TOEFL

Reading
Practice
With Answers

Published by HCCBVN - 2012

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01
TOFEL 1

Questions 1-13
Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. But plants can move
water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 meters above
the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century, the movement of water in trees and other tall
plants was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants in which all the
cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations for the movement
of water in plants have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the
bottom of the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall
trees. Furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root
pressures.
If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then
we may ask, How does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesion-tension theory,
water is pulled there. The pull on a rising column of water in a plant results from the evaporation
of water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a negative pressure,
or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in
unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create
surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken
columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the
attraction between water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column of water compares
with the strength of a steel wire of the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of
water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.

1. How many theories does the author (A) Some very tall trees have weak root
mention? pressure.
(A) One (B) Root pressures decrease in winter.
(B) Two (C) Plants can live after their roots die.
(C) Three (D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected
(D) Four to water in its stem.

2. The passage answers which of the 6. Which of the following statements does the
following questions? passage support?
(A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure (A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees.
on foliage? (B) Botanists have proven that living cells act
(B) When do dead cells harm plant growth? as pumps.
(C) How does water get to the tops of trees? (C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the
(D) Why is root pressure weak? tops of tall trees.
(D) