circuit

Analysis of KCL circuit

For doing a complete analysis of KVL, with the given values of circuit parameters
follow the following steps:
Step 1. Calculate the value of equivalent resistance of circuit:

( )
−1
1 1 1
Req = + +
R1 R2 R3

Step 2. Calculate supply current, I:


I= E/Req
Step 3. Calculate current through different branches:
I1 = E / R 1 I2= E/R2 I3= E/R3
Step 4. Use KCL to verify:
å I Entering = å I leaving or I= I1 + I2 + I3

Apparatus:
1. Resistors
2. Connecting wire
3. Trainer Board
4. AVO meter or Multimeter
5. DC source

Precautions:
Connection of the circuit was done carefully. And before connecting supply with
the circuit the
whole connection diagram was checked.

Experimental Procedure:
1. We have connected the circuit as shown in the figure 1.
2. Then the voltage across each element of the circuit was measured
3. After that, we have filled the following table with necessary calculations.
Table 1: Measurement data for applying KVL on figure 1

No. R1 R2 R3 Source Voltage Voltage Voltage Total Voltage Error =


Voltage, Across Across R2, Across R3, Drop = (MV-
of E R1, V1 V2 V3 V1+V2+V3 CV)/CV
obs (V) (V) (V) (V)
.
(V) (%)
K KΩ K CV MV CV MV CV MV CV MV CV MV
Ω Ω

1 3. 0.46 2. 5 5 1.5 2.2 10.7 10. 2.27 1.4 14.47 14.6 0.89%
3 7 2 6

2 3. 0.46 2. 10 10 3.0 4.6 21.4 21. 4.45 3.0 28.98 29.1 0.41%
3 7 2 1 4

3 3. 0.46 2. 15 15 4.5 6.9 32.1 32. 6.81 4.6 43.46 43.6 0.32%
3 7 2 1 4

4. Then we have connected the circuit as shown in the figure 2.


5. After that, the current across each branch of the circuit was measured
6. Finally, the following table was filled with necessary calculations.

Simulation for KVL :


Table 2: Measurement data for applying KCL on figure
2

No. R1 R2 R3 I I1 I2 I3 I=I1+I2+I3 % Error = %


(mv-cv)/cv
of

obs
C M C M C M C M C M
.

KΩ KΩ KΩ
A A A A A A A A A A
1 2.1 1.80 0.97 10. 10. 2.7 2.7 5.1 5.1 2.3 2.2 10.21 10.23 0.19%
5 5 5 2 2 7 4 2 2 2 9

2 2.1 1.80 0.97 20. 20. 5.5 5.5 10. 10. 4.6 4.6 20.43 20.46 0.14%
5 5 5 4 4 7 3 2 2 4 4

3 2.1 1.80 0.97 30. 30. 8.3 8.3 15. 15. 6.9 6.9 30.65 30.76 0.35%
5 5 5 6 6 1 1 3 4 8 6

Simulation for KCL:


Discussion :
In this expermient we verified Kirchoffs voltage and current law.KVL and KCL are
essential tools for understanding and analyzing electrical circuits, providing a
systematic approach to solve complex problems in circuit theory. They are
fundamental principles that form the basis for advanced circuit analysis and
design.These laws not only form the bedrock for basic circuit comprehension but
also pave the way for advanced applications in circuit analysis and design
Moreover during the expermient, we must be aware of the potential hazards
associated with electricity.Proper wiring is essential for the reliability and safety
of the circuit.

Conclusion :
Both KVL and KCL were successfully verified through simulations and physical
measurements, reinforcing their foundational roles in electrical engineering and
circuit analysis.
The consistency between theoretical predictions and experimental results
illustrates the reliability of these laws in practical applications. While minor
discrepancies were observed, they were expected and can be attributed to real-
world factors such as resistance tolerances, measurement errors, and the
limitations of the measurement tools used.
This study not only enhances our understanding of circuit theory but also
emphasizes the importance of KVL and KCL in designing and analyzing complex
electrical circuits. Future investigations could further explore the impact of non-
ideal components and dynamic circuits, as well as the implications of these laws
in advanced applications such as electronic devices and power systems.

Reference:
[1] Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 10th Edition

You might also like