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List of 300 Angular Interview Questions and answers

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Angular Interview Questions & Answers

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1. Take this Angular course to go from a complete Angular beginner to

confidently building enterprise-level applications from scratch
2. Take this coding interview bootcamp if you’re serious about getting hired
and don’t have a CS degree
:
 Table of Contents

No. Questions

1 What is Angular Framework?

2 What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

3 What is TypeScript?

4 Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

5 What are the key components of Angular?

6 What are directives?

7 What are components?

8 What are the differences between Component and Directive?

9 What is a template?

10 What is a module?

11 What are lifecycle hooks available?

12 What is a data binding?

13 What is metadata?

14 What is Angular CLI?

15 What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

16 What is a service

17 What is dependency injection in Angular?

18 How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

19 What is the purpose of async pipe?

What is the option to choose between inline and external template

20
file?

21 What is the purpose of *ngFor directive?

22 What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

:
 23 What happens if you use script tag inside template?

24 What is interpolation?

25 What are template expressions?

26 What are template statements?

27 How do you categorize data binding types?

28 What are pipes?

29 What is a parameterized pipe?

30 How do you chain pipes?

31 What is a custom pipe?

32 Give an example of custom pipe?

33 What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

34 What is a bootstrapping module?

35 What are observables?

36 What is HttpClient and its benefits?

37 Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

38 How can you read full response?

39 How do you perform Error handling?

40 What is RxJS?

41 What is subscribing?

42 What is an observable?

43 What is an observer?

44 What is the difference between promise and observable?

45 What is multicasting?

46 How do you perform error handling in observables?

:
 47 What is the shorthand notation for subscribe method?

48 What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

49 What are observable creation functions?

50 What will happen if you do not supply handler for the observer?

51 What are Angular elements?

52 What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

53 What are custom elements?

54 Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

55 Explain how custom elements works internally?

56 How to transfer components to custom elements?

What are the mapping rules between Angular component and custom
57
element?

58 How do you define typings for custom elements?

59 What are dynamic components?

60 What are the various kinds of directives?

61 How do you create directives using CLI?

62 Give an example for attribute directives?

63 What is Angular Router?

64 What is the purpose of base href tag?

65 What are the router imports?

66 What is router outlet?

67 What are router links?

68 What are active router links?

69 What is router state?

70 What are router events?

:
 71 What is activated route?

72 How do you define routes?

73 What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

74 Do I need a Routing Module always?

75 What is Angular Universal?

76 What are different types of compilation in Angular?

77 What is JIT?

78 What is AOT?

79 Why do we need compilation process?

80 What are the advantages with AOT?

81 What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

82 What are the restrictions of metadata?

83 What are the three phases of AOT?

84 Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

85 What is the purpose of metadata json files?

86 Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in AOT?

87 What is folding?

88 What are macros?

89 Give an example of few metadata errors?

90 What is metadata rewriting?

91 How do you provide configuration inheritance?

92 How do you specify angular template compiler options?

93 How do you enable binding expression validation?

94 What is the purpose of any type cast function?

:
 95 What is Non null type assertion operator?

96 What is type narrowing?

97 How do you describe various dependencies in angular application?

98 What is zone?

99 What is the purpose of common module?

100 What is codelyzer?

101 What is angular animation?

102 What are the steps to use animation module?

103 What is State function?

104 What is Style function?

105 What is the purpose of animate function?

106 What is transition function?

107 How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

108 What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

109 What are the design goals of service workers?

What are the differences between AngularJS and Angular with

110
respect to dependency injection?

111 What is Angular Ivy?

112 What are the features included in ivy preview?

113 Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

114 What is Angular Language Service?

115 How do you install angular language service in the project?

116 Is there any editor support for Angular Language Service?

117 Explain the features provided by Angular Language Service?

118 How do you add web workers in your application?

:
 119 What are the limitations with web workers?

120 What is Angular CLI Builder?

121 What is a builder?

122 How do you invoke a builder?

123 How do you create app shell in Angular?

124 What are the case types in Angular?

125 What are the class decorators in Angular?

126 What are class field decorators?

127 What is declarable in Angular?

128 What are the restrictions on declarable classes?

129 What is a DI token?

130 What is Angular DSL?

131 What is an rxjs Subject?

132 What is Bazel tool?

133 What are the advantages of Bazel tool?

134 How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

135 How do you run Bazel directly?

136 What is platform in Angular?

137 What happens if I import the same module twice?

138 How do you select an element with in a component template?

139 How do you detect route change in Angular?

140 How do you pass headers for HTTP client?

141 What is the purpose of differential loading in CLI?

142 Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

:
 143 What is lazy loading?

144 What are workspace APIs?

145 How do you upgrade angular version?

146 What is Angular Material?

147 How do you upgrade location service of angularjs?

148 What is NgUpgrade?

149 How do you test Angular application using CLI?

150 How to use polyfills in Angular application?

151 What are the ways to trigger change detection in Angular?

152 What are the differences of various versions of Angular?

153 What are the security principles in angular?

154 What is the reason to deprecate Web Tracing Framework?

155 What is the reason to deprecate web worker packages?

156 How do you find angular CLI version?

157 What is the browser support for Angular?

158 What is schematic

159 What is rule in Schematics?

160 What is Schematics CLI?

161 What are the best practices for security in angular?

162 What is Angular security model for preventing XSS attacks?

163 What is the role of template compiler for prevention of XSS attacks?

164 What are the various security contexts in Angular?

165 What is Sanitization? Is angular supports it?

166 What is the purpose of innerHTML?

167 What is the difference between interpolated content and innerHTML?

:
 168 How do you prevent automatic sanitization?

169 Is safe to use direct DOM API methods in terms of security?

170 What is DOM sanitizer?

How do you support server side XSS protection in Angular

171
application?

172 Is angular prevents http level vulnerabilities?

173 What are Http Interceptors?

174 What are the applications of HTTP interceptors?

175 Is multiple interceptors supported in Angular?

176 How can I use interceptor for an entire application?

177 How does Angular simplifies Internationalization?

178 How do you manually register locale data?

179 What are the four phases of template translation?

180 What is the purpose of i18n attribute?

181 What is the purpose of custom id?

182 What happens if the custom id is not unique?

183 Can I translate text without creating an element?

184 How can I translate attribute?

185 List down the pluralization categories?

186 What is select ICU expression?

187 How do you report missing translations?

188 How do you provide build configuration for multiple locales?

189 What is an angular library?

190 What is AOT compiler?

191 How do you select an element in component template?

:
 192 What is TestBed?

193 What is protractor?

194 What is collection?

195 How do you create schematics for libraries?

196 How do you use jquery in Angular?

197 What is the reason for No provider for HTTP exception?

198 What is router state?

199 How can I use SASS in angular project?

200 What is the purpose of hidden property?

201 What is the difference between ngIf and hidden property?

202 What is slice pipe?

203 What is index property in ngFor directive?

204 What is the purpose of ngFor trackBy?

205 What is the purpose of ngSwitch directive?

206 Is it possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs?

207 What is safe navigation operator?

208 Is any special configuration required for Angular9?

209 What are type safe TestBed API changes in Angular9?

210 Is mandatory to pass static flag for ViewChild?

211 What are the list of template expression operators?

212 What is the precedence between pipe and ternary operators?

213 What is an entry component?

214 What is a bootstrapped component?

215 How do you manually bootstrap an application?

:
 216 Is it necessary for bootstrapped component to be entry component?

217 What is a routed entry component?

218 Why is not necessary to use entryComponents array every time?

219 Do I still need to use entryComponents array in Angular9?

220 Is it all components generated in production build?

221 What is Angular compiler?

222 What is the role of ngModule metadata in compilation process?

223 How does angular finds components, directives and pipes?

224 Give few examples for NgModules?

225 What are feature modules?

226 What are the imported modules in CLI generated feature modules?

227 What are the differences between ngmodule and javascript module?

228 What are the possible errors with declarations?

229 What are the steps to use declaration elements?

230 What happens if browserModule used in feature module?

231 What are the types of feature modules?

232 What is a provider?

233 What is the recommendation for provider scope?

234 How do you restrict provider scope to a module?

235 How do you provide a singleton service?

236 What are the different ways to remove duplicate service registration?

How does forRoot method helpful to avoid duplicate router

237
instances?

238 What is a shared module?

239 Can I share services using modules?

:
 240 How do you get current direction for locales??

241 What is ngcc?

242 What classes should not be added to declarations?

243 What is ngzone?

244 What is NoopZone?

245 How do you create displayBlock components?

246 What are the possible data change scenarios for change detection?

247 What is a zone context?

248 What are the lifecycle hooks of a zone?

249 Which are the methods of NgZone used to control change detection?

250 How do you change the settings of zonejs?

251 How do you trigger an animation?

252 How do you configure injectors with providers at different levels?

253 Is it mandatory to use injectable on every service class?

254 What is an optional dependency?

255 What are the types of injector hierarchies?

256 What are reactive forms?

257 What are dynamic forms?

258 What are template driven forms?

What are the differences between reactive forms and template driven
259
forms?

260 What are the different ways to group form controls?

261 How do you update specific properties of a form model?

262 What is the purpose of FormBuilder?

263 How do you verify the model changes in forms?

:
 264 What are the state CSS classes provided by ngModel?

265 How do you reset the form?

266 What are the types of validator functions?

267 Can you give an example of built-in validators?

268 How do you optimize the performance of async validators?

269 How to set ngFor and ngIf on the same element?

270 What is host property in css?

271 How do you get the current route?

272 What is Component Test Harnesses?

273 What is the benefit of Automatic Inlining of Fonts?

274 What is content projection?

275 What is ng-content and its purpose?

276 What is standalone component?

277 How to create a standalone component uing CLI command?

278 How to create a standalone component manually?

279 What is hydration ?

279

1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes
it easy to build web, mobile and desktop applications. The major features of
this framework include declarative templates, dependency injection, end to
end tooling which ease application development.

Back to Top

2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

:
 Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an
application is a tree of individual components.

Here are some of the major differences in tabular format:-

AngularJS Angular

This is based on
It is based on MVC architecture
Service/Controller

It uses JavaScript to build the Uses TypeScript to build the

application application

This is a component based UI

Based on controllers concept
approach

No support for mobile platforms Fully supports mobile platforms

Difficult to build SEO friendly Ease to build SEO friendly

application applications

Back to Top

3. What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a strongly typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft
that adds optional types, classes, async/await and many other features, and
compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular is written entirely in TypeScript as a
primary language. You can install TypeScript globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage:-

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);
:
 The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

Back to Top

4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application are shown in the diagram
below:-

Back to Top

5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the key components below,
i. Component: These are the basic building blocks of an Angular
application to control HTML views.
ii. Modules: An Angular module is a set of angular basic building blocks
like components, directives, services etc. An application is divided into
logical pieces and each piece of code is called as "module" which
perform a single task.
iii. Templates: These represent the views of an Angular application.
iv. Services: Are used to create components which can be shared across
the entire application.
v. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

Back to Top
:
 6. What are directives?
Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing
component instance.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background
as below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

Back to Top

7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app, which
form a tree of Angular components. These components are a subset of
directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template, and only
one component can be instantiated per element in a template. Let's see a
simple example of Angular component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
:
 title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}

Back to Top

8. What are the differences between Component and

Directive?
In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive

To register a directive we use

To register a component we use
@Directive meta-data
@Component meta-data annotation
annotation

Directives are used to add

Components are typically used to
behavior to an existing DOM
create UI widgets
element

Component is used to break down

Directive is used to design re-
the application into smaller
usable components
components

Only one component can be present Many directives can be used

per DOM element per DOM element

@View decorator or
Directive doesn't use View
templateurl/template are mandatory

Back to Top

9. What is a template?
:
 A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to
properties of an Angular component. You can store your component's
template in one of two places. You can define it inline using the template
property, or you can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it
in the component metadata using the @Component decorator's templateUrl
property.

Using inline template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Back to Top
:
 10. What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is

divided into separate modules to separate the functionality of your
application. Lets take an example of app.module.ts root module declared
with @NgModule decorator as below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ],
providers: []
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has five important (among all) options:

i. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The

BrowserModule is required by default for any web based angular
application.
ii. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective
module.
iii. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the
application.
iv. The providers option is used to configure a set of injectable objects that
are available in the injector of this module.
v. The entryComponents option is a set of components dynamically
loaded into the view.

Back to Top

11. What are lifecycle hooks available?

:
 Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a
lifecycle right from its initiation to the end of the application. The
representation of lifecycle in pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

i. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then

this method is called.
ii. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the
directive/component after Angular first displays the data-bound
properties happens.
iii. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that
Angular can't or won't detect on its own.
iv. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects
external content into the component's view.
v. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular
checks the content projected into the component.
vi. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the
component's views and child views.
vii. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks
the component's views and child views.
viii. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys
the directive/component.

Back to Top

12. What is a data binding?

:
 Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define
communication between a component and the DOM, making it very easy to
define interactive applications without worrying about pushing and pulling
data. There are four forms of data binding(divided as 3 categories) which
differ in the way the data is flowing.

i. From the Component to the DOM:

Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a property from the

component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the

component to the specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

ii. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding: (event)=”function”:

When a specific DOM event happens (eg.: click, change, keyup), call the
specified method in the component

<button (click)="logout()"></button>

iii. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-

way data binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in
the below code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email
property are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

Back to Top

13. What is metadata?

:
 Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected
behavior of the class. The metadata is represented by decorators
i. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}

@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
}

ii. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input
and @Output

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})

export class MyComponent {

@Input()
title: string;
}

iii. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g.

