Matrices

Part - 01

Definition, Special type of matrices:

Introduction:
A rectangular array of 𝑚𝑛 numbers (which may be real or complex) in the form of '𝑚' horizontal lines (called
rows) and '𝑛' vertical lines (called columns), is called a matrix of order 𝑚 by 𝑛, written as 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix.
Such an array is enclosed by [ ] or ( ) or ||. An 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is usually written as
 a11 a12 a13 ... aln 
a a22 a23 ... a2n 
A =  21
 
 
 am1 am2 am3 ... amn 
In compact form, the above matrix is represented by 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑚×𝑛 . The number 𝑎11 , 𝑎12 ,.....etc are known as
the elements of the matrix 𝐴, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 belongs to the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ row and 𝑗𝑡ℎ column and is called the (𝑖, 𝑗)𝑡ℎ element of the
matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ].
1 2 3
e.g. 𝐴 =   is a matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns. Its order is 2 × 3 and it has 6 elements:
0 −1 9
𝑎11 = 1, 𝑎12 = 2, 𝑎13 = 3, 𝑎21 = 0, 𝑎22 = –1, 𝑎23 = 9.

Special type of Matrices:

(a) Row Matrix (Row vector) : 𝐴 = [𝑎11 , 𝑎12 , . . . . . . . . . . 𝑎1𝑛 ] i.e. row matrix has exactly one row.
 a11 
a 
Column Matrix (Column vector) : 𝐴 = 
21 
(b) i.e. column matrix has exactly one column.
 : 
 
 am1 
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (𝐴 = O𝑚×𝑛 ) An 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix whose all entries are zero.
0 0 0 0 0
𝐴 = 0 0 is a 3 × 2 null matrix & 𝐵 = 0 0 0 is 3 × 3 null matrix
   
0 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 is a horizontal matrix if 𝑛 > 𝑚 e.g.  
2 5 1 1 
2 5
1 1
(e) Vertical Matrix : A matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 is a vertical matrix if 𝑚 > 𝑛 e.g. 
3 6
 
2 4
(f) Square Matrix : If number of rows = number of columns ⇒ matrix is a square matrix.
If number of rows = number of columns = 𝑛 then, matrix is of the order ′𝑛'.

Note: The pair of elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 & 𝑎𝑗𝑖 are called Conjugate Elements.

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Matrices Part-01

Trace of Matrix:
The sum of the elements of a square matrix 𝐴 lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of 𝐴 i.e.
n
(𝑡𝑟(𝐴)). Thus, if 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] , then tr( A) =  aii = a11 + a22 + ........ann
𝑛×𝑛 i =1

Properties of trace of a matrix:

Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 and  be a scalar then
(i) 𝑡𝑟(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑡𝑟(𝐴)
(ii) 𝑡𝑟(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑟(𝐴) + 𝑡𝑟(𝐵)

Square Matrices:

n( n − 1)
Note: (i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = .
2
(ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix of order n = n( n − 1) .

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Matrices Part-01

Illustration 1:
Choose the correct answer
(A) Every identity matrix is a scalar matrix
(B) Every scalar matrix is an identity matrix
(C) Every diagonal matrix is an identity matrix
(D) A square matrix whose each element is 1 is an identity matrix
Ans. (A)
Solution:
We know that every identity matrix is a scalar matrix.

Illustration 2:
𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a square matrix, if
(A) 𝑚 < 𝑛 (B) 𝑚 > 𝑛 (C) 𝑚 = 𝑛 (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
Solution:
For a square matrix number of columns = number of rows.

Illustration 3:
 2 5 19 0 
 
In the matrix 𝐴 =  1 2 0 1 
2 7 5 
 3
(i) The order of the matrix,
(ii) The number of elements,
(iii) Write the elements 𝑎13 , 𝑎21 , 𝑎33 , 𝑎24 , 𝑎23 .
Solution:
(i) 3 × 4
(ii) 12
(iii) 19, 1, 3 , 1, 0

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 Matrices
Part - 02

Algebra of Matrices:

Equality of Matrices:
Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] & 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] are equal if
(a) both have the same order.
(b) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for each pair of 𝑖 & 𝑗.

Illustration 1:
 x + 3 2y + x   − x − 1 0 
Find the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 and 𝑤 which satisfy the matrix equation  = .
 z − 1 4w − 8  3 2w 
Solution:
As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal.
𝑥 + 3 =– 𝑥– 1  2𝑥 = – 4
𝑥 =– 2 ...(i)
2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0  2𝑦 – 2 = 0 [from (i)]
𝑦 = 1 ...(ii)
𝑧 –1 = 3 𝑧 = 4 ...(iii)
4𝑤 – 8 = 2𝑤  2𝑤 = 8
𝑤 = 4 ...(iv)

Addition: 𝐴 + 𝐵 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] where 𝐴 & 𝐵 are of the same order.

(a) Addition of matrices is commutative: i.e. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴
(b) Matrix addition is associative: (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + (𝐵 + 𝐶)
(c) Additive inverse: If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐴, then 𝐵 is called additive inverse of 𝐴.
(d) Existence of additive identity: Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix and 𝐎 be an 𝑚 × 𝑛 zero matrix, then
𝐴 + 𝑂 = 𝑂 + 𝐴 = 𝐴. In other words, 0 is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(e) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices. If 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are matrices of the same order, then
𝐴+𝐵 =𝐴+𝐶  𝐵 = 𝐶 (left cancellation law) and 𝐵 + 𝐴 = 𝐶 + 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝐶 (right-cancellation law)
Note: The zero matrix plays the same role in matrix addition as the number zero does in addition of numbers.

Illustration 2:
1 3  −1 −2
If 𝐴 = 3 2 & 𝐵 =  0 5  and 𝐴 + 𝐵 – 𝐷 = 𝐎 (zero matrix), then 𝐷 matrix will be-
 
2 5  3 1 
0 2 0 2 0 1  0 −2 
(A) 3 7 (B) 3 7 (C) 3 7 (D)  −3 −7 
6 5 5 6 5 6  −5 −6 
Ans. (C)

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Matrices Part-02

Solution:
a b 
Let 𝐷 =  c d 
 e f 

1 3  −1 −2  a b  1 − 1 − a 3 − 2 − b  0 0
 𝐴 + 𝐵 – 𝐷 = 3 2 +  0 5  −  c d   3 + 0 − c 2 + 5 − d  = 0 0
   
2 5  3 1   e f  2 + 3 − e 5 + 1 − f  0 0

 –𝑎 = 0  𝑎 = 0, 1 – 𝑏 = 0  𝑏 = 1,
3 – 𝑐 = 0  𝑐 = 3, 7 – 𝑑 = 0  𝑑 = 7,
5 – 𝑒 = 0  𝑒 = 5, 6 – 𝑓 = 0  𝑓 = 6
0 1
 𝐷 = 3 7
5 6

Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar:

a b c   ka kb kc 
If 𝐴 =  b c a  ; k A =  kb kc ka 
 
 c a b   kc ka kb 

Properties of scalar multiplication:

(a) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two matrices of the same order and '𝑘' be a scalar then 𝑘(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑘𝐴 + 𝑘𝐵.
(b) If 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are two scalars and '𝐴' is a matrix, then (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐴 + 𝑘2 𝐴.
(c) If 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are two scalars and '𝐴' is a matrix, then (𝑘1 𝑘2 )𝐴 = 𝑘1 (𝑘2 𝐴) = 𝑘2 (𝑘1 𝐴)

Multiplication of Matrices (Row by Column):

Let 𝐴 be a matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝐵 be a matrix of order 𝑝 × 𝑞, then the matrix multiplication 𝐴𝐵 is possible if and
only if 𝑛 = 𝑝 and matrices are said to be conformable for multiplication.
In the product 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴 is called pre-factor and 𝐵 is called post factor.
 𝐴𝐵 is possible if and only if number of columns in pre-factor = number of rows in post-factor.
n
Let 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and 𝐵𝑛×𝑝 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ], then order of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑚 × 𝑝 & ( AB)ij =  air brj
r =1

b11 b12 b13 b14 

 a11 a12 a13  b
e.g. 𝐴 =  and = b22 b23 b24 
a23  23
𝐵
 a21 a22  21
b31 b32 b33 b34  3 4

Then order of 𝐴𝐵 is 2 × 4.
3
(𝐴𝐵)11 = 𝑎11 𝑏11 + 𝑎12 𝑏 + 𝑎13 𝑏31 =  a1r br 1
21
r =1

3
(𝐴𝐵)23 = 𝑎21 𝑏13 + 𝑎22 𝑏
23
+ 𝑎23 𝑏33 = a
r =1
2r r 3b

------------------------------------------------------------
3
In general, (𝐴𝐵)𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝑏1𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖3 𝑏3𝑗 =  air brj
r =1

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Matrices Part-02

Illustration 3:
2 3 1   x 
If [1 𝑥 2] 0 4 2  1 = 𝑂, then the value of 𝑥 is
0 3 2  −1
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
Ans. (A)
Solution:
The LHS of the equation
 x
= [2 4𝑥 + 9 2𝑥 + 5]  1 =[2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 9 – 2𝑥– 5] = 4𝑥 + 4
 −1
Thus 4𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑥 = – 1

Illustration 4:
1 2  3 2
If 𝐴, 𝐵 are two matrices such that 𝐴 + 𝐵 =   , 𝐴 –𝐵 =  , then find 𝐴𝐵.
2 4  −2 0
Solution:
1 2
Given 𝐴 + 𝐵 =  ...(i) &
2 4
 3 2
𝐴– 𝐵 =  ...(ii)
 −2 0
Adding (i) & (ii)
4 4 2 2
2𝐴 =    𝐴 = 
0 4  0 2
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
 −2 0   −1 0
2𝐵 =    𝐵 = 
 4 4  2 2
2 2  −1 0 2 4
Now 𝐴𝐵 =   = 
0 2  2 2 4 4

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 Matrices
Part - 03

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative: i.e. 𝑨𝑩  𝑩𝑨
Here both 𝐴𝐵 & 𝐵𝐴 exist and also, they are of the same type but 𝑨𝑩  𝑩𝑨.
1 1 1 0
e.g. Let 𝐴 =   & 𝐵 = ;
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
then 𝐴𝐵 =   ; 𝐵𝐴 =  
0 0 0 0
𝐴𝐵  𝐵𝐴 (in general)

(b) 𝐴𝐵 = O ⇏ 𝐴 = O or 𝐵 = O (in general)

1 1  −1 1  1 1  −1 1  0 0
e.g. Let 𝐴 =   & 𝐵 =  , then 𝐴𝐵 =    = 
2 2  1 −1  2 2  1 −1 0 0

Note: If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-zero matrices such that 𝐴𝐵 = O then 𝐴 and 𝐵 are called the divisors of zero. If 𝐴 and 𝐵
are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = –BA then A and B are said to anti-commute

(c) Matrix Multiplication Is Associative:

If 𝐴, 𝐵 & 𝐶 are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (AB) C = A(BC)

(d) Distributivity:
A( B + C ) = AB + AC 
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
( A + B)C = AC + BC 

(e) 𝒕𝒓(𝑨𝑩) = 𝒕𝒓(𝑩𝑨)

Illustration 1:
1 −3 2  1 4 1 0 1 1 −1 −2
Let A = 2 1 −3 , B = 2 1 1 1 & C = 3 −2 −1 −1 be the matrices then, prove that in matrix multiplication
4 −3 −1 1 −2 1 2 2 −5 −1 0 

cancellation law does not hold.

Solution:
We have to show that AB = AC; though B is not equal to C.

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Matrices Part-03

1 −3 2  1 4 1 0  −3 −3 0 1 
    
We have AB = 2 1 −3 2 1 1 1 =  1 15 0 −5
4 −3 −1 1 −2 1 2  −3 15 0 −534

1 −3 2  2 1 −1 −2  −3 −3 0 1 
    
Now, AC = 2 1 −3 3 −2 −1 −1 =  1 15 0 −5
4 −3 −1 2 −5 −1 0   −3 15 0 −534

Here, AB = AC though B is not equal to C. Thus, cancellation law does not hold in general.

Illustration 2:
1 2 3  3 −1 3
If A =   and B =  −1 0 2 , then find 2𝐴 – 𝐵.
2 3 1   
Solution:
We have
1 2 3  3 −1 3
2A − B = 2   − 
2 3 1  −1 0 2
2 4 6  −3 −1 −3
=  + 
4 6 2  1 0 −2
 −1 5 3
= 
 5 6 0

Illustration 3:
Which of the following holds true for matrix multiplication?
(A) follows commutative property
(B) follows distributive property
(C) follows associative property
(D) None of these
Ans. (B) and (C)

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 Matrices
Part - 04

Positive Integral Powers of a square matrix:

For a square matrix 𝐴, A = A. A. A.............. A , where 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁

n

upto n times

Note: (i) 𝑨𝒎 . 𝑨𝒏 = 𝑨𝒎+𝒏

(ii) (𝑨𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝑨𝒎𝒏 , where 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶 𝐴𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶 𝐴𝑛−1 𝐵 + 𝑛𝐶 𝐴𝑛−2 𝐵2 + ........... + 𝑛𝐶 𝐵𝑛
0 1 2 𝑛

Note that for a unit matrix I of any order, 𝐼 𝑚

= 𝐼 for all 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁.

