ME:5160 (58:160) Intermediate Mechanics of Fluids

Fall 2021 – HW10 Solution

P6.73 For 20ºC water flow in a smooth, horizontal 10-cm pipe, with Δp/L = 1000 Pa/m, the writer
computed a flow rate of 0.030 m3/s. (a) Verify, or disprove, the writer’s answer. (b) If verified,
use the power-law friction factor relation, Eq. 6.41, to estimate the pipe diameter that will triple
this flow rate. (c) For extra credit, use the more exact friction factor relation, Eq. (6.38), to solve
part (b).

Solution: (a) For water at 20ºC, ρ = 998 kg/m3, and μ = 0.0010 kg/ms. The pressure-drop
relation is

f V 2 f 998V 2 0.2004
p / L  1000  ( )  ( ), or V 2  (SI units)
d 2 0.1 2 f
1 Vd (998)(0.1) V
 2.0log10 (Re d f )  0.8 ; Re d  
f  0.0010

This is ideal for Excel iteration: Guess f ≈ 0.020, get V ≈ 3.17 m/s, Red ≈ 316,000. Repeat: f ≈
0.0138, get V ≈ 3.81 m/s, Red ≈ 380,000. Once more: f ≈ 0.01384, get V ≈ 3.805 m/s,

Red ≈ 379,700. CONVERGED: V ≈ 3.805 m/s, Q = (π/4)d2V = 0.030 m3/s. Writer verified!

(b) Eq. (6.41) predicts that

Q1.75  d 4.75 , or d  const Q0.368
If Q2  3Q1 , then d 2  d1 (3)0.368  1.50 d1  1.50(0.1)  0.15m Ans(b)

(c) Raise Q to 3(0.030) = 0.090 m3/s, and use EES to find the new diameter for the same Δp/L.
The more exact answer is d2 = 0.1514 m, corresponding to Re2 = 753,000. The power-law
result (b) is quite accurate, considering that Eq. (6.41) is recommended only for Red ≤ 100,000.
P6.80 The head-versus-flowrate characteristics of a centrifugal pump are shown in Fig. P6.80. If
this pump drives water at 20C through 120 m of 30-cm-diameter cast-iron pipe, what will be the
resulting flow rate, in m3/s?

Fig. P6.80

Solution: For water, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For cast iron, take   0.26 mm,
hence /d  0.26/300  0.000867. The head loss must match the pump head:

L V 2 8fLQ 2
h f   h pump  80  20Q 2 , with Q in m 3 /s
f d 2g  2 gd 5

8f(120)Q 2 80
Evaluate h f   80  20Q 2 , or: Q 2 
 2 (9.81)(0.3)5 20  4080f

1/2
 80  m3 4Q
Guess f  0.02, Q     0.887 , Re   3.76E6
 20  4080(0.02)  s d

 m3
 0.000867, f  0.0191, Re  3.83E6, converges to Q  0.905 Ans.
d better better s
P6.97 A heat exchanger consists of multiple parallel-plate passages, as shown in Fig. P6.97. The
available pressure drop is 2 kPa, and the fluid is water at 20C. If the desired total flow rate is 900
m3/h, estimate the appropriate number of passages. The plate walls are hydraulically smooth.

Fig. P6.97

Solution: For water,   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. Unlike Prob. 6.88, here we expect
turbulent flow. If there are N passages, then b = 50 cm for all N and the passage thickness is H =
0.5 m/N. The hydraulic diameter is Dh = 2H. The velocity in each passage is related to the pressure
drop by Eq. (6.58):

L  2  VDh 
p  f V where f  fsmooth  fcn 
Dh 2   
2.0 m 998 kg/m3 2
For the given data, 2000 Pa  f V
2(0.5 m/N ) 2

Select N, find H and V and Qtotal  AV  b2V and compare to the desired flow of 900 m3/h. For
example, guess N  20, calculate f  0.0173 and Qtotal  2165 m3/h. The converged result is

Qtotal  908 m3 /h, f  0.028,

Re Dh  14400, H  7.14 mm, N  70 passages Ans.
*P6.102 A 70 percent efficient pump delivers water at 20C from one reservoir to another 20 ft
higher, as in Fig. P6.102. The piping system consists of 60 ft of galvanized-iron 2-in pipe, a reentrant
entrance, two screwed 90 long-radius elbows, a screwed-open gate valve, and a sharp exit. What is
the input power required in horsepower with and without a 6 well-designed conical expansion added
to the exit? The flow rate is 0.4 ft3/s.