@HostListener
:
 import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, `event` available
}
}

iv. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors,

e.g. @Inject, @Optional

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
}

Back to Top

14. What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to

scaffold and build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules.
You need to install using below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating
angular projects
:
 i. Creating New Project: ng new

ii. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The

different types of commands would be,

ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application

ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to
your application
ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your
application
ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your
application
ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your
application

iii. Running the Project: ng serve

Back to Top

15. What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

The Constructor is a default method of the class that is executed when the
class is instantiated and ensures proper initialisation of fields in the class and
its subclasses. Angular, or better Dependency Injector (DI), analyses the
constructor parameters and when it creates a new instance by calling new
MyClass() it tries to find providers that match the types of the constructor
parameters, resolves them and passes them to the constructor.
ngOnInit is a life cycle hook called by Angular to indicate that Angular is
done creating the component.
Mostly we use ngOnInit for all the initialization/declaration and avoid stuff to
work in the constructor. The constructor should only be used to initialize
class members but shouldn't do actual "work". So you should use
constructor() to setup Dependency Injection and not much else. ngOnInit()
is better place to "start" - it's where/when components' bindings are
resolved.
:
 export class App implements OnInit{
constructor(private myService: MyService){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChange
//e.g. http call...
}
}

Back to Top

16. What is a service?

A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to

various modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your
application and better modularity by allowing you to extract common
functionality out of components.

Let's create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injec

// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app (App
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

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:
 17. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in

which a class asks for dependencies from external sources rather than
creating them itself. Angular comes with its own dependency injection
framework for resolving dependencies( services or objects that a class
needs to perform its function).So you can have your services depend on
other services throughout your application.

Back to Top

18. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

Injectors in Angular have rules that can be leveraged to achieve the desired
visibility of injectables in your applications. By understanding these rules,
you can determine in which NgModule, Component, or Directive you should
declare a provider.

Angular has two injector hierarchies:

Module injector

When angular starts, it creates a root injector where the services will be
registered, these are provided via injectable annotation. All services
provided in the ng-model property are called providers (if those modules
are not lazy-loaded).
:
 Angular recursively goes through all models which are being used in the
application and creates instances for provided services in the root injector. If
you provide some service in an eagerly-loaded model, the service will be
added to the root injector, which makes it available across the whole
application.

Platform Module

During application bootstrapping angular creates a few more injectors,

above the root injector goes the platform injector, this one is created by the
platform browser dynamic function inside the main.ts file, and it provides
some platform-specific features like DomSanitizer .

NullInjector()

At the very top, the next parent injector in the hierarchy is the
NullInjector() .The responsibility of this injector is to throw the error if
something tries to find dependencies there, unless you've used
@Optional() because ultimately, everything ends at the NullInjector()
and it returns an error or, in the case of @Optional() , null .
:
 ElementInjector

Angular creates ElementInjector hierarchies implicitly for each DOM

element. ElementInjector injector is being created for any tag that
matches the angular component, or any tag on which directive is applied,
and you can configure it in component and directive annotations inside the
provider's property, thus, it creates its own hierarchy likewise the upper one.

Back to Top

19. What is the purpose of async pipe?

:
 The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the
latest value it has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the
component to be checked for changes.

Let's take a time observable which continuously updates the view for every 2
seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time: Observable<string>;
constructor() {
this.time = new Observable((observer) => {
setInterval(() => {
observer.next(new Date().toString());
}, 2000);
});
}
}

Back to Top

20. What is the option to choose between inline and external

template file?
You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can
define it inline using the template property, or you can define the template in
a separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using the
@Component decorator's templateUrl property.

The choice between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste,

circumstances, and organization policy. But normally we use inline template
for small portion of code and external template file for bigger views. By
default, the Angular CLI generates components with a template file. But you
can override that with the below command,

ng generate component hero -it

:
 Back to Top

21. What is the purpose of *ngFor directive?

We use Angular *ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the
list. For example, here we can iterate over a list of users:

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>

The user variable in the *ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template

input variable.

Back to Top

22. What is the purpose of *ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under

specific circumstances. The Angular *ngIf directive inserts or removes an
element based on a truthy/falsy condition. Let's take an example to display a
message if the user age is more than 18:

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and
removing the paragraph element from the DOM. That improves
performance, especially in the larger projects with many data bindings.

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23. What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which
removes the script tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of
the script tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If
you still use it then it will be ignored and a warning appears in the browser
console.
:
 Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding which causes XSS
vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>'
}

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24. What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding.

It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double
curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a
component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the
corresponding component property.

Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills
in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

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25. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression.

Angular executes the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding
target; the target might be an HTML element, a component, or a directive. In
the property binding, a template expression appears in quotes to the right of
the = symbol as in [property]="expression" . In interpolation syntax, the
template expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in
:
 the below interpolation, the template expression is {{username}} ,

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression

i. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

ii. new
iii. chaining expressions with ; or ,
iv. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)

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26. What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such

as an element, component, or directive. The template statements appear in
quotes to the right of the = symbol like (event)="statement" .

Let's take an example of button click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below

JavaScript syntax expressions are not allowed.

i. new
ii. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
iii. operator assignment, such as += and -=
iv. the bitwise operators | and &
v. the template expression operators

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:
 27. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the

direction of data flow. They are listed as below,

i. From the source-to-view

ii. From view-to-source
iii. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

From the
1. {{expression}} 2. Interpolation,
source-to-
[target]="expression" 3. bind- Property, Attribute,
view(One-
target="expression" Class, Style
way)

From view-to-
1. (target)="statement" 2. on-
source(One- Event
target="statement"
way)

View-to-
source-to- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2.
Two-way
view(Two- bindon-target="expression"
way)

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28. What are pipes?

Pipes are simple functions that use template expressions to accept data as
input and transform it into a desired output. For example, let us take a pipe
to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date
using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
:
 template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}

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29. What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output.
The parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a
colon ( : ) and then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple
parameters, separate the values with colons. Let's take a birthday example
with a particular format(dd/MM/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/MM/yyyy'}}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a
string literal or a component property.

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30. How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the
needs. Let's take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with
parameter) and uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
:
 selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' | upper
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

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31. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-in pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below
key characteristics:
i. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which
you import from the core Angular library For example,

@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

ii. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform

method that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and
returns the transformed value. The structure of PipeTransform would
be as below,

interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

iii. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use
within template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`

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32. Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing
value. For example, let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on
an extension,
:
 import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

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33. What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the
parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input
value (String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference
(Date, Array, Function, Object). An impure pipe is called for every change
detection cycle no matter whether the value or parameters changes. i.e, An
impure pipe is called often, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

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34. What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you
bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is
commonly known as AppModule . The default structure of AppModule
generated by AngularCLI would be as follows:

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
:
 import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

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35. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages
between publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly
used for event handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple
values. In this case, you define a function for publishing values, but it is not
executed until a consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then
receives notifications until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

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36. What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over
HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API.
Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API known as HttpClient which
is based on top of XMLHttpRequest interface. This client is available from
@angular/common/http package. You can import in your root module as
below:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

:
 The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

i. Contains testability features

ii. Provides typed request and response objects
iii. Intercept request and response
iv. Supports Observalbe APIs
v. Supports streamlined error handling

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37. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient .
i. Import HttpClient into root module:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
export class AppModule {}

ii. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService( userprofile.service.ts ) as an example. It also
defines get method of HttpClient :

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';

@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
:
 return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
}
}

iii. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component

called UserProfileComponent( userprofile.component.ts ), which
injects UserProfileService and invokes the service method:

fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be

subscribed in the component.

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38. How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't or may not return full response data because
sometimes servers also return special headers or status code, which are
important for the application workflow. In order to get the full response, you
should use observe option from HttpClient :

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed

HttpResponse rather than just the JSON data.

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39. How do you perform Error handling?

:
 If the request fails on the server or fails to reach the server due to network
issues, then HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful
reponse. In this case, you need to handle in the component by passing
error object as a second callback to subscribe() method.

Let's see how it can be handled in the component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead
of displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient .

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40. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a
functional, reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient
produce and consume RxJS Observables and also uses operators for
processing observables.

For example, you can import observables and operators for using HttpClient
as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

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41. What is subscribing?

:
 An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone
subscribes to it. So you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe()
method of the instance, passing an observer object to receive the
notifications.

Let's take an example of creating and subscribing to a simple observable,

with an observer that logs the received message to the console.

// Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
source.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

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42. What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage
async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need
to rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are
created using new keyword.

Let see the simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
:
 setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});

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43. What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications

delivered by an Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable

notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer
ignores notifications of that type.

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44. What is the difference between promise and observable?

Below are the list of differences between promise and observable:

Observable Promise

Declarative: Computation does not start until Executes

subscription, so they can run whenever you need the immediately on
result creation
:
 Provides multiple values over time Provides only
one

Push errors to
Subscribe method is used for error handling that
the child
facilitates centralized and predictable error handling
promises

Uses only
Provides chaining and subscription to handle
.then()
complex applications
clause

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45. What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers

in a single execution.

Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature:

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

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46. How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer

instead of relying on try / catch , which are ineffective in asynchronous
environment.
:
 For example, you can define error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

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47. What is the shorthand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line,
for next , error , and complete handlers. It is known as shorthand
notation or Subscribe method with positional arguments.

For example, you can define subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

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48. What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and
working with observables.

i. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

ii. Iterating through the values in a stream
iii. Mapping values to different types
iv. Filtering streams
v. Composing multiple streams

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:
 49. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables

from promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of them
with an example:
i. Create an observable from a promise

import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function

const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});

ii. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response

iii. Create an observable from a counter

import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

iv. Create an observable from an event

import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) =>
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${
});

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50. What will happen if you do not supply handler for the
:
 observer?
Usually, an observer object can define any combination of next , error ,
and complete notification type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a
notification type, the observer just ignores notifications of that type.

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51. What are Angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements
(a web standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic
way). Angular Elements host an Angular component, providing a bridge
between the data and the logic defined in the component and the standard
DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to use Angular components in non-
Angular environments .

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52. What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser
support of angular elements is same as custom elements support.

This feature is is currently supported natively in a number of browsers and

pending for other browsers.

Browser Angular Element Support

Chrome Natively supported

Opera Natively supported

Safari Natively supported

Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to

enable dom.webcomponents.enabled and
Firefox
dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older
browsers

Edge Currently it is in progress

:
 Back to Top

53. What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which
extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and
controlled by JavaScript code. The browser maintains a
CustomElementRegistry of defined custom elements, which maps an
instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is
supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in other
browsers through polyfills.

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54. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added
to the DOM, and are automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM.
Once a custom element is added to the DOM for any page, it looks and
behaves like any other HTML element, and does not require any special
knowledge of Angular.

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55. Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

i. App registers custom element with browser: Use the

createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a class
that can be registered with the browser as a custom element.
ii. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a
built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
iii. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an
instance of the registered class and adds it to the DOM.
iv. Instance provides content with data binding and change detection:
The content with in template is rendered using the component and DOM
data. The flow chart of the custom elements functionality would be as
follows,
:
 Back to Top

56. How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,

i. Build custom element class: Angular provides the

createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular
component (along with its dependencies) to a custom element. The
conversion process implements NgElementConstructor interface, and
creates a constructor class which is used to produce a self-
bootstrapping instance of Angular component.
ii. Register element class with browser: It uses
customElements.define() JS function, to register the configured
constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the browser's
CustomElementRegistry . When the browser encounters the tag for the
registered element, it uses the constructor to create a custom-element
instance.
:
 The detailed structure would be as follows,

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57. What are the mapping rules between Angular component

and custom element?
The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and
the browser's event system. Let us describe them in two steps,
i. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties
with corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example,
component @Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element
attribute my-input-prop .
ii. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with
the name of the custom event matching the output name. For example,
component @Output() valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted
as custom element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".

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58. How do you define typings for custom elements?

:
 You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements.

Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular component.

i. The simple container with input property would be as below,

@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}

ii. After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,

const container = document.createElement('my-container')

as NgElement & WithProperties<{message: string}>;
container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows
this should be a string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows
there is no `greet` property on `container`.

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59. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which the component's

location in the application is not defined at build time i.e. they are not used in
any angular template. Instead, the component is instantiated and placed in
the application at runtime.

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60. What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives:
i. Components — These are directives with a template.
ii. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by
adding and removing DOM elements.
iii. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or
:
 behavior of an element, component, or another directive.

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61. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive
class file. It creates the source
file( src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts ), the respective
test file .spec.ts and declare the directive class file in root module.

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62. Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM
element. You can create and apply the attribute directive using below step:

i. Create HighlightDirective class with the file name

src/app/highlight.directive.ts . In this file, we need to import
Directive from core library to apply the metadata and ElementRef in the
directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM element ,

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
}

ii. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for

example,

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

:
 iii. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element

ng serve

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63. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view
to the next as users perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or
model of browser's application navigation. It enables developers to build
Single Page Applications with multiple views and allow navigation between
these views.

