ERODE SENGUNTHAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

23ES216
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY
2024 – 25 (Even)

LAB MANUAL

Name :
Roll No. :
Department/Sec:
Year/Sem :
 INSTITUTE VISION

Vision of Erode Sengunthar Engineering College is to become a World Class Technical

Institution and Scientific Research Centre for the Benefit of the Society.

INSTITUTE MISSION

Erode Sengunthar Engineering College will strive continuously to

 Create Positive difference to Society through Innovative Teaching – Learning Process.
 Impart Value Based Technical Education to the Students from across various Socio
Economic backgrounds.
 Build State of art infrastructure for high quality Research and Development capabilities
on par with the finest in the Globe and widen student’s horizons beyond Class Room.
 Bring out Competent, Ethically Strong and Quality Professionals.

DEPARTMENT VISION

Excellence in the domain of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for sustainable
development.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

DM1: To impart quality education with regard to existing and evolving AI & DS
techniques.
DM2: To groom students technologically superior and ethically strong.
DM3: To equip students with interdisciplinary skill sets require to cater the needs of the
society.
DM4: To collaborating with various Industries to make students industry ready.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO1: To apply Artificial Intelligence and Data Science techniques with industrial standards
and pioneering research to solve social and environment-related problems for making
sustainable ecosystems.

PEO2: To excel with professional skills, fundamental knowledge, and advanced futuristic
technologies to become Data Scientists, Data Analyst Managers, Data Science leaders AI
Research Scientists or Entrepreneurs.
PEO3: To pursue higher studies and continue to learn by participating in conferences,
seminars, etc.
PEO4: To develop code and solutions to industry in a rapidly changing technology
environment and communicate with clients as an entrepreneur.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling
to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)

PSO1: To apply analytic technologies to arrive at actionable foresight, Insight,

hindsight from data for solving business and engineering problems.
PSO2: To create, and apply the techniques of AI and Data Science to forecast future
events in the domain of Healthcare, Education, and Agriculture, Manufacturing,
Automation, Robotics, Transport etc.
PSO3: Enrich their abilities to qualify for Employment in the field of AI and DS.:
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 ERODE SENGUNTHAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA.
ESEC / Lab Manual / AI&DS I Year / II Sem

LABORATORY PRACTICE

SAFETY RULES

1. SAFETY is of extreme importance in the Electrical Engineering Laboratories.

2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, practice with enough care and
attention in handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the laboratory.
(Electricity is a good servant but a bad master).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages.
(Otherwise, any such contact may subject you to electrical shock).
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally
contact a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence
you will be protected from electrical shock).
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment
happens to be a rotating machine).
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.

7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains.
(When you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit
or may touch a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock).
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet
parts of the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of
the shock).
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit. (Otherwise
you will be touching the live parts in the circuit).
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit
strictly as per the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety
plugs and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid
such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you
accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands).
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16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.

17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit (like insulation heating up,
resistor heating up etc.), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform
the staff member.
18. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch
off the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
19. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake-
drums:
 Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by putting just enough water into the
brake -drum at intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the
laboratory) to pour the water. (When the drum gets too hot, it will burn out the
braking belts).

 Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the supply to the load-test circuit is
switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake -drum will splash out on you)

 After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake - drum using the
plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a sponge which is available
in the laboratory. (The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum, will corrode
it)
20. Determine the correct rating of the fuse/s to be connected in the circuit after
understanding correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no - load test or
full-load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that
fuse-rating. (While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other
instruments like ammeters and watt- meters in case of over load, an under-rated fuse
may not allow one even to start the experiment)
21. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit
overshoots, as the starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor.
Moving coil ammeters being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting
current. A switch has been provided on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of
the meter during starting. This switch should be closed after the motor attains full
speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of wattmeters are not so delicate and
hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No such switch
is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both AC
and DC measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more
accurate as compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can be use d for DC
measurements only. Good features of moving coil instruments are not of much

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consequence for you as other sources of errors in the experiments are many times
more than those caused by these meters.

22. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the following
ways:
 Keeping unnecessary material like books, Lab records, unused meters etc. causing
meters to fall down the table.
 Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections or while
talking or listening somebody.

GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTE BOOK

The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This record
should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar technical background can
duplicate the experiment and data by simply following your laboratory notebook. Record
everything directly into the notebook during the experiment. Do not trust your memory to fill
in the details at a later time.
Organization in your notebook is important. Descriptive headings should be used to separate
and identify the various parts of the experiment. Record data in Chronological order.
1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.

2. Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the
experiment should be at the beginning of each experiment.
3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labelled so that the actual experiment circuitry
could be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all
circuit changes made during the experiment.
4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the
data. It may be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if
discrepancies develop in the results.
5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short
commentaries alongside the corresponding data may be used.
Keep in mind the fact that the experiment must be reproducible from the
information given in your notebook.

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6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables.
Record instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct
data; however, calculated results may be recorded In the same table with the direct
data. Data tables should be clearly identified and each data column labelled and
headed by the proper units of measure.

7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to
illustrate the treatment of the experimental data in obtaining the results.
8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to
be presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any
questionable data points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The
grid lines in the notebook can be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is
required, affix the graph permanently into the notebook. Give all graphs a short
descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of measure. Label each curve
if more than one on a graph.
9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Tables
are generally used for small amounts of results.

TROUBLE SHOOTING HINTS

1. Be sure that the power is turned ON.

2. Be sure the ground connections are common.
3. Be sure the circuit you build is identical to your circuit diagram (Do a node by node check).
4. Be sure that the supply voltages are correct.
5. Be sure that the equipment is set up correctly and you are measuring the correct
parameters.
6. If steps 1 through 5 are correct then you probably have used a component with the wrong
value or one that doesn’t work. It is also possible that the equipment does not work
(although this is not probable) or the proto board you are using may have some unwanted
paths between nodes. To find your problem you must trace through the voltages in your
circuit node by node and compare the signal you expect to have. Then if they are
different use your engineering. judgment to decide what is causing the different or ask
your lab assistant

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23ES216 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY LTPC-0021

The purpose of learning this course is to

Course  Provide a practical exposure to basic Engineering practices like making of
Objectives simple Electrical and Electronics circuits.
 Have an understanding on the use of various tools.
 Appreciate the practical difficulties and safety issues.
 Verify the function of logic gates.
 Learn the various household wiring.
At the end of this course, Learners will be able to:
Course  Attain the practical skills needed even in making of simple circuits.
Outcomes
 Attend minor defects especially in terms used in day to day life.
 Aware of the safety aspects involved in using tools and instruments.
 Verify and apply the logic gates for particular task.
 Make wiring diagram for various household wiring.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

1 Residential House Wiring using Switches, Fuse, Indicator, Lamp and Energy Meter

2 Fluorescent Lamp Wiring

3 Stair Case Wiring

4 Measurement of Electrical Quantities – Voltage, Current, Power and Power Factor

5 Measurement of Energy using Single Phase Energy Meter

6 Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES

7 Calculation of Resistance value by Colour Coding

8 Measurement of AC Signals using CRO and Multimeter

9 Verification of Logic Gates AND, OR, NOR & NOT

10 Generation of Clock Signal

11 Soldering practice – Components, Devices and Circuits – using Bread Board

12 Measurement of Ripple Factor in HWR and FWR Circuits

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LIST OF CYCLE
CYCLE-1
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

1 Residential House Wiring using Switches, Fuse, Indicator, Lamp and

Energy Meter

2 Fluorescent Lamp Wiring

3 Stair Case Wiring

4 Measurement of Electrical Quantities – Voltage, Current, Power and Power

Factor

5 Measurement of Energy using Single Phase Energy Meter

6 Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment

CYCLE-2
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES

7 Calculation of Resistance value by Colour Coding

8 Measurement of AC Signals using CRO and Multimeter

9 Verification of Logic Gates AND, OR, NOR & NOT

10 Generation of Clock Signal

11 Soldering practice – Components, Devices and Circuits –

using Bread Board

12 Measurement of Ripple Factor in HWR and FWR Circuits

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INDEX

S.No. Date Experiments Page No. Marks sign

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Ex. No. 1
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES,
Date: FUSE, INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY METER

Aim:

To construct Residential house wiring using switches, Fuse, Indicator. Lamp and Energy meter.