Illustration 1:
2 0 0
If A = 0 2 0 , then 𝐴5 =
0 0 2

(A) 5𝐴 (B) 10𝐴 (C) 16𝐴 (D) 32𝐴

Ans. (C)
Solution:
2 0 0 25 0 0  2 0 0
  4
A = 0 2 0  A =  0 2 0  = 2 0 2 0
  5 5

0 0 2  0 0 25  0 0 2

 
= 16𝐴.

Illustration 2:
A square matrix 𝑃 satisfies 𝑃2 = 𝐼 – 𝑃, where 𝐼 is the identify matrix. If 𝑃𝑛 = 5𝐼 – 8𝑃(𝑛 𝜖 𝑁), then minimum value of 𝑛 is
equal to
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
Ans. (C)
Solution:
Since 𝑃2 = 𝐼– 𝑃

𝑃3 = 𝑃(𝐼– 𝑃) = 𝑃– 𝑃2 = 𝑃– (𝐼– 𝑃) = 2𝑃– 𝐼

Similarly, 𝑃4 = 2𝑃2 – 𝑃 = 2𝐼– 3𝑃 and

𝑃5 = 5𝑃– 3𝐼
𝑃6 = 5𝑃2 – 3𝑃 = 5𝐼– 8𝑃

So 𝑛 = 6.

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Matrices Part-04

Illustration 3:
3 −4  1 + 2k −4k 
If A =  , show that Ak =  , where 𝑘 is any positive integer.
1 −1  k 1 − 2k 
Solution:
We have,

3 −4  3 −4   5 −8 1 + 2  2 −4  2 
A2 =   = = and
1 −1 1 −1  2 −3  2 1 − 2  2

5 −8 3 −4 7 −12 1 + 2  3 −4  3 

A3 =  = =
2 −3 1 −1  3 −5   3 1 − 2  3

Thus, it is true for indices 2 and 3. Now assume

1 + 2k −4k 
Ak = 
 k 1 − 2k 

1 + 2k −4k  3 −4  3 + 2k −4(k + 1) 
Then, Ak +1 =  =
 k 1 − 2k  1 −1  k + 1 −1 − 2k 

1 + 2(k + 1) −4(k + 1) 
 k +1 1 − 2(k + 1) 


Thus, if the law is true for 𝐴𝑘 , it is also true for 𝐴𝑘+1 . But it is true for 𝑘 = 2, 3 etc. Hence, by induction, the required
result follows.

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 Matrices
Part - 05

The Transpose of a Matrix: (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix of order 𝑚 × 𝑛. Then 𝐴𝑇 or 𝐴′ = [𝑎𝑗𝑖 ] for 1  𝑖  𝑚 & 1  𝑗  𝑛 of order 𝑛 × 𝑚
Properties of transpose:
If 𝐴𝑇 & 𝐵𝑇 denote the transpose of A and B,
(a) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇 ; note that A and B have the same order.
(b) (𝐴 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇 (Reversal law) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are conformable for matrix product 𝐴𝐵
Note: In general : (𝐴1 . 𝐴2 , . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑛 )𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇𝑛 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑇2 . 𝐴1𝑇 (reversal law for transpose)
(c) (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
(d) (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇 , 𝑘 is a scalar.

Illustration 1:
If A and B are matrices of order 𝑚 × 𝑛 and 𝑛 × 𝑚 respectively, then order of matrix 𝐵𝑇 (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 is -
(A) 𝑚 × 𝑛 (B) 𝑚 × 𝑚 (C) 𝑛 × 𝑛 (D) Not defined
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Order of B is 𝑛 × 𝑚 so order of 𝐵𝑇 will be 𝑚 × 𝑛
Now (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = A & its order is 𝑚 × 𝑛. For the multiplication 𝐵𝑇 (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇
Number of columns in pre-factor ≠ Number of rows in post-factor.
Hence this multiplication is not defined.

Illustration 2:
 2 −1  4 1
A=  and B =   then 𝐵 𝐴 is
𝑇 𝑇
 −7 4  7 2

(A) a null matrix (B) an identity matrix

(C) scalar, but not an identity matrix (D) such that 𝑇𝑟(𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇) = 4

Ans. (B)

Solution:
 2 −1  4 1
A=  ,B= 
 −7 4  7 2

 2 –7 T 4 7
AT =   , B =  1 2
–1 4   

𝐵𝑇𝐴𝑇 = is an identity matrix.

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 Matrices
Part - 06

Orthogonal Matrices:
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if 𝐴 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼

Note: (i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.

 a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
(ii) Let A =  b1 b2 b3   AT =  a2 b2 c2 
 c1 c2 c3   a3 b3 c3 

 a12 + a22 + a32 a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3 

 
AAT = b1a1 + b2a2 + b3a3 b +b +b
2
1
2
2
2
3 b1c1 + b2c2 + b3c3 
 c1a1 + c2a2 + c3a3 c1b1 + c2b2 + c3b3 c12 + c22 + c32 

If AA T = I, then
3 3 3 3

 a =  b = c
i =1
2
i
2
i
2
i = 1 and a b = b c = c a
i =1
i i
i =1
i i
i =1
i i =0

Illustration 1:
 0 2 
   − 
Determine the values of , ,  when   is orthogonal.
  −  
Solution:
 0 2 
  − 
Let 𝐴 =
  −  
 0  
 
𝐴′ = 2  − 
  −  
But given A is orthogonal.
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼
 0 2    0    1 0 0
  −  2  −  = 0 1 0
⇒     
 −     −   0 0 1
 42 +  2 22 −  2 −22 +  2  1 0 0
 
⇒  22 − 2 2 + 2 +  2 2 − 2 −  2  = 0 1 0
 −22 +  2 2 − 2 −  2 2 + 2 +  2  0 0 1

Equating the corresponding elements, we have

42 + 2 = 1 ...(i)
2 −  = 0
2 2
...(ii)

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Matrices Part-06

2 +2 + 2 = 1 ...(iii)
1 1
From (i) and (ii), 62 = 1 2 = and 2 =
6 3
1 1 1
From (iii) 2 = 1 −2 − 2 = 1 – − =
6 3 2
1 1 1
Hence,  =  ,  =  and  =  .
2 6 3

Illustration 2:
 0 2q r 
 
Let A =  p q −r  . If 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 3 , then |𝑝| is :
 p −q r 
 
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 5 6 3
Ans. (A)
Solution:
𝐴 is orthogonal matrix
1
 02 + 𝑝 2 + 𝑝 2 = 1  p =
2

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 Matrices
Part - 07

Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix:

(a) Symmetric matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be, symmetric if, aij = aji ∀ i & j (conjugate elements are equal).
Hence for symmetric matrix A = AT.