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64. What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first
child in the tag in order to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app
folder is the application root then you can set the href value as below

<base href="/">

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65. What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a
given URL is not part of Angular Core. It is available in library named
@angular/router to import required router components. For example, we
import them in app module as below,

import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

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66. What is router outlet?

:
 The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a
placeholder that marks the spot in the template where the router should
display the components for that outlet. Router outlet is used like a
component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<!-- Routed components go here -->

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67. What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over
those elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string
values to router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

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68. What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink

bindings based on the current RouterState. i.e, The Router will add CSS
classes when this link is active and remove when the link is inactive. For
example, you can add them to RouterLinks as below.

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>
:
 Back to Top

69. What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about
the "consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved
data. You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the
application using the Router service and the routerState property.

@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

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70. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the
Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route.

The sequence of router events is as below,

i. NavigationStart,
ii. RouteConfigLoadStart,
iii. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
iv. RoutesRecognized,
v. GuardsCheckStart,
vi. ChildActivationStart,
vii. ActivationStart,
viii. GuardsCheckEnd,
:
 ix. ResolveStart,
x. ResolveEnd,
xi. ActivationEnd
xii. ChildActivationEnd
xiii. NavigationEnd,
xiv. NavigationCancel,
xv. NavigationError
xvi. Scroll

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71. What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a
component loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router
state tree. The ActivatedRoute will be injected as a router service to access
the information. In the below example, you can access route path and
parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

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72. How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures

the router with routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds
the result to the AppModule's imports array.

const appRoutes: Routes = [

{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
:
 { path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }

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73. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to
throw an error and crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A
wildcard route has a path consisting of two asterisks to match every URL.

For example, you can define PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as

below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

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74. Do I need a Routing Module always?

:
 No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for
example, AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge
the routing configuration directly into the companion module (for example,
AppModule). But it is recommended when the configuration is complex and
includes specialized guard and resolver services.

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75. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications
in various scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under
@angular/platform-server package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated
with Angular CLI.

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76. What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,
i. Just-in-Time (JIT)
ii. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

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77. What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the
browser at runtime. JIT compilation was the default until Angular 8, now
default is AOT. When you run the ng build (build only) or ng serve (build and
serve locally) CLI commands, the type of compilation (JIT or AOT) depends
on the value of the aot property in your build configuration specified in
angular.json. By default, aot is set to true.

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78. What is AOT?

:
 Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at
build time. This is the default starting in Angular 9. When you run the ng
build (build only) or ng serve (build and serve locally) CLI commands, the
type of compilation (JIT or AOT) depends on the value of the aot property in
your build configuration specified in angular.json. By default, aot is set to
true.

ng build
ng serve

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79. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the
browser directly. Due to that Angular applications require a compilation
process before they can run in a browser. For example, In AOT compilation,
both Angular HTML and TypeScript code converted into efficient JavaScript
code during the build phase before browser runs it.

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80. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

i. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of

the application. So it can render the application immediately without
compiling the app.
ii. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and
CSS style sheets within the application javascript which eliminates
separate ajax requests.
iii. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require
downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the
application payload.
iv. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding
errors during the build step itself
v. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into
:
 JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.

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81. What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways,
i. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file
ii. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

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82. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,
i. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript
features
ii. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
iii. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
iv. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.

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83. What are the three phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

i. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source
ii. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places
restrictions on what it interprets.
iii. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the
TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.

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84. Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to

the decorator properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:
:
 @Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the
function. When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to
turn the arrow function into an exported function. Note: From Angular5
onwards, the compiler automatically performs this rewriting while emitting
the .js file.

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85. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of
a decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During
the analysis phase, the AOT collector scan the metadata recorded in the
Angular decorators and outputs metadata information in .metadata.json files,
one per .d.ts file.

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86. Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in

AOT?
No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript
:
 features. If an expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an
error node to the .metadata.json file. Later point of time, the compiler
reports an error if it needs that piece of metadata to generate the application
code.

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87. What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the

metadata. Where as some of the non-exported members are folded while
generating the code. i.e Folding is a process in which the collector evaluate
an expression during collection and record the result in the .metadata.json
instead of the original expression. For example, the compiler couldn't refer
selector reference because it is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread
operator on arrays, objects created using new keywords and function calls.

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88. What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static
methods that return an expression in a single return expression . For
example, let us take a below macro function,
:
 export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {
return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

@NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}

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89. Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

i. Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside

of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata
can produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,

1. export class User { ... }

const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket not

ii. Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol: The compiler

encountered a referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't
exported or wasn't initialized. Let's take example of this error,

// ERROR
let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized

@Component({
:
 @Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: ... ,
providers: [
{ provide: User, useValue: username }
]
})
export class MyComponent {}

You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,

export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized

iii. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently
support function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you
cannot set a provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow
function as below.

providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]

You can fix this with exported function

export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

iv. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does

not support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For
example, you cannot write something like this:

import { user } from './user';

// destructured assignment to name and age

const {name, age} = user;
:
 ... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: name},
{provide: Age, useValue: age},
]

You can fix this by non-destructured values

import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]

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90. What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the
expression initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue, useFactory, and
data into an exported variable, which replaces the expression. Remember
that the compiler does this rewriting during the emit of the .js file but not in
definition files( .d.ts file).

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91. How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in the
tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from the
base file(for example, tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then overridden
by those in the inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
:
 "angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

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92. How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of the
angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will
be specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

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93. How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the
compiler option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions" of
the project's tsconfig.json. It produces error messages when a type error is
detected in a template binding expression.

For example, consider the following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
:
 template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does

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94. What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type cast
function(by surrounding the expression). In the following example, the error
Property contacts does not exist is suppressed by casting user to the any
type.

template:
'{{ $any(user).contacts.email }}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to undeclared
members of the component.

template:
'{{ $any(this).contacts.email }}'

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95. What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is
possibly 'undefined' error. In the following example, the user and contact
properties are always set together, implying that contact is always non-null if
user is non-null. The error is suppressed in the example by using
contact!.email.

@Component({
:
 selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through {{contact
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;

setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}

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96. What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in the
Angular template compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf
allows the typeScript compiler to infer that the data used in the binding
expression will never be undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

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97. How do you describe various dependencies in angular

application?
The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular application can
be divided as follow,

i. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package

names begin @angular/.
ii. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for
:
 Angular apps to run.
iii. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript
implementation.

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98. What is zone?

A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks. Angular
relies on zone.js to run Angular's change detection processes when native
JavaScript operations raise events

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99. What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by
@angular/common module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is available
under @angular/common/http.

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100. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular
TypeScript projects. You can run the static code analyzer over web apps,
NativeScript, Ionic etc. Angular CLI has support for this and it can be use as
below,

ng new codelyzer
ng lint

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101. What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to animate

any property that the browser considers animatable. These properties
includes positions, sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc. The Angular
modules for animations are @angular/animations and @angular/platform-
:
 browser and these dependencies are automatically added to your project
when you create a project using Angular CLI.

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102. What are the steps to use animation module?

You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular
project,

i. Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to

add animation capabilities into your Angular root application module(for
example, src/app/app.module.ts).

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-browser/ani

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
BrowserAnimationsModule
],
declarations: [ ],
bootstrap: [ ]
})
export class AppModule { }

ii. Importing animation functions into component files: Import required

animation functions from @angular/animations in component files(for
example, src/app/app.component.ts).

import {
trigger,
state,
style,
animate,
transition,
// ...
} from '@angular/animations';

iii. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property

:
 called animations: within the @Component() decorator in component
files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts)

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
animations: [
// animation triggers go here
]
})

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103. What is State function?

Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end
of each transition. This function takes two arguments: a unique name like
open or closed and a style() function.

For example, you can write a open state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),

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104. What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given
state name. You need to use it along with state() function to set CSS style
attributes. For example, in the close state, the button has a height of 100
pixels, an opacity of 0.8, and a background color of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
:
 backgroundColor: 'green'
})),

Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase.

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105. What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and

compelling animations for your Angular single page web application.

import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from '@angular/anima

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-auto"><
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {

@Input() currentState;
:
 constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}

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106. What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur
between one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two
arguments: the first argument accepts an expression that defines the
direction between two transition states, and the second argument accepts
an animate() function.

Let's take an example state transition from open to closed with an half
second transition between states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),

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107. How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
:
 htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()
</script>");
}

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108. What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and manages
caching for an application. Starting from 5.0.0 version, Angular ships with a
service worker implementation. Angular service worker is designed to
optimize the end user experience of using an application over a slow or
unreliable network connection, while also minimizing the risks of serving
outdated content.

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109. What are the design goals of service workers?

Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,

i. It caches an application just like installing a native application

ii. A running application continues to run with the same version of all files
without any incompatible files
iii. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached version
iv. When changes are published then it immediately updates in the
background
v. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the resources
only when they changed.

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110. What are the differences between AngularJS and Angular

with respect to dependency injection?
:
 Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS and
Angular, but there are some key differences between the two frameworks in
how it actually works.

AngularJS Angular

Tokens can have different types. They

Dependency injection
are often classes and sometimes can be
tokens are always strings
strings.

There is exactly one injector There is a tree hierarchy of injectors,

even though it is a multi- with a root injector and an additional
module applications injector for each component.

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111. What is Angular Ivy?

Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose to opt in a
preview version of Ivy from Angular version 8.

i. You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy flag with
the ng new command

ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy

ii. You can add it to an existing project by adding enableIvy option in the
angularCompilerOptions in your project's tsconfig.app.json .

{
"compilerOptions": { ... },
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"enableIvy": true
}
}

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112. What are the features included in ivy preview?

:
 You can expect below features with Ivy preview,

i. Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime

ii. Faster re-build time
iii. Improved payload size
iv. Improved template type checking

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113. Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with Ivy is

faster. So you need set the default build options(with in angular.json) for
your project to always use AOT compilation.

{
"projects": {
"my-project": {
"architect": {
"build": {
"options": {
...
"aot": true,
}
}
}
}
}
}

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114. What is Angular Language Service?

The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors, hints, and
navigation inside your Angular templates whether they are external in an
HTML file or embedded in annotations/decorators in a string. It has the
ability to autodetect that you are opening an Angular file, reads your
tsconfig.json file, finds all the templates you have in your application, and
then provides all the language services.
:
 Back to Top

115. How do you install angular language service in the project?

You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the following
npm command,

npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service

After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your

project's tsconfig.json

"plugins": [
{"name": "@angular/language-service"}
]

Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files only. You
need to use custom plugins for supporting HTML files.

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116. Is there any editor support for Angular Language Service?

Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual Studio Code
and WebStorm IDEs. You need to install angular language service using an
extension and devDependency respectively. In sublime editor, you need to
install typescript which has has a language service plugin model.

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117. Explain the features provided by Angular Language Service?

Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language Service,

:
 i. Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your development time
by providing you with contextual possibilities and hints as you type with
in an interpolation and elements.

ii. Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your code.

iii. Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component, directive,

module and then click and press F12 to go directly to its definition.

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118. How do you add web workers in your application?

You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example, If the
file that contains your expensive computation is
src/app/app.component.ts , you can add a Web Worker using ng
generate web-worker app command which will create
src/app/app.worker.ts web worker file. This command will perform below
actions,
:
 i. Configure your project to use Web Workers
ii. Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages

addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => {

const response = `worker response to ${data}`;
postMessage(response);
});

iii. The component app.component.ts file updated with web worker file

if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') {

// Create a new
const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type: 'module'
worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
console.log('page got message: $\{data\}');
};
worker.postMessage('hello');
} else {
// Web Workers are not supported in this environment.
}

Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker code for
sending messages to and from.

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119. What are the limitations with web workers?

You need to remember two important things when using Web Workers in
Angular projects,

i. Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-server) used in

Server-side Rendering, don't support Web Workers. In this case you
need to provide a fallback mechanism to perform the computations to
work in this environments.
ii. Running Angular in web worker using @angular/platform-webworker
is not yet supported in Angular CLI.

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120. What is Angular CLI Builder?

:
 In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who
want to customize the Angular CLI by adding or modifying commands. For
example, you could supply a builder to perform an entirely new task, or to
change which third-party tool is used by an existing command.

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121. What is a builder?

A builder function is a function that uses the Architect API to perform a
complex process such as "build" or "test". The builder code is defined in an
npm package. For example, BrowserBuilder runs a webpack build for a
browser target and KarmaBuilder starts the Karma server and runs a
webpack build for unit tests.

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122. How do you invoke a builder?

The Angular CLI command ng run is used to invoke a builder with a
specific target configuration. The workspace configuration file,
angular.json , contains default configurations for built-in builders.

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123. How do you create app shell in Angular?

An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at
build time. This is useful to first paint of your application that appears quickly
because the browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to
initialize JavaScript. You can achieve this using Angular CLI which generates
an app shell for running server-side of your app.

ng generate appShell [options] (or)

ng g appShell [options]

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:
 124. What are the case types in Angular?

Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various

types. Angular follows the list of the below case types.

i. camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-

component directive selectors, constants uses lowercase on the first
letter of the item. For example, "selectedUser"
ii. UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that
define components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes uses
uppercase on the first letter of the item.
iii. dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file names,
component selectors uses dashes between the words. For example,
"app-user-list".
iv. UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital letters
connected with underscores. For example, "NUMBER_OF_USERS".

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125. What are the class decorators in Angular?

A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a class
definition, which declares the class to be of the given type, and provides
metadata suitable to the type

The following list of decorators comes under class decorators,

i. @Component()
ii. @Directive()
iii. @Pipe()
iv. @Injectable()
v. @NgModule()

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126. What are class field decorators?

:
 The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately before a
field in a class definition that defines the type of that field. Some of the
examples are: @input and @output,

@Input() myProperty;
@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();

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127. What is declarable in Angular?

Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of an
NgModule. The class types such as components, directives, and pipes
comes can be declared in the module. The structure of declarations would
be,

declarations: [
YourComponent,
YourPipe,
YourDirective
],

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128. What are the restrictions on declarable classes?

Below classes shouldn't be declared,

i. A class that's already declared in another NgModule

ii. Ngmodule classes
iii. Service classes
iv. Helper classes

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129. What is a DI token?

:
 A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in
dependency injection system. The injector maintains an internal token-
provider map that it references when asked for a dependency and the DI
token is the key to the map. Let's take example of DI Token usage,

const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl');

const injector =
Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue: 'http://some
const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);

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130. What is Angular DSL?

A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a

particular application domain. Angular has its own Domain Specific
Language (DSL) which allows us to write Angular specific html-like syntax on
top of normal html. It has its own compiler that compiles this syntax to html
that the browser can understand. This DSL is defined in NgModules such as
animations, forms, and routing and navigation.

Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular DSL.

i. () : Used for Output and DOM events.

ii. [] : Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.
iii. * : Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the DOM
structure.

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131. what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be
multicasted to many Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each
subscribed Observer owns an independent execution of the Observable),
Subjects are multicast.

A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers.

Subjects are like EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.
:
 import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`)
});

subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);

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132. What is Bazel tool?

Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by Google and it
can keep track of the dependencies between different packages and build
targets. In Angular8, you can build your CLI application with Bazel. Note: The
Angular framework itself is built with Bazel.

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133. What are the advantages of Bazel tool?

Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,

i. It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-ends with

the same tool
ii. The incremental build and tests
iii. It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a build
farm.

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134. How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular CLI to

:
 use Bazel as the build tool.
i. Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using CLI

ng add @angular/bazel

ii. Use in a new application: Install the package and create the application
with collection option

npm install -g @angular/bazel

ng new --collection=@angular/bazel

When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used behind the
scenes and outputs the results in dist/bin folder.

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135. How do you run Bazel directly?

Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run Bazel
directly using Bazel CLI. You can install it globally using @bazel/bazel npm
package. i.e, Bazel CLI is available under @bazel/bazel package. After you
can apply the below common commands,

bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts

of the given targets.
bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets
found in the pattern.
bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target
and then run it.

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136. What is platform in Angular?

:
 A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The most
common platform for Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also
be an operating system for a mobile device, or a web server. The runtime-
platform is provided by the @angular/platform-* packages and these
packages allow applications that make use of @angular/core and
@angular/common to execute in different environments. i.e, Angular can be
used as platform-independent framework in different environments, For
example,

i. While running in the browser, it uses platform-browser package.

ii. When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses platform-server
package for providing web server implementation.

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137. What happens if I import the same module twice?

If multiple modules imports the same module then angular evaluates it only
once (When it encounters the module first time). It follows this condition
even the module appears at any level in a hierarchy of imported NgModules.

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138. How do you select an element with in a component

template?
You can use @ViewChild directive to access elements in the view directly.
Let's take input element with a reference,

<input #uname>

and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook

@ViewChild('uname') input;

ngAfterViewInit() {
console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);
}
:
 Back to Top

139. How do you detect route change in Angular?

In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The
subscription for router events would be as below,

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})

Let's take a simple component to detect router changes

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd, NavigationError

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>`
})
export class AppComponent {

constructor(private router: Router) {

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {

if (event instanceof NavigationStart) {
// Show loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationError) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for debuggin
}
});
}
}

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:
 140. How do you pass headers for HTTP client?

You can directly pass object map for http client or create HttpHeaders class
to supply the headers.

constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

this._http.get('someUrl',{
headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'}
});

(or)
let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); // create he
headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new header, cr
headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another header

let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params obje

params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param, creating a n
params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param

return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params

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141. What is the purpose of differential loading in CLI?

From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using differential
loading strategy from CLI to build two separate bundles as part of your
deployed application.

i. The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the advantage of
built-in support in modern browsers, ships less polyfills, and results in a
smaller bundle size.
ii. The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older browsers
with all necessary polyfills. But this results in a larger bundle size.

Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only load the
code that the browser needs.

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:
 142. Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e, You can
use the import statement for lazy loading the module using loadChildren
method and it will be understood by the IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm),
webpack, etc. Previously, you have been written as below to lazily load the
feature module. By mistake, if you have typo in the module name it still
accepts the string and throws an error during build time.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},

This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are able to find
it during compile time itself.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () => import(‘./users/user.module’).

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143. What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing. It helps
us to download the web pages in chunks instead of downloading everything
in a big bundle. It is used for lazy loading by asynchronously loading the
feature module for routing whenever required using the property
loadChildren . Let's load both Customer and Order feature modules
lazily as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: 'customers',
loadChildren: () => import('./customers/customers.module').then
},
{
path: 'orders',
loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module
},
{
path: '',
redirectTo: '',
:
 pathMatch: 'full'
}
];

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144. What are workspace APIs?

Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for
developers to read and modify the angular.json file instead of manually
modifying it. Currently, the only supported storage3 format is the JSON-
based format used by the Angular CLI. You can enable or add optimization
option for build target as below,

import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node';

import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core';

async function addBuildTargetOption() {

const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new NodeJsSyncHost
const workspace = await workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/di

const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app');

if (!project) {
throw new Error('my-app does not exist');
}

const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build');

if (!buildTarget) {
throw new Error('build target does not exist');
}

buildTarget.options.optimization = true;

await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host);

}

addBuildTargetOption();

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145. How do you upgrade angular version?

:
 The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI ng update command
as mentioned below. For example, if you upgrade from Angular 7 to 8 then
your lazy loaded route imports will be migrated to the new import syntax
automatically.

$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core

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146. What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for Angular
framework following the Material Design spec. You can apply Material
Design very easily using Angular Material. The installation can be done
through npm or yarn,

npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

(OR)
yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The latest
version of Angular material is 8.1.1

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147. How do you upgrade location service of angularjs?

If you are using $location service in your old AngularJS application, now
you can use LocationUpgradeModule (unified location service) which puts
the responsibilities of $location service to Location service in Angular.
Let's add this module to AppModule as below,

// Other imports ...

import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade';

@NgModule({
imports: [
// Other NgModule imports...
:
 LocationUpgradeModule.config()
]
})
export class AppModule {}

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148. What is NgUpgrade?

NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you can use
in your applications to mix and match AngularJS and Angular components
and bridge the AngularJS and Angular dependency injection systems.

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149. How do you test Angular application using CLI?

Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test
framework. You just need to run ng test to see the test results. By default
this command builds the app in watch mode, and launches the Karma test
runner . The output of test results would be as below,

10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active

...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)

Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the
"Jasmine HTML Reporter".

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150. How to use polyfills in Angular application?

:
 The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you create a
new project with the ng new command, a src/polyfills.ts configuration
file is created as part of your project folder. This file includes the mandatory
and many of the optional polyfills as JavaScript import statements. Let's
categorize the polyfills,

i. Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when you create

your project with ng new command and the respective import
statements enabled in 'src/polyfills.ts' file.
ii. Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and then create
import statement in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For example, first you need to
install below npm package for adding web animations (optional) polyfill.
bash npm install --save web-animations-js and create import
statement in polyfill file. javascript import 'web-animations-js';

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151. What are the ways to trigger change detection in Angular?

You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or ChangeDetectorRef into
your component and apply below specific methods to trigger change
detection in Angular. i.e, There are 3 possible ways,

i. ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly process change

detection and its side-effects. It check the full component tree.
ii. NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function inside the
Angular zone.
iii. ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the components
and it's children.

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152. What are the differences of various versions of Angular?

There are different versions of Angular framework. Let's see the features of
all the various versions,

i. Angular 1:
Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in the
:
 year 2010.
AngularJS is not built for mobile devices.
It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.
ii. Angular 2:
Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete
rewrite of Angular1 version.
The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has been
addressed in Angular 2 version.
Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices unlike Angular 1
version.
Angular 2 is components based.
iii. Angular 3:
The following are the different package versions in Angular 2:
@angular/core v2.3.0
@angular/compiler v2.3.0
@angular/http v2.3.0
@angular/router v3.3.0
The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid confusion
switched to Angular 4 version and skipped 3 version.
iv. Angular 4:
The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much
reduced.
With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds
of KB’s.
Animation features are removed from angular/core and formed as a
separate package.
Supports Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
Angular Universal
New HttpClient
v. Angular 5:
Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and
execution time.
Shipped with new build optimizer.
Supports Typescript 2.5.
:
 Service Worker
vi. Angular 6:
It is released in May 2018.
Includes Angular Command Line Interface (CLI), Component
Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package, Angular
Elements.
Service Worker bug fixes.
i18n
Experimental mode for Ivy.
RxJS 6.0
Tree Shaking
vii. Angular 7:
It is released in October 2018.
TypeScript 3.1
RxJS 6.3
New Angular CLI
CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the
user before they run. It is like interactive dialog between the user
and the CLI
With the improved CLI Prompts capability, it helps developers to
make the decision. New ng commands ask users for routing and
CSS styles types(SCSS) and ng add @angular/material asks for
themes and gestures or animations.
viii. Angular 8:
It is released in May 2019.
TypeScript 3.4
ix. Angular 9:
It is released in February 2020.
TypeScript 3.7
Ivy enabled by default
x. Angular 10:
It is released in June 2020.
TypeScript 3.9
TSlib 2.0
:
 Back to Top

153. What are the security principles in angular?

Below are the list of security principles in angular,

i. You should avoid direct use of the DOM APIs.

ii. You should enable Content Security Policy (CSP) and configure your
web server to return appropriate CSP HTTP headers.
iii. You should Use the offline template compiler.
iv. You should Use Server Side XSS protection.
v. You should Use DOM Sanitizer.
vi. You should Preventing CSRF or XSRF attacks.

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154. What is the reason to deprecate Web Tracing Framework?

Angular has supported the integration with the Web Tracing Framework
(WTF) for the purpose of performance testing. Since it is not well maintained
and failed in majority of the applications, the support is deprecated in latest
releases.

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155. What is the reason to deprecate web worker packages?

Both @angular/platform-webworker and @angular/platform-webworker-

dynamic are officially deprecated, the Angular team realized it's not good
practice to run the Angular application on Web worker

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156. How do you find angular CLI version?

Angular CLI provides it's installed version using below different ways using
ng command,

ng v
:
 ng version
ng -v
ng --version

and the output would be as below,

Angular CLI: 1.6.3

Node: 8.11.3
OS: darwin x64
Angular:
...

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157. What is the browser support for Angular?

Angular supports most recent browsers which includes both desktop and
mobile browsers.

Browser Version

Chrome latest

Firefox latest

Edge 2 most recent major versions

IE 11, 10, 9 (Compatibility mode is not supported)

Safari 2 most recent major versions

IE Mobile 11

iOS 2 most recent major versions

Android 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 5.1, 4.4

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158. What is schematic?

:
 It's a scaffolding library that defines how to generate or transform a
programming project by creating, modifying, refactoring, or moving files and
code. It defines rules that operate on a virtual file system called a tree.

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159. What is rule in Schematics?

In schematics world, it's a function that operates on a file tree to create,
delete, or modify files in a specific manner.

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160. What is Schematics CLI?

Schematics come with their own command-line tool known as Schematics
CLI. It is used to install the schematics executable, which you can use to
create a new schematics collection with an initial named schematic. The
collection folder is a workspace for schematics. You can also use the
schematics command to add a new schematic to an existing collection, or
extend an existing schematic. You can install Schematic CLI globally as
below,

npm install -g @angular-devkit/schematics-cli

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161. What are the best practices for security in angular?

Below are the best practices of security in angular,

i. Use the latest Angular library releases

ii. Don't modify your copy of Angular
iii. Avoid Angular APIs marked in the documentation as “Security Risk.”

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162. What is Angular security model for preventing XSS attacks?

:
 Angular treats all values as untrusted by default. i.e, Angular sanitizes and
escapes untrusted values When a value is inserted into the DOM from a
template, via property, attribute, style, class binding, or interpolation.

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163. What is the role of template compiler for prevention of XSS

attacks?
The offline template compiler prevents vulnerabilities caused by template
injection, and greatly improves application performance. So it is
recommended to use offline template compiler in production deployments
without dynamically generating any template.

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164. What are the various security contexts in Angular?

Angular defines the following security contexts for sanitization,

i. HTML: It is used when interpreting a value as HTML such as binding to

innerHtml.
ii. Style: It is used when binding CSS into the style property.
iii. URL: It is used for URL properties such as <a href> .
iv. Resource URL: It is a URL that will be loaded and executed as code
such as <script src> .