Apparatus Required:

Sl. No Name Range Quantity

1 Energy Meter Single phase 1

2 Lamp with Holder 40Watts,60Watts,100Watts 1

3 Indicator Lamp 1
4 Switch 5A, 230V 1
5 PVC pipe As required

6 Connecting Wires As required

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Switch ON the one way switch and check the lamp indication.
4. Measure the number of flickering for one minute under different loads and tabulate the
readings.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

E. M. - ENERGY METER
N. L. - NEUTRAL LINK
DPSTS - DOUBLE POLE SINGLE THROW SWITCH

TABULATION:

S. No. Load in Watts No. of flickering for 1 minute

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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Ex. No. 2
FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
Date:

Aim:

To construct Fluorescent lamp wiring with switch control.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Fluorescent lamp 40 watts 1
2 Choke - 1
3 Starter - 1
4 Switch 5A, 230V 1
5 Connecting Wires - As required

Procedure:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the power supply.
 Observe whether the tube light glows or not.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:

S. No Switch Position Condition of Lamp

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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Ex. No. 3
STAIR-CASE WIRING
Date:

Aim:

To construct a stair case wiring with a two-way switch control.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name Range Quantity

1 Lamp 40 watts 1
2 2 way Switch 5A, 230V 2
3 Connecting Wires - As required

Procedure:

 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch on the power supply.
 Observe whether the tube light glows or not.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE FOR “ON/OFF” POSITION

Switch position
Condition of lamp
S.No.
S1 S2

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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Ex. No. 4
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES-
Date: VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND POWER
FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT

Aim:
To measure the electrical quantities such as voltage, current, power and power factor in
RLC circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A,LPF wattmeter 1
4 Resistive load 1
5 Inductive load 1
6 Capacitor load 1
7 Single phase auto-transformer 1
8 DPST switch 1

Procedure:
 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Vary the auto-transformer and set the voltmeter to 230V.
 Increase the loads and tabulate the values of voltage, current and power.
 Calculate the power factor for various readings using the formula
Power factor = Real power (W) / apparent power
Where Apparent power = V x I (watts)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CC

PC

TABULATION

S.No. Voltage,V Current , I Measured Apparent Power Power factor

(Volts) (Ampere) Power W = V*I (Watts) = W/V*I
(Watts)

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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Ex. No. 5
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE
Date: PHASE ENERGY METER

Aim:
To measure the energy utilized by the loads using single phase energy meter.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V, MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1
3 Resistive load 1
4 Single Phase Energy meter 1
5 DPST switch
6 Connecting Wires As required

Procedure:
 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
 Switch on the power supply.
 Tabulate the voltmeter and ammeter readings at no load condition
 Increase the load and note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings.
 Calculate the energy consumed using the formulas given.

Formulas Used:

10
Total number of flickering in 1 hour = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑋3600

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑖𝑛 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

Energy consumed by the load in Kwh =
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

E.M - Single Phase Energy Meter

TABULATION

S.No. Voltage V Current I Time taken for Energy consumed in

(Volts) (Amperes) 10 flickerings kWh
(Sec)

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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Ex. No. 6
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF
Date: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Aim:

To measure the resistance of earth with the help of electrical equipment.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Name Range Quantity

1 Ball-pen Hammer ¼ Kg 1
2 Galvanized Iron Rods - 3
3 Megger - 1
4 Connecting wires - As required

Procedure:

 Adjust the resistance so that the earth tester meter reaches null position.
 Link the Current and pressure coil terminals C1, P1, C2 and P2 externally to the earth
electrode.
 Manually rotate the hand driven generator at the normal speed.
 Select a suitable resistance (10 or 100 or 1000 ohms).
 Observe the meter readings from the earth tester and find the earth resistance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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TABULATION

Electrode C1 Electrode C2
Distance Value in Distance Value in
S. No. Distance in Distance in
Ohm on wet soil Ohm on dry soil
Feet Feet

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Viva Questions:

Result:

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ERODE SENGUNTHAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

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Exp. No.1. Residential House Wiring

