Network Models

OSI Reference Model

• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection Model, it has been developed
by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) in the year 1984.
• It is a 7 layer architecture where each layer has specific functionality.
• All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one
network to another network across the globe.
• The sequence of each layer for the sender is from layer 7 to layer 1. While
on the other hand the sequence of each layer for the receiver is from layer 1
to layer 7.
Working Of The OSI Reference Model
Sender Side:
1. Application Layer: Some Data is generated in this layer by the user.
2. Presentation Layer: Modifies/Encrypts the Data received from
Application Layer.
3. Session Layer: Creates a connection between two nodes which when
interrupted will continue from the point it was interrupted.
4. Transport Layer: Adds the transport layer information to the encrypted
data.
5. Network Layer: Adds the network layer information to the data received
from transport layer.
6. Data Link Layer: Adds the DLL information to the data received from
network layer.
7. Physical Layer: The entire content is converted to binary language.
Application Layer
• An application layer serves as a window for users and application processes
to access network service.
• It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc.
• Service provided by the Application Layer:
• File Transfer and Access Management(FTAM).
• Mail Services.
• Directory Services.
Presentation Layer
• A Presentation layer is mainly concerned with the syntax and semantics of
the information exchanged between the two systems.
• If there are ‘n’ number of bits in the data this layer decide what the initial
set of 8 bit represent and so on.
• Service provided by the Presentation Layer:
• Translation.
• Encryption.
• Compression.
Session Layer
• The Session layer is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the
interaction between communicating devices.
• Service provided by the Session Layer:
• Dialog Control (half duplex or duplex).
• Synchronization.
Transport Layer
• This layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
• The Transport layer ensures that messages are transmitted in the order in
which they are sent and there is no duplication of data.
• Service provided by the Transport Layer:
• Port Addressing.
• Segmentation.
• Connection control.
• End-to-End flow control.
• Error control.
Network Layer
• This layer is responsible for delivery of data from original source to
destination network.
• The Network layer manages device addressing, tracks the location of
devices on the network.
• Service provided by the Network Layer:
• Logical Addressing (Source IP and Destination IP).
• Routing.
Data Link Layer
• When a packet arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of the DLL to
transmit it to the Host using its MAC address, Packet in the Data Link layer
is referred to as Frame.
• DLL also encapsulates Sender and Receiver’s MAC address in the header.
• Service provided by the Data Link Layer:
• Framing.
• Physical Addressing.
• Error Control.
• Flow Control.
Physical Layer
• It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices.
• The physical layer contains information in the form of bits.
• Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node
to the next.
• Service provided by the Transport Layer:
• Bit Synchronization.
• Bit Rate Control (bits per second).
• Physical Topologies.
• Transmission Mode.
TCP/IP Reference Model
• The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.
• The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.
• The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface,
internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four
layers of the OSI model and these four layers are represented in TCP/IP
model by a single layer called the application layer.
• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each
of them provides specific functionality.
• Layers of the TCP/IP Model:
• Network Access Layer
• Internet Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer
Network Access Layer
• The network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
• A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link
layer defined in the OSI reference model.
• It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.
• This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between
two devices on the same network.
• The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram
into frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into
physical addresses.
Internet Layer
• An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.
• An internet layer is also known as the network layer.
• The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the packets from any
network, and they arrive at the destination irrespective of the route they
take.
• Following are the protocols used in this layer:
• IP
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol).
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).
Physical Addresses
• The physical address is also known as the MAC (Media Access Control)
address or link address.
• It is the address of a node and is the lowest level of addresses.
• The size of a physical address is 48 bits.
• Representation:
• XX : XX : XX : YY : YY : YY
• Example:
• 16 : 1A : BB : 6F : 90 : E5
Logical Addresses
• IP address is a logical address used for network communication and routing.
• An Internet Protocol address is a unique address that identifies the device on
the network.
• The difference between logical and physical addresses is that logical
addresses, such as IP addresses, are assigned by software protocols and can
be changed or reconfigured, whereas physical addresses, such as MAC
addresses, are hardcoded into the hardware of the device and cannot be
changed.
• There are 2 different versions of IP as follows:
• IPv4 (IP version 4)
• IPv6 (IP version 6)
IPv4 (IP version 4) & IPv6 (IP version 6)
• IPv4 employs a 32-bit address. It is composed of four numbers separated by
a ‘dot’ i.e., periods called an octet (byte). Each number in the octet can
range from 0 to 255.
• Example – 172.166.3.28
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• IPv6 is the next generation of Internet Protocol addresses. In comparison to

IPV4, IPv6 has a larger address space.
• IPv6 has a length of 128 bits and is written in hexadecimal
• Example – 3221:1cd7:74b6:6da7:0000:0000:7349:6472
Port Addresses
• A port number is a way to identify a specific process to which an internet or
other network message is to be forwarded when it arrives at a server.
• All network-connected devices come equipped with standardized ports that
have an assigned number.
• The reason why they are reserved is for certain protocols and their
associated function. E.g. Port number 25 used for SMTP.
• Some commonly used ports and their associated networking protocols:
• Ports 20 and 21: FTP is used to transfer files between a client and a server.
• Port 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is commonly used for email.
• Port 8080: Used for webservers.
• Port 3360: TCP/IP networks use port 3360
ClassfullAddressing
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