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165. What is Sanitization? Is angular supports it?

Sanitization is the inspection of an untrusted value, turning it into a value

that's safe to insert into the DOM. Yes, Angular suppports sanitization. It
sanitizes untrusted values for HTML, styles, and URLs but sanitizing
resource URLs isn't possible because they contain arbitrary code.

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:
 166. What is the purpose of innerHTML?

The innerHtml is a property of HTML-Elements, which allows you to set it's

html-content programmatically. Let's display the below html code snippet in
a <div> tag as below using innerHTML binding,

<div [innerHTML]="htmlSnippet"></div>

and define the htmlSnippet property from any component

export class myComponent {

htmlSnippet: string = '<b>Hello World</b>, Angular';
}

Unfortunately this property could cause Cross Site Scripting (XSS) security
bugs when improperly handled.

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167. What is the difference between interpolated content and

innerHTML?
The main difference between interpolated and innerHTML code is the
behavior of code interpreted. Interpolated content is always escaped i.e,
HTML isn't interpreted and the browser displays angle brackets in the
element's text content. Where as in innerHTML binding, the content is
interpreted i.e, the browser will convert < and > characters as HTMLEntities.
For example, the usage in template would be as below,

<p>Interpolated value:</p>
<div >{{htmlSnippet}}</div>
<p>Binding of innerHTML:</p>
<div [innerHTML]="htmlSnippet"></div>

and the property defined in a component.

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

:
 htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("XSS Attack")</script> <b>Code att
}

Even though innerHTML binding create a chance of XSS attack, Angular

recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it.

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168. How do you prevent automatic sanitization?

Sometimes the applications genuinely need to include executable code such
as displaying <iframe> from an URL. In this case, you need to prevent
automatic sanitization in Angular by saying that you inspected a value,
checked how it was generated, and made sure it will always be secure.
Basically it involves 2 steps,

i. Inject DomSanitizer: You can inject DomSanitizer in component as

parameter in constructor

ii. Mark the trusted value by calling some of the below methods

a. bypassSecurityTrustHtml
b. bypassSecurityTrustScript
c. bypassSecurityTrustStyle
d. bypassSecurityTrustUrl
e. bypassSecurityTrustResourceUrl

For example,The usage of dangerous url to trusted url would be as below,

constructor(private sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {

this.dangerousUrl = 'javascript:alert("XSS attack")';
this.trustedUrl = sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustUrl(this.dangerousUrl

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169. Is safe to use direct DOM API methods in terms of security?

:
 No,the built-in browser DOM APIs or methods don't automatically protect
you from security vulnerabilities. In this case it is recommended to use
Angular templates instead of directly interacting with DOM. If it is
unavoidable then use the built-in Angular sanitization functions.

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170. What is DOM sanitizer?

DomSanitizer is used to help preventing Cross Site Scripting Security bugs

(XSS) by sanitizing values to be safe to use in the different DOM contexts.

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171. How do you support server side XSS protection in Angular

application?
The server-side XSS protection is supported in an angular application by
using a templating language that automatically escapes values to prevent
XSS vulnerabilities on the server. But don't use a templating language to
generate Angular templates on the server side which creates a high risk of
introducing template-injection vulnerabilities.

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172. Is angular prevents http level vulnerabilities?

Angular has built-in support for preventing http level vulnerabilities such as
as cross-site request forgery (CSRF or XSRF) and cross-site script inclusion
(XSSI). Even though these vulnerabilities need to be mitigated on server-
side, Angular provides helpers to make the integration easier on the client
side.

i. HttpClient supports a token mechanism used to prevent XSRF attacks

ii. HttpClient library recognizes the convention of prefixed JSON
responses(which non-executable js code with ")]}',\n" characters) and
automatically strips the string ")]}',\n" from all responses before further
parsing

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:
 173. What are Http Interceptors?

Http Interceptors are part of @angular/common/http, which inspect and

transform HTTP requests from your application to the server and vice-versa
on HTTP responses. These interceptors can perform a variety of implicit
tasks, from authentication to logging.

The syntax of HttpInterceptor interface looks like as below,

interface HttpInterceptor {
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable
}

You can use interceptors by declaring a service class that implements the
intercept() method of the HttpInterceptor interface.

@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor() {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable
...
}
}

After that you can use it in your module,

@NgModule({
...
providers: [
{
provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS,
useClass: MyInterceptor,
multi: true
}
]
...
})
export class AppModule {}

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:
 174. What are the applications of HTTP interceptors?

The HTTP Interceptors can be used for different variety of tasks,

i. Authentication
ii. Logging
iii. Caching
iv. Fake backend
v. URL transformation
vi. Modifying headers

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175. Is multiple interceptors supported in Angular?

Yes, Angular supports multiple interceptors at a time. You could define
multiple interceptors in providers property:

providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyFirstInterceptor, multi
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MySecondInterceptor, multi
],

The interceptors will be called in the order in which they were provided. i.e,
MyFirstInterceptor will be called first in the above interceptors configuration.

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176. How can I use interceptor for an entire application?

You can use same instance of HttpInterceptors for the entire app by
importing the HttpClientModule only in your AppModule, and add the
interceptors to the root application injector. For example, let's define a class
that is injectable in root application.

@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
intercept(
req: HttpRequest<any>,
next: HttpHandler
:
 next: HttpHandler
): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

return next.handle(req).do(event => {

if (event instanceof HttpResponse) {
// Code goes here
}
});

}
}

After that import HttpClientModule in AppModule

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule, HttpClientModule],
providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyInterceptor, multi:
],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

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177. How does Angular simplifies Internationalization?

Angular simplifies the below areas of internationalization,

i. Displaying dates, number, percentages, and currencies in a local format.

ii. Preparing text in component templates for translation.
iii. Handling plural forms of words.
iv. Handling alternative text.

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178. How do you manually register locale data?

:
 By default, Angular only contains locale data for en-US which is English as
spoken in the United States of America . But if you want to set to another
locale, you must import locale data for that new locale. After that you can
register using registerLocaleData method and the syntax of this method
looks like below,

registerLocaleData(data: any, localeId?: any, extraData?: any): void

For example, let us import German locale and register it in the application

import { registerLocaleData } from '@angular/common';

import localeDe from '@angular/common/locales/de';

registerLocaleData(localeDe, 'de');

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179. What are the four phases of template translation?

The i18n template translation process has four phases:

i. Mark static text messages in your component templates for

translation: You can place i18n on every element tag whose fixed text is
to be translated. For example, you need i18n attribue for heading as
below,

<h1 i18n>Hello i18n!</h1>

ii. Create a translation file: Use the Angular CLI xi18n command to extract
the marked text into an industry-standard translation source file. i.e,
Open terminal window at the root of the app project and run the CLI
command xi18n.

ng xi18n
:
 The above command creates a file named messages.xlf in your
project's root directory.

Note: You can supply command options to change the format, the
name, the location, and the source locale of the extracted file.

iii. Edit the generated translation file: Translate the extracted text into the
target language. In this step, create a localization folder (such as
locale )under root directory(src) and then create target language
translation file by copying and renaming the default messages.xlf file.
You need to copy source text node and provide the translation under
target tag. For example, create the translation file(messages.de.xlf) for
German language

<trans-unit id="greetingHeader" datatype="html">

<source>Hello i18n!</source>
<target>Hallo i18n !</target>
<note priority="1" from="description">A welcome header for this samp
<note priority="1" from="meaning">welcome message</note>
</trans-unit>

iv. Merge the completed translation file into the app: You need to use
Angular CLI build command to compile the app, choosing a locale-
specific configuration, or specifying the following command options.

a. --i18nFile=path to the translation file

b. --i18nFormat=format of the translation file
c. --i18nLocale= locale id

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180. What is the purpose of i18n attribute?

The Angular i18n attribute marks translatable content. It is a custom

attribute, recognized by Angular tools and compilers. The compiler removes
it after translation.

Note: Remember that i18n is not an Angular directive.

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:
 181. What is the purpose of custom id?

When you change the translatable text, the Angular extractor tool generates
a new id for that translation unit. Because of this behavior, you must then
update the translation file with the new id every time.

For example, the translation file messages.de.xlf.html has generated

trans-unit for some text message as below

<trans-unit id="827wwe104d3d69bf669f823jjde888" datatype="html">

You can avoid this manual update of id attribute by specifying a custom id

in the i18n attribute by using the prefix @@.

<h1 i18n="@@welcomeHeader">Hello i18n!</h1>

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182. What happens if the custom id is not unique?

You need to define custom ids as unique. If you use the same id for two
different text messages then only the first one is extracted. But its
translation is used in place of both original text messages.

For example, let's define same custom id myCustomId for two messages,

<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good morning</h3>

<!-- ... -->
<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good night</p>

and the translation unit generated for first text in for German language as

<trans-unit id="myId" datatype="html">

<source>Good morning</source>
<target state="new">Guten Morgen</target>
</trans-unit>
:
 Since custom id is the same, both of the elements in the translation contain
the same text as below

<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>
<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>

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183. Can I translate text without creating an element?

Yes, you can achieve using <ng-container> attribute. Normally you need to
wrap a text content with i18n attribute for the translation. But if you don't
want to create a new DOM element just for the sake of translation, you can
wrap the text in an element.

<ng-container i18n>I'm not using any DOM element for translation</

Remember that <ng-container> is transformed into an html comment

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184. How can I translate attribute?

You can translate attributes by attaching i18n-x attribute where x is the
name of the attribute to translate. For example, you can translate image title
attribute as below,

<img [src]="example" i18n-title title="Internationlization" />

By the way, you can also assign meaning, description and id with the i18n-
x="|@@" syntax.

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185. List down the pluralization categories?

Pluralization has below categories depending on the language.

:
 i. =0 (or any other number)
ii. zero
iii. one
iv. two
v. few
vi. many
vii. other

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186. What is select ICU expression?

ICU expression is is similar to the plural expressions except that you choose
among alternative translations based on a string value instead of a number.
Here you define those string values.

Let's take component binding with residenceStatus property which has

"citizen", "permanent resident" and "foreigner" possible values and the
message maps those values to the appropriate translations.

<span i18n>The person is {residenceStatus, select, citizen {citizen

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187. How do you report missing translations?

By default, When translation is missing, it generates a warning message

such as "Missing translation for message 'somekey'". But you can configure
with a different level of message in Angular compiler as below,

i. Error: It throws an error. If you are using AOT compilation, the build will
fail. But if you are using JIT compilation, the app will fail to load.
ii. Warning (default): It shows a 'Missing translation' warning in the
console or shell.
iii. Ignore: It doesn't do anything.
:
 If you use AOT compiler then you need to perform changes in
configurations section of your Angular CLI configuration file, angular.json.

"configurations": {
...
"de": {
...
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error"
}
}

If you use the JIT compiler, specify the warning level in the compiler config
at bootstrap by adding the 'MissingTranslationStrategy' property as below,

import { MissingTranslationStrategy } from '@angular/core';

import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic'
import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {
missingTranslation: MissingTranslationStrategy.Error,
providers: [
// ...
]
});

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188. How do you provide build configuration for multiple locales?

You can provide build configuration such as translation file path, name,
format and application url in configuration settings of Angular.json file.
For example, the German version of your application configured the build as
follows,

"configurations": {
"de": {
"aot": true,
"outputPath": "dist/my-project-de/",
"baseHref": "/fr/",
:
 "i18nFile": "src/locale/messages.de.xlf",
"i18nFormat": "xlf",
"i18nLocale": "de",
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error",
}

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189. What is an angular library?

An Angular library is an Angular project that differs from an app in that it

cannot run on its own. It must be imported and used in an app. For example,
you can import or add service worker library to an Angular application
which turns an application into a Progressive Web App (PWA).

Note: You can create own third party library and publish it as npm package
to be used in an Application.

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190. What is AOT compiler?

The AOT compiler is part of a build process that produces a small, fast,
ready-to-run application package, typically for production. It converts your
Angular HTML and TypeScript code into efficient JavaScript code during the
build phase before the browser downloads and runs that code.

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191. How do you select an element in component template?

You can control any DOM element via ElementRef by injecting it into your
component's constructor. i.e, The component should have constructor with
ElementRef parameter,

constructor(myElement: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
:
 Back to Top

192. What is TestBed?

TestBed is an api for writing unit tests for Angular applications and it's
libraries. Even though We still write our tests in Jasmine and run using
Karma, this API provides an easier way to create components, handle
injection, test asynchronous behaviour and interact with our application.

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193. What is protractor?

Protractor is an end-to-end test framework for Angular and AngularJS

applications. It runs tests against your application running in a real browser,
interacting with it as a user would.

npm install -g protractor

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194. What is collection?

Collection is a set of related schematics collected in an npm package. For
example, @schematics/angular collection is used in Angular CLI to apply
transforms to a web-app project. You can create your own schematic
collection for customizing angular projects.

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195. How do you create schematics for libraries?