1. What is residential house wiring?

Residential wiring involves the installation of electrical systems to supply power for lighting,
appliances, and other devices in homes. It includes circuits, switches, and protective devices like fuses
and circuit breakers.
2. What is the purpose of switches in house wiring?
Switches control the flow of current to specific devices or areas. They help turn lights or appliances on
and off safely and conveniently.
3. What is a fuse, and why is it used?
A fuse is a safety device that breaks the circuit when excessive current flows, protecting the wiring and
appliances from damage caused by short circuits or overloading.
4. What does an energy meter do?
An energy meter measures the total electrical energy consumed over time, typically in kilowatt-hours
(kWh). It helps calculate electricity bills.
5. What is the importance of earthing in residential wiring?
Earthing provides a low-resistance path for fault currents to the ground, preventing electric shocks and
equipment damage.
6. What are the common wire types used in house wiring?
PVC-insulated copper wires are commonly used because they are durable, have high conductivity, and
resist corrosion.
7. Why are circuit breakers used in house wiring?
Circuit breakers automatically interrupt the flow of electricity in the event of an overload or short
circuit, offering reusable protection compared to fuses.
8. What is the role of an indicator in wiring?
Indicators show the operational status of a circuit or device, such as whether power is supplied or not.
9. What are the differences between live, neutral, and earth wires?
The live wire carries current to the load, the neutral wire returns the current, and the earth wire ensures
safety by directing leakage currents to the ground.

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10.What safety precautions should be taken during house wiring?

Use insulated tools, turn off the power supply, ensure proper earthing, and follow standard wiring
codes to prevent accidents.

Exp. No.2. Fluorescent Lamp Wiring

1. What is a fluorescent lamp?

A fluorescent lamp is an energy-efficient lighting device that uses low-pressure mercury vapor to
produce light through fluorescence.
2. What is the working principle of a fluorescent lamp?
It works by exciting mercury vapor, producing ultraviolet light, which causes a phosphor coating
inside the lamp to emit visible light.
3. What is the role of a choke in fluorescent lamps?
The choke limits current during operation and provides a high voltage surge to start the lamp by
ionizing the gas inside.
4. What is the function of a starter in fluorescent lamp circuits?
The starter helps establish a high voltage across the lamp electrodes during startup and disconnects
after the lamp starts.
5. Why is a fluorescent lamp preferred over incandescent lamps?
Fluorescent lamps are more energy-efficient, converting more electricity into light and generating less
heat, resulting in longer lifespans.
6. What are the components of a fluorescent lamp wiring circuit?
The main components are the lamp tube, choke, starter, and holder, along with connecting wires.
7. How does the phosphor coating inside a fluorescent lamp work?
The phosphor coating absorbs ultraviolet light generated by mercury vapor and re-emits it as visible
light.
8. What are the advantages of fluorescent lamps?
They consume less energy, have a longer life, provide better illumination, and generate less heat
compared to incandescent lamps.
9. What causes flickering in fluorescent lamps?
Flickering can be caused by a faulty starter, aging lamp, or unstable power supply.
10. What are the disadvantages of fluorescent lamps?
They contain mercury, which is hazardous, require more components, and can emit UV radiation.
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Exp. No.3. Staircase Wiring

1. What is staircase wiring?

Staircase wiring is a system where a single lamp is controlled by two switches located at different
positions, such as at the top and bottom of a staircase.
2. What is the purpose of staircase wiring?
It allows users to turn the light on or off from either of the two switches, enhancing convenience and
safety.
3. What is the circuit configuration used in staircase wiring?
The system uses two two-way switches connected in such a way that the current can flow through
alternate paths to control the lamp.
4. What components are used in staircase wiring?
The main components are a lamp, two two-way switches, and connecting wires.
5. How does a two-way switch work?
A two-way switch has three terminals and can alternate between two positions, allowing current to
pass through different paths.
6. What is the difference between one-way and two-way switches?
One-way switches control a circuit from one point, while two-way switches allow control from two
different locations.
7. Why is staircase wiring used?
It is used in places where a single light source needs to be controlled from multiple points, such as
staircases, hallways, and large rooms.
8. What is the importance of using proper insulation in staircase wiring?
Proper insulation prevents short circuits and ensures the safety of users by reducing the risk of electric
shock.
9. What precautions should be taken during staircase wiring installation?
Ensure proper connections, use high-quality switches and wires, and test the system thoroughly after
installation.
10. What are the common issues in staircase wiring, and how can they be resolved?
Issues include loose connections and faulty switches, which can be fixed by tightening screws and
replacing damaged components.