Note:
n( n + 1)
Max. number of distinct entries in any symmetric matrix of order n is .
2

(b) Skew symmetric matrix:

Square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if aij = –aji ∀ i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are additive
inverse of each other). For a skew symmetric matrix, A = –AT.

Note:
(i) If 𝐴 is skew symmetric, then aii = −aii  aii = 0  i . Thus, the diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all
zero, but not the converse.
(ii) The determinant value of odd order skew symmetric matrix is zero.

Illustration 1:
 −2 −1 1 
If A =  −1 7 4  be symmetric matrix then find the value of 𝑥.
 1 − x −3
Solution:
𝑥 = –4
for symmetric matrix A = AT
 −2 −1 1   −2 −1 1 
 −1 7 4  =  −1 7 − x 
   
 1 − x −3  1 4 −3 
 𝑥 = –4

Illustration 2:
1 x 1   3 −3 z 
Given matrix 𝐴 =  x 2 y  ; B =  −3 2 −3 .
 
1 y 3   z −3 1 

Obtain 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if the matrix 𝐴𝐵 is symmetric.

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 Matrices Part-07

Solution:
 1 x 1   3 −3 z 
𝐴𝐵 =  x 2 y   −3 2 −3
 1 y 3   z −3 1 

 3 − 3x + z −3 + 2 x − 3 z − 3x + 1 

= 3x − 6 + yz −3x + 4 − 3 y xz − 6 + y 
3 − 3 y + 3z −3 + 2 y − 9 z − 3 y + 3

𝐴𝐵 is symmetric matrix,
So, – 6 + 2𝑥 = 3𝑥 – 6 + 𝑦𝑧 …(1)
3 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑧 − 3𝑥 + 1 …(2)
−3 + 2𝑦 – 9 = 𝑥𝑧 − 6 + 𝑦 …(3)
So possible set of values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
 4 2 2  4 2 2 
 − , ,2 2  ,  , , −2 2  , (3,3, −1)
 3 3  3 3 

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 Matrices
Part - 08

Properties of symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix:

(i) A is symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = A and A is skew symmetric if 𝐴𝑇 = – A

(ii) Let A be any square matrix then, 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 is a symmetric matrix and 𝐴 – 𝐴𝑇 is a skew symmetric matrix.

(iii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two skew symmetric matrix is a skew

symmetric matrix.

(iv) If A and B are symmetric matrices then,

(1) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix

(2) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

(v) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

1 1 1 1
A= ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT ) and A = ( AT + A) − ( AT − A)
2 2 2 2
symmetric skew symmetric

Illustration 1:
If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -
(A) diagonal matrix (B) null matrix (C) triangular matrix (D) none of these
Ans. (B)
Solution:
Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] Since A is skew symmetric 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = – 𝑎𝑗𝑖
for 𝑖 = j, 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = – 𝑎𝑖𝑖  𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
for 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = – 𝑎𝑗𝑖 [A is skew symmetric] and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 [ A is symmetric]

 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

So, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for all '𝑖' and '𝑗' i.e. A is null matrix.

Illustration 2:
Which one of the following is wrong?

(A) The elements on the main diagonal of a symmetric matrix are all zero

(B) The elements on the main diagonal of a skew - symmetric matrix are all zero

1
(C) For any square matrix 𝐴, (𝐴 + 𝐴′) is symmetric matrix
2

1
(D) For any square matrix 𝐴, (𝐴 – 𝐴′) is skew - symmetric matrix
2

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Matrices Part-08

Ans. (A)
Solution:
The elements of main diagonal of skew symmetric matrix are all zero but not necessarily for symmetric matrix.
A + A'
is symmetric matrix.
2
A – A'
is skew symmetric matrix.
2

Illustration 3:

Let 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗]𝑛×𝑛 where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖2 – 𝑗2. Then 𝐴 is

(A) null matrix (B) symmetric matrix

(C) skew-symmetric matrix (D) unit matrix
Ans. (C)
Solution:

12 –12 12 – 22 12 –32 0 –3 –8
𝐴 = 22 –12 22 – 22 22 –32 = 3 0 –5
3 2 2 2 2 2
3 –1 3 –2 3 –3 8 5 0

So 𝐴 is skew symmetric matrix.

  Digital Pvt. Ltd. [2]

 Matrices
Part - 09

Adjoint of 𝑨 Square Matrix:

Let A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] be a square matrix of order n and let 𝐶𝑖𝑗 be cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 in A then the adjoint of A, denoted by adj A, is
defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix.
T
C11 C12 C13 
 
Then, adj A = [𝐶𝑖𝑗 ]  adj A = C21 C22 C23 
𝑇

C31 C32 C33 

Theorem: A(adj. A) = (adj.A).A = |A| 𝑰𝒏 .

 a11 a12 a13   C11 C21 C31 

   
Proof: A.( adj A) =  a21 a22 a23   C12 C22 C32 
 a a a  C C C 
 31 32 33   13 23 33 
 | A| 0 0  1 0 0 
     A.(Adj. A) = | A | I
 0 | A | 0  =| A |  0 1 0 
 0 0 | A|  0 0 1 
   
(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element)
A.( adj . A )
If |A| ≠ 0, then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
| A|

Illustration 1:
1 3 5
If A = 3 5 1 , then adj 𝐴 is equal to -
 
5 1 3

 14 −4 −22  −14 4 22  14 4 −22

(A)  −4 −22 14  (B)  4 22 −14  (C)  4 −22 −14  (D) none of these
   
 −22 14 −4   22 −14 4   −22 −14 −4 
Ans. (A)
Solution:
T
 14 −4 −22  14 −4 −22
 −4 −22 14   
adj. A =   =  −4 −22 14 
 −22 14 −4   −22 14 −4 

Illustration 2:
1 2
If A =   , then adj 𝐴 =
2 1

1 −2  2 1 1 −2   −1 2
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
 −2 1  
1 1

 −2 −1  2 −1

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Matrices Part-09

Ans. (A)
Solution:
1 2
A= 
2 1
 1 –2
Matrix formed by cofactors of A = C =  
–2 1 
1 –2
Transpose of Matrix 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑇 = 
–2 1 
1 –2
Adjoint of matrix 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑇 = adj A = 
–2 1 

Illustration 3:
cos  − sin  0
If 𝐴 =  sin  cos  0 , then adj 𝐴 =
 0 0 1
(A) 𝐴2 (B) 𝐼 (C) 𝑂 (D) 𝐴′
Ans. (D)
Solution:
cos  –sin  0
A =  sin  cos  0
 0 0 1

cos  –sin  0
Matrix formed by Cofactors of A = C =  sin  cos  0
 0 0 1

 cos  sin  0
 Adj 𝐴 = 𝐶 = –sin  cos  0 = 𝐴′
𝑇

 0 0 1

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 Matrices
Part - 10

Properties of adjoint:

If A be a square matrix of order n, then

(i) |adj A| =|𝐴|𝑛−1
(ii) adj (adj A) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 A, where |A| ≠ 0
2
(iii) |adj(adj 𝐴)|= | A |( n−1) , where |A| ≠ 0

(iv) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

(v) adj (KA) = 𝐾 𝑛−1 (adj A) , K is a scalar
(vi) adj 𝐴𝑇 = (adj 𝐴)𝑇

Method to find adjoint of a 2 × 2 square matrix, directly:

Let A be a 2 × 2 square matrix. In order to find the adjoint simply interchange the diagonal elements and reverse the
sign of off diagonal elements (rest of the elements).

p q  s −q 
e.g. If A =   adj 𝐴 =  
r s   −r p 

Illustration 1:
2 0 0
If A = 2 2 0 , then adj (adj A) is equal to -
 
2 2 2

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(A) 8 1 1 0 (B) 16 1 1 0 (C) 64 1 1 0 (D) none of these
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ans. (B)
Solution:
2 0 0
|A| = 2 2 0 = 8
2 2 2

Now adj (adj A) = |𝐴|3−2 𝐴

2 0 0 1 0 0
= 8 2 2 0 = 16 1 1 0
 
2 2 2 1 1 1

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Matrices Part-10

Illustration 2:
If 𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛 × 𝑛 and 𝑘 is a scalar, then 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝑘𝐴) is equal to

(A) 𝑘 adj 𝐴 (B) 𝑘𝑛 adj 𝐴 (C) 𝑘 𝑛−1 adj 𝐴 (D) 𝑘 𝑛+1 adj 𝐴
Ans. (C)
Solution:
𝑘𝐴 adj (𝑘𝐴) = |𝑘𝐴|𝐼𝑛
𝑘𝐴 adj (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘𝑛 |𝐴|𝐼𝑛

𝑘𝐴 adj (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘𝑛 𝐴 adj 𝐴

Pre-multiplying 𝐴−1

adj (𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘 𝑛−1 adj 𝐴

Illustration 3:

If 𝐴 is square matrix of order n then adj(adj 𝐴) =

(A) |𝐴|𝑛−1 𝐴 (B) |𝐴|(𝑛−2) 𝐴 (C) |𝐴|𝑛−2 (D) |𝐴|𝑛 𝐴
Ans. (B)
Solution:
We know that 𝐴. adj 𝐴 = |𝐴|. 𝐼 and |adj 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1  adj 𝐴.(adj adj 𝐴) = |adj 𝐴|𝐼

Pre-multiplying 𝐴

 𝐴. adj 𝐴. (adj adj 𝐴) = 𝐴 |𝐴|𝑛−1 𝐼

 |𝐴|. 𝐼 (adj adj 𝐴) = 𝐴 |𝐴|𝑛−1  (adj adj 𝐴) = 𝐴 |𝐴|𝑛−2

Illustration 4:

If 𝐴 is square matrix of order 3 then |adj(adj 𝐴)| =

(A) |𝐴| (B) |𝐴|2 (C) |𝐴|3 (D) |𝐴|4

Ans. (D)
Solution:
 𝐴 is square matrix of order 3

 |adj 𝐴| = |𝐴|2
 |adj(adj 𝐴)| = |adj 𝐴|2 = (|𝐴|2 )2 = |𝐴|4

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 Matrices
Part - 11

Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix):

A square matrix 𝐴 said to be invertible if and only if it is non-singular (i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0) and there exists a matrix 𝐵 such that,
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 = 𝐵𝐴.
𝐵 is called the inverse (reciprocal) of 𝐴 and is denoted by 𝐴−1 . Thus
𝐴−1 = 𝐵 ⇔ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼 = 𝐵𝐴
We have, 𝐴.(adj 𝐴)= |𝐴|𝐼𝑛
𝐴−1 . 𝐴(adj 𝐴)= 𝐴−1 𝐼𝑛 |𝐴|
I n (adj A) = A−1 | A | I n
( adjA)
∴ A–1 =
| A|

Note: The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix 𝐴 to be invertible is that |𝐴| ≠ 0

Properties of Inverse:

(i) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are invertible matrices of the same order, then (𝐴𝐵)– 1 = 𝐵– 1 𝐴– 1 .

Note: If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 ,...............𝐴𝑛 are all invertible square matrices of order 𝑛

then (𝐴1 𝐴2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑛 )−1 = 𝐴−1
𝑛 𝐴𝑛−1 ............𝐴2 𝐴1
−1 −1 −1

(ii) If 𝐴 be an invertible matrix, then 𝐴𝑇 is also invertible and ( AT )−1 = ( A−1 )T .

(iii) If A is invertible, (a) ( A−1 )−1 = A (b) ( Ak )−1 = ( A−1 )k = A− k ; k  N

(iv) If A is non-singular matrix, then |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|−1
(v) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its inverse will be identity matrix.
(vi) A nilpotent matrix will not be invertible because its determinant value is zero.
(vii) Orthogonal matrix 𝐴 is always invertible and 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .
(viii) A=𝐴−1 for an involutory matrix.

Cancellation law:
Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 be square matrices of the same order ′𝑛′.
If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix, then
(a) 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶  𝐵 = 𝐶 (Left cancellation law)
(b) 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴  𝐵 = 𝐶 (Right cancellation law)
Note that these cancellation laws hold only if the matrix ′𝐴' is non-singular (i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0).

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Matrices Part-11

Illustration 1:
Prove that if 𝐴 is non-singular matrix such that 𝐴 is symmetric then 𝐴−1 is also symmetric.
Solution:
𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 [ A is a symmetric matrix]

(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = 𝐴−1 [since A is non-singular matrix]

 (𝐴−1 )𝑇 = 𝐴−1 Hence proved

Illustration 2:
−1
 1 − tan  /2  1 tan  /2
 tan  /2   is equal to -
 1   − tan  /2 1 
 sin  − cos    cos  sin   cos  − sin 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) none of these
cos  sin    − sin  cos   sin  cos  
Ans. (C)
Solution:
−1
 1 tan  /2 1  1 − tan  /2
 − tan  /2  =  
 1  sec  /2  tan  /2
2
1 
1  1 − tan  /2  1 − tan  /2
∴ Product =
sec2  /2  tan  /2 1   tan  /2
 1 


1 1 − tan2  /2 −2tan  /2 
=  
sec  /2  2tan  /2 1 − tan2  /2
2

cos2  /2 sin2  /2 −2sin  /2cos  /2  cos  − sin 

=  = 
 2sin  /2 cos  /2 cos  /2 − sin  /2  sin  cos  
2 2

Illustration 3:
0 1
0 −1 2  
If 𝐴 =   , 𝐵 = 1 0 and 𝑀 = 𝐴𝐵, then 𝑀 is equal to-
−1
2 −2 0 1 1