You can create your own schematic collections to integrate your library with
the Angular CLI. These collections are classified as 3 main schematics,

i. Add schematics: These schematics are used to install library in an

Angular workspace using ng add command. For example,
@angular/material schematic tells the add command to install and set
up Angular Material and theming.
:
 ii. Generate schematics: These schematics are used to modify projects,
add configurations and scripts, and scaffold artifacts in library using ng
generate command. For example, @angular/material generation
schematic supplies generation schematics for the UI components. Let's
say the table component is generated using ng generate
@angular/material:table .
iii. Update schematics: These schematics are used to update library's
dependencies and adjust for breaking changes in a new library release
using ng update command. For example, @angular/material update
schematic updates material and cdk dependencies using ng update
@angular/material command.

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196. How do you use jquery in Angular?

You can use jquery in Angular using 3 simple steps,

i. Install the dependency: At first, install the jquery dependency using

npm

npm install --save jquery

ii. Add the jquery script: In Angular-CLI project, add the relative path to
jquery in the angular.json file.

"scripts": [
"node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"
]

iii. Start using jquery: Define the element in template. Whereas declare
the jquery variable and apply CSS classes on the element.

<div id="elementId">
<h1>JQuery integration</h1>
</div>

import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';

:
 declare var $: any; // (or) import * as $ from 'jquery';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
ngOnInit(): void {
$(document).ready(() => {
$('#elementId').css({'text-color': 'blue', 'font-size':
});
}
}

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197. What is the reason for No provider for HTTP exception?

This exception is due to missing HttpClientModule in your module. You just

need to import in module as below,

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpClientModule,
],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

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198. What is router state?

The RouteState is an interface which represents the state of the router as a
tree of activated routes.
:
 interface RouterState extends Tree {
snapshot: RouterStateSnapshot
toString(): string
}

You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the Angular app
using the Router service and the routerState property.

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199. How can I use SASS in angular project?

When you are creating your project with angular cli, you can use ng
new command. It generates all your components with predefined sass files.

ng new My_New_Project --style=sass

But if you are changing your existing style in your project then use ng set
command,

ng set defaults.styleExt scss

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200. What is the purpose of hidden property?

The hidden property is used to show or hide the associated DOM element,
based on an expression. It can be compared close to ng-show directive in
AngularJS. Let's say you want to show user name based on the availability of
user using hidden property.

<div [hidden]="!user.name">
My name is: {{user.name}}
</div>

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:
 201. What is the difference between ngIf and hidden property?

The main difference is that *ngIf will remove the element from the DOM,
while [hidden] actually plays with the CSS style by setting display:none .
Generally it is expensive to add and remove stuff from the DOM for frequent
actions.

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202. What is slice pipe?

The slice pipe is used to create a new Array or String containing a subset
(slice) of the elements. The syntax looks like as below,

{{ value_expression | slice : start [ : end ] }}

For example, you can provide 'hello' list based on a greeting array,

@Component({
selector: 'list-pipe',
template: `<ul>
<li *ngFor="let i of greeting | slice:0:5">{{i}}</li>
</ul>`
})
export class PipeListComponent {
greeting: string[] = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'm','o', 'r', 'n'
}

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203. What is index property in ngFor directive?

The index property of the NgFor directive is used to return the zero-based
index of the item in each iteration. You can capture the index in a template
input variable and use it in the template.

For example, you can capture the index in a variable named indexVar and
displays it with the todo's name using ngFor directive as below.
:
 <div *ngFor="let todo of todos; let i=index">{{i + 1}} - {{todo.name

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204. What is the purpose of ngFor trackBy?

The main purpose of using *ngFor with trackBy option is performance

optimization. Normally if you use NgFor with large data sets, a small change
to one item by removing or adding an item, can trigger a cascade of DOM
manipulations. In this case, Angular sees only a fresh list of new object
references and to replace the old DOM elements with all new DOM elements.
You can help Angular to track which items added or removed by providing a
trackBy function which takes the index and the current item as arguments
and needs to return the unique identifier for this item.

For example, lets set trackBy to the trackByTodos() method

<div *ngFor="let todo of todos; trackBy: trackByTodos">

({{todo.id}}) {{todo.name}}
</div>

and define the trackByTodos method,

trackByTodos(index: number, item: Todo): number { return todo.id;

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205. What is the purpose of ngSwitch directive?

NgSwitch directive is similar to JavaScript switch statement which displays
one element from among several possible elements, based on a switch
condition. In this case only the selected element placed into the DOM. It has
been used along with NgSwitch , NgSwitchCase and NgSwitchDefault
directives.

For example, let's display the browser details based on selected browser
using ngSwitch directive.
:
 <div [ngSwitch]="currentBrowser.name">
<chrome-browser *ngSwitchCase="'chrome'" [item]="currentBrowser"
<firefox-browser *ngSwitchCase="'firefox'" [item]="currentBrowser"
<opera-browser *ngSwitchCase="'opera'" [item]="currentBrowser"
<safari-browser *ngSwitchCase="'safari'" [item]="currentBrowser"
<ie-browser *ngSwitchDefault [item]="currentItem"></
</div>

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206. Is it possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs?

Yes, it is possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs in two ways.

i. Aliasing in metadata: The inputs and outputs in the metadata aliased

using a colon-delimited (:) string with the directive property name on
the left and the public alias on the right. i.e. It will be in the format of
propertyName:alias.

inputs: ['input1: buyItem'],

outputs: ['outputEvent1: completedEvent']

ii. Aliasing with @Input()/@Output() decorator: The alias can be

specified for the property name by passing the alias name to the
@Input()/@Output() decorator.i.e. It will be in the form of @Input(alias)
or @Output(alias).

@Input('buyItem') input1: string;

@Output('completedEvent') outputEvent1 = new EventEmitter<string

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207. What is safe navigation operator?

The safe navigation operator(?)(or known as Elvis Operator) is used to guard
against null and undefined values in property paths when you are not
aware whether a path exists or not. i.e. It returns value of the object path if it
exists, else it returns the null value.
:
 For example, you can access nested properties of a user profile easily
without null reference errors as below,

<p>The user firstName is: {{user?.fullName.firstName}}</p>

Using this safe navigation operator, Angular framework stops evaluating the
expression when it hits the first null value and renders the view without any
errors.

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208. Is any special configuration required for Angular9?

You don't need any special configuration. In Angular9, the Ivy renderer is the
default Angular compiler. Even though Ivy is available Angular8 itself, you
had to configure it in tsconfig.json file as below,

"angularCompilerOptions": { "enableIvy": true }

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209. What are type safe TestBed API changes in Angular9?

Angular 9 provides type safe changes in TestBed API changes by replacing

the old get function with the new inject method. Because TestBed.get
method is not type-safe. The usage would be as below,

TestBed.get(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns any. It is deprecated now.

TestBed.inject(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns ChangeDetectorRef

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210. Is mandatory to pass static flag for ViewChild?

:
 In Angular 8, the static flag is required for ViewChild. Whereas in Angular9,
you no longer need to pass this property. Once you updated to Angular9
using ng update , the migration will remove { static: false } script
everywhere.

@ViewChild(ChildDirective) child: ChildDirective; // Angular9 usage

@ViewChild(ChildDirective, { static: false }) child: ChildDirective

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211. What are the list of template expression operators?

The Angular template expression language supports three special template
expression operators.

i. Pipe operator
ii. Safe navigation operator
iii. Non-null assertion operator

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212. What is the precedence between pipe and ternary

operators?
The pipe operator has a higher precedence than the ternary operator (?:).
For example, the expression first ? second : third | fourth is parsed
as first ? second : (third | fourth) .

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213. What is an entry component?

An entry component is any component that Angular loads imperatively(i.e,
not referencing it in the template) by type. Due to this behavior, they can’t be
found by the Angular compiler during compilation. These components
created dynamically with ComponentFactoryResolver .

Basically, there are two main kinds of entry components which are following
-
:
 i. The bootstrapped root component
ii. A component you specify in a route

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214. What is a bootstrapped component?

A bootstrapped component is an entry component that Angular loads into

the DOM during the bootstrap process or application launch time. Generally,
this bootstrapped or root component is named as AppComponent in your
root module using bootstrap property as below.

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule,
AppRoutingModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent] // bootstrapped entry component need to be dec
})

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215. How do you manually bootstrap an application?

You can use ngDoBootstrap hook for a manual bootstrapping of the
application instead of using bootstrap array in @NgModule annotation. This
hook is part of DoBootstap interface.

interface DoBootstrap {
ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef): void
}
:
 The module needs to be implement the above interface to use the hook for
bootstrapping.

class AppModule implements DoBootstrap {

ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef) {
appRef.bootstrap(AppComponent); // bootstrapped entry component need t
}
}

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216. Is it necessary for bootstrapped component to be entry

component?
Yes, the bootstrapped component needs to be an entry component. This is
because the bootstrapping process is an imperative process.

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217. What is a routed entry component?

The components referenced in router configuration are called as routed
entry components. This routed entry component defined in a route definition
as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: '',
component: TodoListComponent // router entry component
}
];

Since router definition requires you to add the component in two places
(router and entryComponents), these components are always entry
components.

Note: The compilers are smart enough to recognize a router definition and
automatically add the router component into entryComponents .
:
 Back to Top

218. Why is not necessary to use entryComponents array every

time?
Most of the time, you don't need to explicity to set entry components in
entryComponents array of ngModule decorator. Because angular adds
components from both @NgModule.bootstrap and route definitions to entry
components automatically.

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219. Do I still need to use entryComponents array in Angular9?

No. In previous angular releases, the entryComponents array of ngModule
decorator is used to tell the compiler which components would be created
and inserted dynamically in the view. In Angular9, this is not required
anymore with Ivy.

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220. Is it all components generated in production build?

No, only the entry components and template components appears in
production builds. If a component isn't an entry component and isn't found
in a template, the tree shaker will throw it away. Due to this reason, make
sure to add only true entry components to reduce the bundle size.

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221. What is Angular compiler?

The Angular compiler is used to convert the application code into JavaScript
code. It reads the template markup, combines it with the corresponding
component class code, and emits component factories which creates
JavaScript representation of the component along with elements of
@Component metadata.

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:
 222. What is the role of ngModule metadata in compilation
process?
The @NgModule metadata is used to tell the Angular compiler what
components to be compiled for this module and how to link this module with
other modules.

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223. How does angular finds components, directives and pipes?

The Angular compiler finds a component or directive in a template when it

can match the selector of that component or directive in that template.
Whereas it finds a pipe if the pipe's name appears within the pipe syntax of
the template HTML.

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224. Give few examples for NgModules?

The Angular core libraries and third-party libraries are available as

NgModules.

i. Angular libraries such as FormsModule, HttpClientModule, and

RouterModule are NgModules.
ii. Many third-party libraries such as Material Design, Ionic, and
AngularFire2 are NgModules.

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225. What are feature modules?

Feature modules are NgModules, which are used for the purpose of
organizing code. The feature module can be created with Angular CLI using
the below command in the root directory,

ng generate module MyCustomFeature //

:
 Angular CLI creates a folder called my-custom-feature with a file inside
called my-custom-feature.module.ts with the following contents

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule
],
declarations: []
})
export class MyCustomFeature { }

Note: The "Module" suffix shouldn't present in the name because the CLI
appends it.

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226. What are the imported modules in CLI generated feature

modules?
In the CLI generated feature module, there are two JavaScript import
statements at the top of the file

i. NgModule: InOrder to use the @NgModule decorator

ii. CommonModule: It provides many common directives such as ngIf
and ngFor .

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227. What are the differences between ngmodule and javascript

module?
Below are the main differences between Angular NgModule and javascript
module,

NgModule JavaScript module

There is no restriction
NgModule bounds declarable classes only
:
 classes

List the module's classes in declarations Can define all member

array only classes in one giant file

It only export the declarable classes it owns

It can export any classes
or imports from other modules

Extend the entire application with services Can't extend the

by adding providers to provides array application with services

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228. What are the possible errors with declarations?

There are two common possible errors with declarations array,

i. If you use a component without declaring it, Angular returns an error

message.
ii. If you try to declare the same class in more than one module then
compiler emits an error.

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229. What are the steps to use declaration elements?

Below are the steps to be followed to use declaration elements.

i. Create the element(component, directive and pipes) and export it from

the file where you wrote it
ii. Import it into the appropriate module.
iii. Declare it in the @NgModule declarations array.

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230. What happens if browserModule used in feature module?

:
 If you do import BrowserModule into a lazy loaded feature module, Angular
returns an error telling you to use CommonModule instead. Because
BrowserModule’s providers are for the entire app so it should only be in the
root module, not in feature module. Whereas Feature modules only need the
common directives in CommonModule.

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231. What are the types of feature modules?

Below are the five categories of feature modules,

i. Domain: Deliver a user experience dedicated to a particular application

domain(For example, place an order, registration etc)
ii. Routed: These are domain feature modules whose top components are
the targets of router navigation routes.
iii. Routing: It provides routing configuration for another module.
iv. Service: It provides utility services such as data access and
messaging(For example, HttpClientModule)
v. Widget: It makes components, directives, and pipes available to
external modules(For example, third-party libraries such as Material UI)

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232. What is a provider?

A provider is an instruction to the Dependency Injection system on how to
obtain a value for a dependency(aka services created). The service can be
provided using Angular CLI as below,

ng generate service my-service

The created service by CLI would be as below,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

:
 @Injectable({
providedIn: 'root', //Angular provide the service in root injector
})
export class MyService {
}

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233. What is the recommendation for provider scope?

