Transistor

Alaa Nasser Abdelkader |

Introduction:
-The discovery of the transistor caused a huge industrial
revolution in the world and is still under development until
now. Almost no aircraft is made of transistors, and it is
impossible to imagine the developed world as it is now without
this little piece called a transistor.

Transistor symbol:

The transistor is symbolized by three terminals surrounded by a circle. There is an

arrow that identifies the type of transistor. If it is facing outward, this means that
the transistor is an NPN transistor. If the arrow is facing inward, this means that it
is a PNP transistor.

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 The first transistor made

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The diffination of the transistor

-It is a semiconductor device that comes with at least three electrodes for
connection to an electrical circuit. Introduced in 1907, the triode, also
called the thermionic diode, was the predecessor of the transistor. The
principle of a field-effect transistor (field-effect transistor) was proposed
by physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925.

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 Types of transistor:
1-For bipolar transistors It is the simplest type of transistor.
The bipolar transistor is composed of three areas of grafted
semiconductor called the emitter, base, and collector. There
are two types of bipolar transistors, npn and pnp.

2-Field effect transistor

Field effect transistors consist of three layers: gate, source, and

drain, and are divided into two types: MOSFET and IGBT.
Bipolar transistors operate on charge carriers, holes and
electrons, while field-effect transistors operate on only one type
of charge carrier, either holes or electrons. That's why they are
called unipolar transistors.

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Transistor installation

The transistor consists of three layers of doped semiconductors, such as silicon or

germanium, which are the emitter, the collector, and the base. Doping in electronics
means adding impurities from a certain material to another semiconductor material
so that they change its properties.

Since the atom of silicon or germanium is quadrivalent, that is, there are four
electrons in its outer orbit, so a trivalent substance such as boron is added to silicon
or germanium, then we obtain a substance that has an amount of positive holes and
the substance is called in this case (P-Type). But if A pentavalent substance, such as
phosphorus, is added to silicon or germanium, and we obtain a substance that
contains a large amount of negative electrons. In this case, the substance is called
(N-Type). On this basis, there are two types of transistors: NPN and PNP

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Emitter (E): It is the source that emits a stream of negatively charged electrons, if it
is of the (N) type, or a stream of positively charged holes, if it is of the (p) type. It is
larger than the base and smaller than the collector, but it is characterized by being
the most concentrated of carriers. the shipment,

Base (B): It is the part through which we can control the emitter current. The base
is made of a material different from the type of material of the emitter and the
collector. For example, if the base is of type P, the collector and emitter are of type
N, and vice versa, and the base is located between the two layers of collector. The
emitter is the smallest layer with the least concentration of charge carriers.

Base (B): It is the part through which we can control the emitter current. The base
is made of a material different from the type of material of the emitter and the
collector. For example, if the base is of type P, the collector and emitter are of type
N, and vice versa, and the base is located between the two layers of collector. The
emitter is the smallest layer with the least concentration of charge carriers.

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Uses of transistors
1-Using a transistor as an amplifier

The signal to be amplified is added to the input, and several

resistors and capacitors are connected

The input AC voltage produces the AC base current and as a result we

get a high value AC collector current and an AC voltage is formed in
the output circuit which is amplified and reversed from the input with
a phase angle of 180 degrees.

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Using a transistor as a switch:
The transistor is part of a group of electronic parts that can be used
as an alternative to mechanical switches, as the path between the
collector and emitter in the transistor replaces the switch, while the
base current represents the control signal for the position of the
contacts. In order for the transistor to work as a switch, it must
operate in the cut-off and saturation regions.

------ --------- ------- ----- --------

The transistor is
distinguished from the
mechanical switch by opening
and closing quickly. It does
not cause an electric spark
during opening and closing
and consumes less
electrical energy.

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Methods of connecting a transistor

1-Common-baseconfiguration: In this circuit, the base is the common end between

the input and the output, as shown in the following figure.

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2-(Common-Emitter configuration): In this circuit, the emitter is the
common terminal between the input and the output, as shown in the
following figure:

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3-(Common-collector configuration): In this circuit, the collector (C) is
the common terminal between the input and the output, as shown in
the following figure:

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Transistor coefficient

1-Beta current gain coefficient (β): It represents the collector current

divided by the base current, and its value ranges from 20 to 200
(depending on the type of transistor).

2-Current gain coefficient alpha (α): It represents the collector

current divided by the emitter current and its value ranges from 0.9 to
0.95 (depending on the type of transistor.

Finally..
;Output characteristic curve of a transistor:

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*Cut-Off Region: In this region, the base-emitter and collector-base
junctions are reverse biased. When the base current decreases very
significantly and may reach zero, the resistance between the collector
and the emitter becomes very high (almost to infinity) and the
collector current is approximately zero. In this region, the transistor
can be represented as an open switch, so that it is in an off state. .

Saturation Region: In this region, the base-emitter and collector-base

connections are forward biased. When the base current continues to
increase, this leads to a decrease in the value of the resistance
between the collector and the emitter and it becomes very small
(almost zero) and the collector current is the largest it can be. It is
called the saturation current, and in this region the transistor can be

represented as a closed switch, so that it is in the on state.

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 Thank
you

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