2 −2  1 /3 1 /3 1/3 −1/3  1 /3 −1 /3

(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
2 1   −1 /3 1 / 6  1/3 1/6   −1 /3 1 / 6 
Ans. (C)
Solution:
0 1
0 −1 2    1 2
𝑀 =  1 0 =  −2 2
2 −2 0  1 1  
 
2 −2
|𝑀| = 6, adj 𝑀 =  
2 1 
1 2 −2 1/3 −1/3
 𝑀−1 = 2 1  = 1/3 1/ 6 
6    

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 Matrices
Part - 12

System of equation & criteria for consistency:

Gauss - Jordan method:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
 a1 x + b1 y + c1 z   d1   a1 b1 c1   x  d1 
    a  y  = d 
  a2 x + b2 y + c2 z  =  d2    2 b2 c2     2
 a3 x + b3 y + c3 z   d3   a3 b3 c3   z  d3 

 AX=B ...(i)
Multiplying adj𝐴 on both the sides of (i)
 (adj A) AX = (adj A)B  |A|X = (adj A)B

ȁ𝐴ȁ𝑋 = (adj𝐴)𝐵

If ȁ𝐴ȁ ≠ 0 If ȁ𝐴ȁ = 0

(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵
𝑋=
ȁ𝐴ȁ
(adj 𝐴)𝐵 = null matrix If (adj 𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0
or
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 Infinite solution Inconsistent (no solution)
(unique solution) or no solution

Illustration 1:
x + y+z =6
Solve the system x − y + z = 2 using matrix method.
2x + y − z = 1
Solution:
1 1 1 x 6 
 
Let 𝐴 = 1 −1 1 , 𝑋 =  y  & 𝐵 =  2 
 
2 1 −1  z  1 
Then the system is AX = B.
= 6, hence A is nonsingular,
0 3 3
Cofactor A = 2 −3 1
2 0 −2

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Matrices Part-12

0 2 2
adj A = 3 −3 0
3 1 −2

0 2 2  0 1 /3 1 /3 
1 1   
𝐴−1
= adjA = 3 −3 0 = 1 / 2 −1 / 2 0 
A 6
3 1 −2 1 / 2 1 / 6 −1 /3

 0 1 /3 1 /3  6   x  1
X=𝐴 −1 
B = 1 / 2 −1 / 2   
0  2 i.e.  y  = 2
1 / 2 1 / 6 −1 /3 1   z  3
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3

Illustration 2:
The system of equations 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 2, 3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = −6 and 3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −18 has
(A) No solution (B) Exactly one solution
(C) Infinite solutions (D) None of these
Ans. (C)
Solution:
1 −1 1
D = 3 −1 2 =1[−1 − 2] − 1[6 − 3] + 1[3 + 3] = 0
3 1 1
2 −1 1
And D1 = −6 −1 2 = 2( −1 − 2) − 1( −36 + 6) + 1( −6 − 18)
−18 1 1
= −6 + 30 − 24 = 0
Also, 𝐷2 = 0 ; 𝐷3 = 0
So, the system is consistent (𝐷 = 𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 𝐷3 = 0)
i.e. system has infinite solution.

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 Matrices
Part - 13

Finding inverse using elementary row operation:

Let 𝑋, 𝐴 and 𝐵 be matrices of, the same order such that 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵. In order to apply a sequence of elementary row
operations on the matrix equation 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵, we will apply these row operations simultaneously on 𝑋 and on the first
matrix 𝐴 of the product 𝐴𝐵 on RHS.

Similarly, in order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation 𝑋 = 𝐴𝐵, we will apply,
these operations simultaneously on 𝑋 and on the second matrix 𝐵 of the product 𝐴𝐵 on RHS.

In view of the above discussion, we conclude that if 𝐴 is a matrix such that 𝐴–1 exists, then to find 𝐴–1 using elementary
row operations, write 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 and apply a sequence of row operation on 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 till we get, 𝐼 = 𝐵𝐴. The matrix 𝐵 will be
the inverse of 𝐴. Similarly, if we wish to find 𝐴–1 using column operations, then, write 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼 and apply a sequence of
column operations on 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼 till we get, 𝐼 = 𝐴𝐵.

Note:
In case, after applying one or more elementary row (column) operations on 𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 (𝐴 = 𝐴𝐼), if we obtain all zeros in
one or more rows of the matrix 𝐴 on L.H.S., then 𝐴−1 does not exist.

Illustration 1:
0 1 2
Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations A = 1 2 3  .
3 1 1 
Solution:
 0 1 2  1 0 0 
Write 𝐴 = 𝐼 𝐴, i.e., 1 2 3  = 0 1 0  A
3 1 1  0 0 1 

1 2 3   0 1 0 
or 0 1 2  = 1 0 0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅  𝑅 )
    1 2
 3 1 1  0 0 1 

1 2 3   0 1 0 
or 0 1 2  = 1 0 0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅 → 𝑅 – 3𝑅 )
    3 3 1
0 −5 −8 0 −3 1 

1 0 −1  −2 1 0 
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅 → 𝑅 – 2𝑅 )
    1 1 2

0 −5 −8  0 −3 1 
1 0 −1  −2 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1 0 0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅 → 𝑅 + 5𝑅 )
    3 3 2
0 0 2   5 −3 1 

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Matrices Part-13

 
1 0 −1  −2 1 0
or 0 1 2  =  1  1
0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 )
   0
2
0 0 1   5 −3 1
 
2 2 2
1 −1 1
1 0 0   2 2 2
or 0 1 2  =  1 
0  𝐴 (applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 – 𝑅3 )
   0
0 0 1   5 −3 1
 
2 2 2
1 −1 1 
1 0 0   2 2 2
or 0 1 0  =  −4 
3 −1 𝐴 (applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 – 𝑅3 )
  
 −3 1 
0 0 1   5 
2 2 2
1 −1 1 
2 2 2
 
Hence −1
A =  −4 3 −1
5 −3 1 
 
2 2 2

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 Matrices
Part - 14

JEE-Advanced (Part-1):

Illustration 1:

 
 0 − tan 
2 cos  − sin  
If A =   and 𝐼 is a unit matrix of order 2. Show that 𝐼 + 𝐴 = (𝐼– 𝐴).  sin  cos  
 tan  0   
 2 

Solution:

   
 1 − tan  1 tan
2 2
We have, 𝐼 + 𝐴 =   and 𝐼– 𝐴 =  
 tan  1   − tan  1 
 2   2 

 
1 − tan 
cos  − sin    2
Now, ( − A)   =  
 sin  cos    tan  1 
 2 

 2   
1 − tan 2 −2 tan
2 
     1 − t 2 2t 
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2  −
 1  1 t  1 + t 2 
tan 
2  2 2 1+ t2  
=  =  , where 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .
 − tan    2 
 −t 1  2t 1− t 
1  
2
2
 2 tan 1 − tan  
  2 
2  2 2 1 + t 2 1+ t 
1 + tan 2  
1 + tan 2 
 2 2 

 1 − t 2 + 2t 2 −2t + t − t 3   1+ t2 −t (1 + t 2 )   
    1 −t   1 − tan
1+ t2 1+ t2   1+ t2 1+ t 2
2
= =  = = = 𝐼+𝐴
 −t + t 3 + 2t 2t 2 + 1 − t 2   t (1 + t 2 ) 1 + t 2  t 1   tan  1 
     
 1+ t2 1+ t2   1+ t2 1+ t2  2

Illustration 2:
 −1 0 
Determine the matrix 𝐵 and 𝐶 with integral element such that A =   = B + C , where 𝑘 is any integer.
3 3

 k −2
(A) 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐼, 𝐶 = – 𝐼
(B) 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐼, 𝐵 = – 𝐼
(C) 𝐵 = 𝐴 – 𝐼, 𝐶 = – 𝐼
(D) 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐼, 𝐶 = +𝐼

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Matrices Part-14

Ans. (A)
Solution:

 −1 0   −1 0   1 0
A2 =     A =
2

 k −2  k −2  −3k 4 

 1 0   −3 0   −2 0 
A2 + 3 A =  + = 
 −3k 4 3k −6   0 −2 

 −2 0   2 0  0 0
A2 + 3 A + 2 I =   + 2 =  = O.
 0 −2  0 2  0 0 
𝐴3 + 3𝐴2 + 2𝐴 = O.
(𝐴 + 𝐼)3 – 𝐴 = 𝐼 3  𝐴 = (𝐴 + 𝐼)3 + (– 𝐼)3  𝐵3 + 𝐶 3  𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐼 and 𝐶 =– 𝐼

Illustration 3:

cos x − sin x 0 
Let 𝐹(𝑥) =  sin x cos x 0  then
 
 0 0 1 

(A) [𝐹(𝑥)]–1 = 𝐹(𝑥)

(B) [𝐹(𝑥)]–1 = – [𝐹(– 𝑥)]

(C) [𝐹(𝑥)]–1 = – 𝐹(𝑥)

(D) [𝐹(𝑥)]–1 = 𝐹(– 𝑥)

Ans. (D)
Solution:

cos x − sin x 0   cos x sin x 0  1 0 0 

We have, 𝐹(𝑥)𝐹(– 𝑥) =  sin x cos x 0   − sin x cos x 0  = 0 1 0  = 3
     
 0 0 1   0 0 1  0 0 1 

 𝐹(– 𝑥) is the inverse of matrix 𝐹(𝑥) i.e. [𝐹(𝑥)]–1 = 𝐹(– 𝑥).

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 Matrices
Part - 15

JEE-Advanced (Part-2):

Illustration 1:
a b 
If A =   then prove that value of 𝑓 and 𝑔 satisfying the matrix equation 𝐴 + 𝑓𝐴 + 𝑔𝐼 = 𝑂 are equal to
2

c d 
1 0  0 0 
– 𝑡𝑟 (𝐴) and determinant of 𝐴 respectively. Given 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are non-zero reals and I =   ; O = 0 0  .
0 1   
Solution:
a b 
A=  𝐴2 + 𝑓𝐴 + 𝑔𝐼 = 𝑂
c d 
a b  a b 
A2 =   
c d  c d 
 a 2 + bc ab + bd 
A2 =  2
ca + dc cd + d 
𝑓 = (𝐴)
= – (𝑎 + 𝑑)
𝑔 = (𝑎𝑑– 𝑏𝑐)
 a 2 + bc ab + bd  a b  1 0
 2
− (a + d )   + (ad − bc)  =0
ca + dc cd + d  c d  0 1 
0 0 
0 0 
 

Illustration 2:
 4 −4 5 
For the matrix A =  −2 3 −3 find 𝐴–2 .
 3 −3 4 
Solution:
𝐴–2 × 𝐴–1 × 𝐴–1
 4 −4 5   3 −1 −3
  ; 1 1 0
A =  −2 3 −3 [𝐶𝑖𝑗 ] =  
 3 −3 4   −3 2 4 

 3 1 3
Adj 𝐴 = [𝐶𝑖𝑗 ] =  −1 1 2 
𝑇

 −3 0 4 

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Matrices Part-15

 4 −4 5 
|𝐴| =  −2 3 −3
 
 3 −3 4 

= 4(3) + 4 – 15
Adj ( A)
= 16 – 15 = 1 A=
| A|
 3 1 3
A =  −1 1 2 
−1

 −3 0 4 

 3 1 3   3 1 3   17 4 −19 
A−1 A−1 =  −1 1 2   −1 1 2  =  −10 0 13 
 −3 0 4   −3 0 4   −21 −3 25 

Illustration 3:
1 1 1
 2 3 1 0 1 
Given A =  2 4 1 , B =   find 𝑃 such that BPA =  .
  0 1 0 
 2 3 1  3 4

Solution:
1 0 1 
BPA =  
0 1 0 
1 1 1
2 3   1 0 1 
 3 4  P  2 4 1 = 0 1 0 2  3
   2 3 1  
 
order of 𝑃 will be 2 × 3
a b c
d e f 

1 1 1
2 3  a b c 1 0 1 
3 4  d e  2 4 1 = 
  f  0 1 0 
 2 3 1 

 −4 7 −7 
P= 
 3 −5 5 

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 Matrices
Part - 16

JEE-Advanced (Part-3):

Illustration 1:

1 0 0 1 0 0
A = 0 1  ,  = 0
 0  and A−1 = ( A2 + cA + d ) , then the value of 𝑐 and 𝑑 are -
1
1 1
6
0 −2 4  0 0 1

(A) – 6, – 11 (B) 6, 11 (C) – 6, 11 (D) 6, – 11

Ans. (C)
Solution:
1 0 0 
𝐴 = 0 1 1   |𝐴| = 6
0 −2 4 

6 0 0 
adjA 1 
𝐴–1
 = 0 4 −1
| A| 6 
0 2 1 

1 0 0
𝐴2 = 0 −1 5 
 
0 −10 14 

1
𝐴−1 = [𝐴2 + 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐼]
6

6 0 0 
1
0 4 −1
6
0 2 1 

 1 0 0  c 0 0  d 0 0  
1    
=  0 −1 5  + 0 c c  +  0 d 0  
6 
 0 −10 14 0 −2c 4c   0 0 d  

on comparing we get
–1 = 5 + 𝑐  𝑐 = – 6
1 = 14 + 4𝑐 + 𝑑  1 = 14 – 24 + 𝑑
𝑑 = 11

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Matrices Part-16

Illustration 2:
 3 1 
  1 1
2 2 
If P =  , A= and 𝑄 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 and 𝑥 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑄2005 𝑃, then 𝑥 is equal to -
 1 3 0 1 
− 
 2 2 