You should always provide your service in the root injector unless there is a
case where you want the service to be available only if you import a
particular @NgModule.

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234. How do you restrict provider scope to a module?

It is possible to restrict service provider scope to a specific module instead

making available to entire application. There are two possible ways to do it.

i. Using providedIn in service:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { SomeModule } from './some.module';

@Injectable({
providedIn: SomeModule,
})
export class SomeService {
}

ii. Declare provider for the service in module:

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { SomeService } from './some.service';

@NgModule({
providers: [SomeService],
})
export class SomeModule {
:
 export class SomeModule {
}

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235. How do you provide a singleton service?

There are two possible ways to provide a singleton service.

i. Set the providedIn property of the @Injectable() to "root". This is the

preferred way(starting from Angular 6.0) of creating a singleton service
since it makes your services tree-shakable.

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root',
})
export class MyService {
}

ii. Include the service in root module or in a module that is only imported
by root module. It has been used to register services before Angular 6.0.

@NgModule({
...
providers: [MyService],
...
})

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236. What are the different ways to remove duplicate service

registration?
If a module defines provides and declarations then loading the module in
multiple feature modules will duplicate the registration of the service. Below
are the different ways to prevent this duplicate behavior.
:
 i. Use the providedIn syntax instead of registering the service in the
module.
ii. Separate your services into their own module.
iii. Define forRoot() and forChild() methods in the module.

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237. How does forRoot method helpful to avoid duplicate router

instances?
If the RouterModule module didn’t have forRoot() static method then each
feature module would instantiate a new Router instance, which leads to
broken application due to duplicate instances. After using forRoot() method,
the root application module imports RouterModule.forRoot(...) and gets
a Router, and all feature modules import RouterModule.forChild(...)
which does not instantiate another Router.

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238. What is a shared module?

The Shared Module is the module in which you put commonly used
directives, pipes, and components into one module that is shared(import it)
throughout the application.

For example, the below shared module imports CommonModule,

FormsModule for common directives and components, pipes and directives
based on the need,

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { UserComponent } from './user.component';
import { NewUserDirective } from './new-user.directive';
import { OrdersPipe } from './orders.pipe';

@NgModule({
imports: [ CommonModule ],
declarations: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe ],
exports: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe,
:
 CommonModule, FormsModule ]
})
export class SharedModule { }

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239. Can I share services using modules?

No, it is not recommended to share services by importing module. i.e Import
modules when you want to use directives, pipes, and components only. The
best approach to get a hold of shared services is through 'Angular
dependency injection' because importing a module will result in a new
service instance.

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240. How do you get current direction for locales?

In Angular 9.1, the API method getLocaleDirection can be used to get the
current direction in your app. This method is useful to support Right to Left
locales for your Internationalization based applications.

import { getLocaleDirection, registerLocaleData } from '@angular/common'

import { LOCALE_ID } from '@angular/core';
import localeAr from '@angular/common/locales/ar';

...

constructor(@Inject(LOCALE_ID) locale) {

const directionForLocale = getLocaleDirection(locale); // Returns 'rtl

registerLocaleData(localeAr, 'ar-ae');
const direction = getLocaleDirection('ar-ae'); // Returns 'rtl'

// Current direction is used to provide conditional logic here

}

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241. What is ngcc?

:
 The ngcc(Angular Compatibility Compiler) is a tool which upgrades
node_module compiled with non-ivy ngc into ivy compliant format. The
postinstall script from package.json will make sure your node_modules
will be compatible with the Ivy renderer.

"scripts": {
"postinstall": "ngcc"
}

Whereas, Ivy compiler (ngtsc), which compiles Ivy-compatible code.

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242. What classes should not be added to declarations?

The below class types shouldn't be added to declarations

i. A class which is already declared in any another module.

ii. Directives imported from another module.
iii. Module classes.
iv. Service classes.
v. Non-Angular classes and objects, such as strings, numbers, functions,
entity models, configurations, business logic, and helper classes.

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243. What is NgZone?

Angular provides a service called NgZone which creates a zone named
angular to automatically trigger change detection when the following
conditions are satisfied.

i. When a sync or async function is executed.

ii. When there is no microTask scheduled.

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244. What is NoopZone?

:
 Zone is loaded/required by default in Angular applications and it helps
Angular to know when to trigger the change detection. This way, it make
sures developers focus on application development rather core part of
Angular. You can also use Angular without Zone but the change detection
need to be implemented on your own and noop zone need to be configured
in bootstrap process. Let's follow the below two steps to remove zone.js,

i. Remove the zone.js import from polyfills.ts.

/*********************************************************************
* Zone JS is required by default for Angular itself.
*/
// import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

ii. Bootstrap Angular with noop zone in src/main.ts.

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {ngZone:
.catch(err => console.error(err));

Back to Top

245. How do you create displayBlock components?

By default, Angular CLI creates components in an inline displayed mode(i.e,
display:inline). But it is possible to create components with display: block
style using displayBlock option,

ng generate component my-component --displayBlock

(OR) the option can be turned on by default in Angular.json with

schematics.@schematics/angular:component.displayBlock key value as
true.

Back to Top

246. What are the possible data update scenarios for change
detection?
:
 The change detection works in the following scenarios where the data
changes needs to update the application HTML.

i. Component initialization: While bootstrapping the Angular application,

Angular triggers the ApplicationRef.tick() to call change detection
and View Rendering.
ii. Event listener: The DOM event listener can update the data in an
Angular component and trigger the change detection too.

@Component({
selector: 'app-event-listener',
template: `
<button (click)="onClick()">Click</button>
{{message}}`
})
export class EventListenerComponent {
message = '';

onClick() {
this.message = 'data updated';
}
}

iii. HTTP Data Request: You can get data from a server through an HTTP
request

data = 'default value';

constructor(private httpClient: HttpClient) {}

ngOnInit() {
this.httpClient.get(this.serverUrl).subscribe(response =>
this.data = response.data; // change detection will happen autom
});
}

iv. Macro tasks setTimeout() or setInterval(): You can update the data in
the callback function of setTimeout or setInterval

data = 'default value';

ngOnInit() {
setTimeout(() => {
:
 this.data = 'data updated'; // Change detection will happen auto
});
}

v. Micro tasks Promises: You can update the data in the callback function
of promise

data = 'initial value';

ngOnInit() {
Promise.resolve(1).then(v => {
this.data = v; // Change detection will happen automatically
});
}

vi. Async operations like Web sockets and Canvas: The data can be
updated asynchronously using WebSocket.onmessage() and
Canvas.toBlob().

Back to Top

247. What is a zone context?

Execution Context is an abstract concept that holds information about the
environment within the current code being executed. A zone provides an
execution context that persists across asynchronous operations is called as
zone context. For example, the zone context will be same in both outside
and inside setTimeout callback function,

zone.run(() => {
// outside zone
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
setTimeout(function() {
// the same outside zone exist here
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
});
});

The current zone is retrieved through Zone.current .

:
 Back to Top

248. What are the lifecycle hooks of a zone?

There are four lifecycle hooks for asynchronous operations from zone.js.

i. onScheduleTask: This hook triggers when a new asynchronous task is

scheduled. For example, when you call setTimeout()

onScheduleTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task) {

console.log('new task is scheduled:', task.type, task.source
return delegate.scheduleTask(target, task);
}

ii. onInvokeTask: This hook triggers when an asynchronous task is about

to execute. For example, when the callback of setTimeout() is about to
execute.

onInvokeTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task, applyThis

console.log('task will be invoked:', task.type, task.source
return delegate.invokeTask(target, task, applyThis, applyArgs
}

iii. onHasTask: This hook triggers when the status of one kind of task
inside a zone changes from stable(no tasks in the zone) to unstable(a
new task is scheduled in the zone) or from unstable to stable.

onHasTask: function(delegate, curr, target, hasTaskState) {

console.log('task state changed in the zone:', hasTaskState
return delegate.hasTask(target, hasTaskState);
}

iv. onInvoke: This hook triggers when a synchronous function is going to

execute in the zone.

onInvoke: function(delegate, curr, target, callback, applyThis

console.log('the callback will be invoked:', callback);
return delegate.invoke(target, callback, applyThis, applyArgs
}

Back to Top
:
 249. What are the methods of NgZone used to control change
detection?
NgZone service provides a run() method that allows you to execute a
function inside the angular zone. This function is used to execute third party
APIs which are not handled by Zone and trigger change detection
automatically at the correct time.

export class AppComponent implements OnInit {

constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// use ngZone.run() to make the asynchronous operation in the angular
this.ngZone.run(() => {
someNewAsyncAPI(() => {
// update the data of the component
});
});
}
}

Whereas runOutsideAngular() method is used when you don't want to

trigger change detection.

export class AppComponent implements OnInit {

constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// Use this method when you know no data will be updated
this.ngZone.runOutsideAngular(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
// update component data and don't trigger change detection
});
});
}
}

Back to Top

250. How do you change the settings of zonejs?

:
 You can change the settings of zone by configuring them in a separate file
and import it just after zonejs import. For example, you can disable the
requestAnimationFrame() monkey patch to prevent change detection for no
data update as one setting and prevent DOM events(a mousemove or scroll
event) to trigger change detection. Let's say the new file named zone-
flags.js,

// disable patching requestAnimationFrame

(window as any).__Zone_disable_requestAnimationFrame = true;

// disable patching specified eventNames

(window as any).__zone_symbol__UNPATCHED_EVENTS = ['scroll', 'mousemove'

The above configuration file can be imported in a polyfill.ts file as below,

/*************************************************************************
* Zone JS is required by default for Angular.
*/
import `./zone-flags`;
import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

Back to Top

251. How do you trigger an animation?

Angular provides a trigger() function for animation in order to collect the
states and transitions with a specific animation name, so that you can attach
it to the triggering element in the HTML template. This function watch for
changes and trigger initiates the actions when a change occurs. For
example, let's create trigger named upDown , and attach it to the button
element.

content_copy
@Component({
selector: 'app-up-down',
animations: [
trigger('upDown', [
state('up', style({
height: '200px',
opacity: 1,
:
 opacity: 1,
backgroundColor: 'yellow'
})),
state('down', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),
transition('up => down', [
animate('1s')
]),
transition('down => up', [
animate('0.5s')
]),
]),
],
templateUrl: 'up-down.component.html',
styleUrls: ['up-down.component.css']
})
export class UpDownComponent {
isUp = true;

toggle() {
this.isUp = !this.isUp;
}

Back to Top

252. How do you configure injectors with providers at different

levels?
You can configure injectors with providers at different levels of your
application by setting a metadata value. The configuration can happen in
one of three places,

i. In the @Injectable() decorator for the service itself

ii. In the @NgModule() decorator for an NgModule
iii. In the @Component() decorator for a component

Back to Top

253. Is it mandatory to use injectable on every service class?

:
 No. The @Injectable() decorator is not strictly required if the class has
other Angular decorators on it or does not have any dependencies. But the
important thing here is any class that is going to be injected with Angular is
decorated. i.e, If we add the decorator, the metadata design:paramtypes is
added, and the dependency injection can do it's job. That is the exact
reason to add the @Injectable() decorator on a service if this service has
some dependencies itself. For example, Let's see the different variations of
AppService in a root component,

i. The below AppService can be injected in AppComponent without any

problems. This is because there are no dependency services inside
AppService.

export class AppService {

constructor() {
console.log('A new app service');
}
}

ii. The below AppService with dummy decorator and httpService can be
injected in AppComponent without any problems. This is because meta
information is generated with dummy decorator.

function SomeDummyDecorator() {
return (constructor: Function) => console.log(constructor);
}

@SomeDummyDecorator()
export class AppService {
constructor(http: HttpService) {
console.log(http);
}
}
:
 and the generated javascript code of above service has meta information
about HttpService, js var AppService = (function () { function
AppService(http) { console.log(http); } AppService = __decorate([
core_1.Injectable(), __metadata('design:paramtypes',
[http_service_1.HttpService]) ], AppService); return AppService; }
()); exports.AppService = AppService; 3. The below AppService with
@injectable decorator and httpService can be injected in AppComponent
without any problems. This is because meta information is generated with
Injectable decorator. js @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root', }) export
class AppService { constructor(http: HttpService) {
console.log(http); } } Back to Top

254. What is an optional dependency?

The optional dependency is a parameter decorator to be used on

constructor parameters, which marks the parameter as being an optional
dependency. Due to this, the DI framework provides null if the dependency is
not found. For example, If you don't register a logger provider anywhere, the
injector sets the value of logger(or logger service) to null in the below class.

import { Optional } from '@angular/core';

constructor(@Optional() private logger?: Logger) {

if (this.logger) {
this.logger.log('This is an optional dependency message');
} else {
console.log('The logger is not registered');
}
}

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255. What are the types of injector hierarchies?

There are two types of injector hierarchies in Angular

i. ModuleInjector hierarchy: It configure on a module level using an

@NgModule() or @Injectable() annotation.
ii. ElementInjector hierarchy: It created implicitly at each DOM element.
:
 Also it is empty by default unless you configure it in the providers
property on @Directive() or @Component().