Fig. P6.102

Solution: For water at 20C, take   1.94 slug/ft3 and   2.09E5 slug/fts. For galvanized iron, 
0.0005 ft, whence /d  0.0005/(2/12 ft)  0.003. Without the 6 cone, the minor losses are:

K reentrant  1.0; K elbows  2(0.41); K gate valve  0.16; K sharp exit  1.0

Q 0.4 ft Vd 1.94(18.3)(2/12)

Evaluate V    18.3 ; Re    284000
A  (2/12) /4
2
s  2.09E5

At this Re and roughness ratio, we find from the Moody chart that f  0.0266. Then
V2  L  (18.3)2   60  
(a) h pump  z   f   K   20  0.0266    1.0  0.82  0.16  1.0 
2g  d  2(32.2)   2/12  

gQh p (62.4)(0.4)(85.6)
or h pump  85.6 ft, Power  
 0.70
 3052  550  5.55 hp Ans. (a)

(b) If we replace the sharp exit by a 6 conical diffuser, from Fig. 6.23, Kexit  0.3. Then

(18.3)2   60  
h p  20  0.0266    1.0  .82  .16  0.3  81.95 ft
2(32.2)  2/12  
then Power  (62.4)(0.4)(81.95)/0.7  550  5.31 hp (4% less) Ans. (b)
P6.113 The parallel galvanized-iron pipe system of Fig. P6.113 delivers water at 20C with a
total flow rate of 0.036 m3/s. If the pump is wide open and not running, with a loss coefficient K  1.5,
determine (a) the flow rate in each pipe and (b) the overall pressure drop.

Fig. P6.113

Solution: For water at 20C, take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. For galvanized iron,  
0.15 mm. Assume turbulent flow, with p the same for each leg:
L1 V12 V22  L2 
hf1  f1  hf2  hm2   f2  1.5 ,
d1 2g 2g  d2 

and Q1  Q2  ( /4)d12V1  ( /4)d22V2  Qtotal  0.036 m3/s

When the friction factors are correctly found from the Moody chart, these two equations may be
solved for the two velocities (or flow rates). Begin by guessing f  0.020:

2
 60  V1 V22   55  
(0.02)    (0.02)    1.5 , solve for V1  1.10V2
 0.05  2(9.81) 2(9.81)   0.04  

  m m
then (0.05)2 (1.10V2 )  (0.04)2 V2  0.036. Solve V2  10.54 , V1  11.59
4 4 s s

Correct Re1  578000, f1  0.0264, Re2  421000, f2  0.0282, repeat.

The 2nd iteration converges: f1  0.0264, V1  11.69 m/s, f2  0.0282, V2  10.37 m/s,
Q1  A1V1  0.023 m3/s, Q2  A2V2  0.013 m3/s. Ans. (a)
The pressure drop is the same in either leg:

L1 V12  L2  V2
p  f1   f2  1.5 2  2.16E6 Pa Ans. (b)
d1 2  d2  2
C6.3 The water slide in the figure is to be installed in a swimming pool. The manufacturer
recommends a continuous water flow of 1.39E3 m3/s (about 22 gal/min) down the slide to ensure
that customers do not burn their bottoms. An 80%-efficient pump under the slide, submerged 1 m
below the water surface, feeds a 5-m-long, 4-cm-diameter hose, of roughness 0.008 cm, to the
slide. The hose discharges the water at the top of the slide, 4 m above the water surface, as a free
jet. Ignore minor losses and assume   1.06. Find the brake horsepower needed to drive the pump.

Fig C6.3

Solution: For water take   998 kg/m3 and   0.001 kg/ms. Write the steady-flow energy
equation from the water surface (1) to the outlet (2) at the top of the slide:

pa 1V12 p  V2 1.39E3 m
  z1  a  2 2  z2  h f  hpump , where V2   1.106
g 2 g g 2g  (0.02)2
s

V22  L
Solve for h pump  (z2  z1 )  2  f 
2g  d

Work out Red  Vd/  (998)(1.106)(0.04)/0.001  44200, /d  0.008/4  0.002, whence fMoody
 0.0268. Use these numbers to evaluate the pump head above:

(1.106)2   5.0  
hpump  (5.0  1.0)  1.06  0.0268  0.04    4.27 m,
2(9.81)  
gQhpump 998(9.81)(1.39E3)(4.27)
whence BHPrequired    73 watts Ans.
 0.8