1 2005  4 + 2005 3 6015 

(A)  (B)  
0 1   2005 4 − 2005 3 

1 2 + 3 1  1  2005 2 − 3 
(C)   (D)  
4  −1 2 − 3  4  2 + 3 2005 

Ans. (A)
Solution:
𝑃𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
𝐴=    𝐴2 =    = 
 0 1  0 1  0 1 0 1 
and so, on
𝑄 = 𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇
𝑄2 = (𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 ) (𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑇 ) = 𝑃𝐴2 𝑃𝑇
𝑄2005 = 𝑃𝐴2005 𝑃𝑇
1 2005
𝑥 = 𝑃𝑇 (𝑃𝐴2005 𝑃𝑇 )𝑃  𝑥 = 𝐴2005 = 
0 1 

Illustration 3:
Let 𝑝 be an odd prime number and 𝑇𝑃 be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices:

 a b  

Tp =  A =   : a , b , c 0,1,2,....., p − 1

 c a 

The number of 𝐴 in 𝑇𝑝 such that 𝐴 is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(𝐴) divisible by 𝑝 is -
(A) (𝑝 – 1)2 (B) 2(𝑝 – 1) (C) (𝑝 – 1)2 + 1 (D) 2𝑝 – 1
Ans. (D)
Solution:
If 𝐴 is symmetric, 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴
a b  a c 
  c a  = b a 
   
 𝑏=𝑐
If 𝐴 is skew symmetric, 𝐴𝑇 = – 𝐴
 a b   − a −c 
  c a  =  −b −a 
   
 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
 𝑏, 𝑐  0  𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 0

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Matrices Part-16

Now, det(𝐴) = 𝑎2 – 𝑏𝑐
= 𝑎2 – 𝑏 2 ( 𝑏 = 𝑐 for 𝐴 being symmetric or skew symmetric or both)

= (𝑎– 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) is divisible by 𝑝.

Let (𝑎– 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑝,   𝐼
Range of (𝑎 + 𝑏) is 0 to 2𝑝– 2 which includes only one multiple of 𝑝 i.e. 𝑝
 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑝 and 𝑎 – 𝑏  𝐼
 possible number of pairs of 𝑎 and 𝑏 will be 𝑝 – 1.
Also, range of (𝑎 – 𝑏) is 1 – 𝑝 to 𝑝 – 1 which includes only one multiple of 𝑝 i.e. 0
 𝑎– 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎 + 𝑏  𝐼
 Possible number of pairs of 𝑎 and 𝑏 will be 𝑝.
Hence total number of 𝐴 in 𝑇𝑝 will be 𝑝 + 𝑝– 1 = 2𝑝– 1.

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 Matrices
Part – 17

JEE-Advanced (Part-4):

For illustration 1 to 3
Let 𝐴 is matrix of order 2 × 2 such that 𝐴2 = 𝑜.

Illustration 1:
A2 − ( a + d ) A + ( ad − bc ) I is equal to
(A) 𝐼 (B) 𝑂 (C) −𝐼 (D) none of these
Ans. (B)
Solution:
Let
a b 
A= 
c d 
 A2 − ( a + d ) A + ( ad − bc ) I
a b  a b  a b  1 0
=    –(𝑎 + 𝑑)  c d  + ( ad − bc ) 0 1
c d  c d     
 a2 + bc ab + bd   a2 + ad ab + bd   ad − bc 0 
= – 2
+ =𝑂
 ac + cd bc + d 2   ac + cd ad + d   0 ad − bc 

Illustration 2:
tr(𝐴) is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 1 (D) none of these
Ans. (B)
Solution:
a b 
If 𝐴 = 𝑂, tr(𝐴) = 0. suppose 𝐴 ≠ 𝑂 and A =  
c d 
|𝐴| = 0 and 𝐴2 − (𝑎 + 𝑑)𝐴 + (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)𝐼 = 0
 a+d =0

Illustration 3:
( I + A)
100
=
(A) 100𝐴 (B) 100(𝐼 + 𝐴) (C) 100𝐼 + 𝐴 (D) 𝐼 + 100𝐴
Ans. (D)

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Matrices Part-17

Solution:
( I + A)
100
= 100
C0 I 100 + 100C1 I 99 A + 100C2 I 98 A2 + ....... +100 C100 A100
= I + 100 A + O + O + .... + O
= I + 100 A

For illustration 4 to 6
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two square matrices of order 3 × 3 which satisfy 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴 and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵

Illustration 4:
Which of the following is true?
(A) If matrix 𝐴 is singular then matrix 𝐵 is non-singular (B) If matrix 𝐴 is non-singular then matrix 𝐵 is singular
(C) If matrix 𝐴 is singular then matrix 𝐵 is also singular (D) Cannot say anything.
Ans. (C)
Solution:
AB = A  AB = A …(1)
 A = 0 or B = 1
BA = B  BA = B …(2)
 A = 1 or B = 0
If A =0, then from Eq. (2), B =0
If B = 0 , then from Eq. (1), A =0

Illustration 5:
(𝐴 + 𝐵)9 is equal to
(A) 9(𝐴 + 𝐵) (B) 9. I 33 (C) 256(𝐴 + 𝐵) (D) 256 𝐼
Ans. (C)
Solution:
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴, 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐵
𝐴𝐵𝐴 = 𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐴(𝐵𝐴) = 𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴2
Similarly, 𝐵2 = 𝐵
(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐴
(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2(𝐴 + 𝐵)
(𝐴 + 𝐵)3 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)2 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2(𝐴 + 𝐵)2 = 22 (𝐴 + 𝐵)
⇒ (𝐴 + 𝐵)9 = 28 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 256(𝐴 + 𝐵)

Illustration 6:
(𝐴 + 𝐼)5 is equal to (where 𝐼 is identity matrix)
(A) 𝐼 + 60𝐼 (B) 𝐼 + 16𝐴 (C) 𝐼 + 31𝐴 (D) none of these
Solution:
Ans. (C)
(𝐴 + 𝐼)5 = 𝐼 + 5𝐴 + 10𝐴2 + 10𝐴3 + 5𝐴4 + 𝐴5
= 𝐼 + 5𝐴 + 10𝐴 + 10𝐴 + 5𝐴 + 𝐴
(∴ 𝐴 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴3 = 𝐴4 = 𝐴5 = ⋯ = 𝐴)
2

= 𝐼 + 31𝐴

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