Back to Top

256. What are reactive forms?

Reactive forms is a model-driven approach for creating forms in a reactive
style(form inputs changes over time). These are built around observable
streams, where form inputs and values are provided as streams of input
values. Let's follow the below steps to create reactive forms,

i. Register the reactive forms module which declares reactive-form

directives in your app

import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';

@NgModule({
imports: [
// other imports ...
ReactiveFormsModule
],
})
export class AppModule { }

ii. Create a new FormControl instance and save it in the component.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
userName = new FormControl('');
}

iii. Register the FormControl in the template.

<label>
User name:
<input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
:
 <input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>

Finally, the component with reactive form control appears as below,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css'],
template: `
<label>
User name:
<input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>
`
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
userName = new FormControl('');
}

Back to Top

257. What are dynamic forms?

Dynamic forms is a pattern in which we build a form dynamically based on
metadata that describes a business object model. You can create them
based on reactive form API. Back to Top

258. What are template driven forms?

Template driven forms are model-driven forms where you write the logic,
validations, controls etc, in the template part of the code using directives.
They are suitable for simple scenarios and uses two-way binding with
[(ngModel)] syntax. For example, you can create register form easily by
following the below simple steps,

i. Import the FormsModule into the Application module's imports array

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';

:
 import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms'
import { RegisterComponent } from './app.component';
@NgModule({
declarations: [
RegisterComponent,
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [RegisterComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

ii. Bind the form from template to the component using ngModel syntax

<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"

required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name">

iii. Attach NgForm directive to the tag in order to create FormControl

instances and register them

<form #registerForm="ngForm">

iv. Apply the validation message for form controls

<label for="name">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
#name="ngModel">
<div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
class="alert alert-danger">
Please enter your name
</div>

v. Let's submit the form with ngSubmit directive and add type="submit"
button at the bottom of the form to trigger form submit.
:
 <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
// Form goes here
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!registerFor

Finally, the completed template-driven registration form will be appeared as

follow.

<div class="container">
<h1>Registration Form</h1>
<form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #registerForm="ngForm">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="name">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
#name="ngModel">
<div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
class="alert alert-danger">
Please enter your name
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!registerFor
</form>
</div>

Back to Top

259. What are the differences between reactive forms and

template driven forms?
Below are the main differences between reactive forms and template driven
forms

Feature Reactive Template-Driven

Form
Created(FormControl instance)
model Created by directives
in component explicitly
setup

Data
Synchronous Asynchronous
updates
:
 updates

Form
custom Defined as Functions Defined as Directives
validation

Need knowledge of the

No interaction with change
Testing change detection
detection cycle
process

Immutable(by always returning Mutable(Property

Mutability new value for FormControl always modified to
instance) new value)

Less scalable using

More scalable using low-level
Scalability due to abstraction on
APIs
APIs

Back to Top

260. What are the different ways to group form controls?

Reactive forms provide two ways of grouping multiple related controls.

i. FormGroup: It defines a form with a fixed set of controls those can be

managed together in an one object. It has same properties and methods
similar to a FormControl instance. This FormGroup can be nested to
create complex forms as below.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { FormGroup, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
templateUrl: './user-profile.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
userProfile = new FormGroup({
firstName: new FormControl(''),
lastName: new FormControl(''),
address: new FormGroup({
street: new FormControl(''),
:
 city: new FormControl(''),
state: new FormControl(''),
zip: new FormControl('')
})
});

onSubmit() {
// Store this.userProfile.value in DB
}
}

<form [formGroup]="userProfile" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<label>
Last Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="lastName">
</label>

<div formGroupName="address">
<h3>Address</h3>

<label>
Street:
<input type="text" formControlName="street">
</label>

<label>
City:
<input type="text" formControlName="city">
</label>

<label>
State:
<input type="text" formControlName="state">
</label>

<label>
Zip Code:
<input type="text" formControlName="zip">
:
 </label>
</div>
<button type="submit" [disabled]="!userProfile.valid">Submit

</form>

ii. FormArray: It defines a dynamic form in an array format, where you can
add and remove controls at run time. This is useful for dynamic forms
when you don’t know how many controls will be present within the
group.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { FormArray, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'order-form',
templateUrl: './order-form.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./order-form.component.css']
})
export class OrderFormComponent {
constructor () {
this.orderForm = new FormGroup({
firstName: new FormControl('John', Validators.minLength
lastName: new FormControl('Rodson'),
items: new FormArray([
new FormControl(null)
])
});
}

onSubmitForm () {
// Save the items this.orderForm.value in DB
}

onAddItem () {
this.orderForm.controls
.items.push(new FormControl(null));
}

onRemoveItem (index) {
this.orderForm.controls['items'].removeAt(index);
}
}
:
 <form [formControlName]="orderForm" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<label>
Last Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="lastName">
</label>

<div>
<p>Add items</p>
<ul formArrayName="items">
<li *ngFor="let item of orderForm.controls.items.controls; let i =
<input type="text" formControlName="{{i}}">
<button type="button" title="Remove Item" (click)="onRemoveItem(
</li>
</ul>
<button type="button" (click)="onAddItem">
Add an item
</button>
</div>

Back to Top

261. How do you update specific properties of a form model?

You can use patchValue() method to update specific properties defined in
the form model. For example,you can update the name and street of certain
profile on click of the update button as shown below.

updateProfile() {
this.userProfile.patchValue({
firstName: 'John',
address: {
street: '98 Crescent Street'
}
});
}
:
 <button (click)="updateProfile()">Update Profile</button>

You can also use setValue method to update properties.

Note: Remember to update the properties against the exact model structure.

Back to Top

262. What is the purpose of FormBuilder?

FormBuilder is used as syntactic sugar for easily creating instances of a
FormControl, FormGroup, or FormArray. This is helpful to reduce the amount
of boilerplate needed to build complex reactive forms. It is available as an
injectable helper class of the @angular/forms package.

For example, the user profile component creation becomes easier as shown
here.

export class UserProfileComponent {

profileForm = this.formBuilder.group({
firstName: [''],
lastName: [''],
address: this.formBuilder.group({
street: [''],
city: [''],
state: [''],
zip: ['']
}),
});
constructor(private formBuilder: FormBuilder) { }
}

Back to Top

263. How do you verify the model changes in forms?

You can add a getter property(let's say, diagnostic) inside component to

return a JSON representation of the model during the development. This is
useful to verify whether the values are really flowing from the input box to
the model and vice versa or not.
:
 export class UserProfileComponent {

model = new User('John', 29, 'Writer');

// TODO: Remove after the verification

get diagnostic() { return JSON.stringify(this.model); }
}

and add diagnostic binding near the top of the form

{{diagnostic}}
<div class="form-group">
// FormControls goes here
</div>

Back to Top

264. What are the state CSS classes provided by ngModel?

The ngModel directive updates the form control with special Angular CSS
classes to reflect it's state. Let's find the list of classes in a tabular format,

Form control state If true If false

Visited ng-touched ng-untouched

Value has changed ng-dirty ng-pristine

Value is valid ng-valid ng-invalid

Back to Top

265. How do you reset the form?

In a model-driven form, you can reset the form just by calling the function
reset() on our form model. For example, you can reset the form model on
submission as follows,

onSubmit() {
if (this.myform.valid) {
:
 if (this.myform.valid) {
console.log("Form is submitted");
// Perform business logic here
this.myform.reset();
}
}

Now, your form model resets the form back to its original pristine state.

Back to Top

266. What are the types of validator functions?

In reactive forms, the validators can be either synchronous or asynchronous
functions,

i. Sync validators: These are the synchronous functions which take a

control instance and immediately return either a set of validation errors
or null. Also, these functions passed as second argument while
instantiating the form control. The main use cases are simple checks like
whether a field is empty, whether it exceeds a maximum length etc.
ii. Async validators: These are the asynchronous functions which take a
control instance and return a Promise or Observable that later emits a
set of validation errors or null. Also, these functions passed as second
argument while instantiating the form control. The main use cases are
complex validations like hitting a server to check the availability of a
username or email.

The representation of these validators looks like below

this.myForm = formBuilder.group({
firstName: ['value'],
lastName: ['value', *Some Sync validation function*],
email: ['value', *Some validation function*, *Some asynchronous
});

Back to Top

267. Can you give an example of built-in validators?

:
 In reactive forms, you can use built-in validator like required and
minlength on your input form controls. For example, the registration form
can have these validators on name input field

this.registrationForm = new FormGroup({

'name': new FormControl(this.hero.name, [
Validators.required,
Validators.minLength(4),
])
});

Whereas in template-driven forms, both required and minlength

validators available as attributes.

Back to Top

268. How do you optimize the performance of async validators?

Since all validators run after every form value change, it creates a major
impact on performance with async validators by hitting the external API on
each keystroke. This situation can be avoided by delaying the form validity
by changing the updateOn property from change (default) to submit or blur.
The usage would be different based on form types,

i. Template-driven forms: Set the property on ngModelOptions directive

<input [(ngModel)]="name" [ngModelOptions]="{updateOn: 'blur'}

ii. Reactive-forms: Set the property on FormControl instance

name = new FormControl('', {updateOn: 'blur'});

Back to Top

269. How to set ngFor and ngIf on the same element?

Sometimes you may need to both ngFor and ngIf on the same element but
unfortunately you are going to encounter below template error.
:
 Template parse errors: Can't have multiple template bindings on one eleme

In this case, You need to use either ng-container or ng-template. Let's say if
you try to loop over the items only when the items are available, the below
code throws an error in the browser

<ul *ngIf="items" *ngFor="let item of items">

<li></li>
</ul>

and it can be fixed by

<ng-container *ngIf="items">
<ul *ngFor="let item of items">
<li></li>
</ul>
</ng-container>

Back to Top

270. What is host property in css?

The :host pseudo-class selector is used to target styles in the element

that hosts the component. Since the host element is in a parent
component's template, you can't reach the host element from inside the
component by other means. For example, you can create a border for parent
element as below,

//Other styles for app.component.css

//...
:host {
display: block;
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 20px;
}

Back to Top
:
 271. How do you get the current route?

In Angular, there is an url property of router package to get the current

route. You need to follow the below few steps,

i. Import Router from @angular/router

import { Router } from '@angular/router';

ii. Inject router inside constructor

constructor(private router: Router ) {

iii. Access url parameter

console.log(this.router.url); // /routename

Back to Top

272. What is Component Test Harnesses?

A component harness is a testing API around an Angular directive or
component to make tests simpler by hiding implementation details from test
suites. This can be shared between unit tests, integration tests, and end-to-
end tests. The idea for component harnesses comes from the PageObject
pattern commonly used for integration testing.

Back to Top

273. What is the benefit of Automatic Inlining of Fonts?

During compile time, Angular CLI will download and inline the fonts that your
application is using. This performance update speed up the first contentful
paint(FCP) and this feature is enabled by default in apps built with version 11.

Back to Top

274. What is content projection?

:
 Content projection is a pattern in which you insert, or project, the content
you want to use inside another component.

Back to Top

275. What is ng-content and its purpose?

The ng-content is used to insert the content dynamically inside the
component that helps to increase component reusability.

Back to Top

276. What is standalone component?

A standalone component is a type of component which is not part of any
Angular module. It provides a simplified way to build Angular applications.

Back to Top

277. How to create a standalone component uing CLI command?

Generate standalone component using CLI command as shown below

ng generate component component-name --standalone

On running the command standalone component is created. Here is the list

of file created.

i. component-name.component.ts
ii. component-name.component.css
iii. component-name.component.spec
iv. component-name.component.html

Next need to update app.module.ts as shown below.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { ComponentNameComponent } from './component-name/component-name.co
:
 @NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
ComponentNameComponent
],
declarations: [AppComponent],
bootstrap: [AppComponent],
})
export class AppModule {}

Back to Top

278. How to create a standalone component manually?

To make existing component to standalone, then add standalone: true in
component-name.component.ts as shown below

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
standalone: true,
imports: [CommonModule],
selector: 'app-standalone-component',
templateUrl: './standalone-component.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./standalone-component.component.css'],
})
export class ComponentNameComponent implements OnInit {
constructor() {}

ngOnInit() {}
}

Next need to update app.module.ts as shown below.

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { ComponentNameComponent } from './component-name/component-name.co

@NgModule({
:
 imports: [
BrowserModule,
ComponentNameComponent
],
declarations: [AppComponent],
bootstrap: [AppComponent],
})
export class AppModule {}

Back to Top

279. What is hydration?

Hydration is the process that restores the server side rendered application
on the client. This includes things like reusing the server rendered DOM
structures, persisting the application state, transferring application data that
was retrieved already by the server, and other processes.

To enable hydration, we have to enable server side rendering or Angular

Universal. Once enabled, we can add the following piece of code in the root
component.

import {
bootstrapApplication,
provideClientHydration,
} from '@angular/platform-browser';

bootstrapApplication(RootCmp, {
providers: [provideClientHydration()]
});

Alternatively we can add providers: [provideClientHydration()] in the

App Module

import {provideClientHydration} from '@angular/platform-browser';

import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';

@NgModule({
declarations: [RootCmp],
exports: [RootCmp],
:
 bootstrap: [RootCmp],
providers: [provideClientHydration()],
})
export class AppModule {}

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