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Exp. No.4. Measurement of Electrical Quantities – Voltage, Current, Power, and Power
Factor

1. What is voltage, and how is it measured?

Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit and is measured in volts (V) using
a voltmeter connected in parallel with the load.
2. What is current, and how is it measured?
Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter
connected in series with the circuit.
3. What is electrical power?
Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or converted into another form of
energy, measured in watts (W), and calculated as P=V×IP = V \times IP=V×I.
4. What is power factor?
Power factor is the ratio of real power (P) to apparent power (S) in a circuit, indicating the efficiency
of power usage. It ranges from 0 to 1.
5. How is power factor measured?
Power factor can be measured using a power factor meter or calculated using
Power Factor=cos⁡ϕ\text{Power Factor} = \cos \phiPower Factor=cosϕ, where ϕ\phiϕ is the phase
angle between voltage and current.
6. What is the difference between real power and reactive power?
Real power performs actual work, while reactive power supports the magnetic and electric fields in
inductive and capacitive loads but does no work.
7. What are the units of measurement for electrical quantities?
Voltage (Volts), Current (Amperes), Power (Watts), Energy (Kilowatt-hours), and Power Factor
(unitless, usually expressed as a decimal or percentage).
8. Why is power factor improvement important?
Improving power factor reduces energy losses, lowers electricity bills, and increases the efficiency
of electrical systems.
9. What is the role of a wattmeter in power measurement?
A wattmeter measures real power in a circuit. It is connected with its current coil in series and its
voltage coil in parallel with the load.

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10. What precautions should be taken when measuring electrical quantities?

Use properly rated instruments, ensure connections are secure, and avoid overloading the measuring
devices to ensure accurate and safe readings.

Exp. No.5. Measurement of Energy Using Single-Phase Energy Meter

1. What is an energy meter?

An energy meter measures the electrical energy consumed by a load over time, typically displayed
in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
2. What is the working principle of a single-phase energy meter?
It operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where a rotating aluminum disc indicates
the energy consumed based on the interaction of voltage and current.
3. How is energy calculated using an energy meter?
Energy is calculated by multiplying the number of revolutions of the disc by the energy constant
(kWh per revolution) provided on the meter.
4. What is the function of the braking magnet in an energy meter?
The braking magnet creates a damping force on the rotating disc, ensuring accurate measurement
and preventing over-rotation.
5. What are the components of a single-phase energy meter?
Key components include the current coil, voltage coil, rotating aluminum disc, permanent magnet,
and display dial.
6. What is the significance of the energy constant in a meter?
The energy constant indicates the number of revolutions of the disc required to represent 1 kWh of
energy consumption.
7. What is the difference between analog and digital energy meters?
Analog meters use a rotating disc and mechanical dials, while digital meters use electronic displays
and often provide more accurate readings.
8. Why is energy metering important?
It helps monitor electricity usage, calculate bills, and manage power consumption efficiently.
9. What precautions should be taken during energy meter testing?
Ensure proper wiring, use the correct energy constant, and avoid overloading the meter.

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10. What are the common issues in energy meters, and how are they resolved?
Issues like inaccurate readings or stuck discs can be resolved by recalibrating the meter or replacing
faulty components.

Exp. No.6. Measurement of Resistance to Earth of Electrical Equipment

1. What is resistance to earth?

Resistance to earth, or earth resistance, is the resistance offered by the earth to the flow of fault
current to the ground, ensuring safety during faults.
2. Why is it important to measure earth resistance?
Measuring earth resistance ensures proper earthing, which protects against electric shocks and
prevents equipment damage during faults.
3. What instruments are used for measuring earth resistance?
Earth resistance is measured using an earth tester or a megger.
4. What is the acceptable range of earth resistance for residential systems?
The resistance should typically be below 5 ohms for safety and efficient fault current dissipation.
5. How is earth resistance measured using an earth tester?
An earth tester uses the three-point or four-point method, where electrodes are placed at specific
distances to measure resistance.
6. What factors affect earth resistance?
Soil resistivity, moisture content, temperature, and electrode material influence earth resistance.
7. What are the methods to reduce earth resistance?
Adding water or salt to the soil, using multiple earth electrodes, or installing chemical earthing
systems can reduce resistance.
8. What is the difference between earthing and grounding?
Earthing connects non-current-carrying parts of equipment to the ground, while grounding connects
current-carrying parts to a reference point.
9. What is a ground fault, and how does earthing help?
A ground fault occurs when a live wire contacts an earthed surface. Proper earthing directs fault
current to the ground, protecting users and equipment.

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10. What are the safety precautions during earth resistance measurement?
Disconnect the equipment from the power supply, wear insulated gloves, and ensure proper
placement of electrodes to avoid inaccurate readings or hazards.

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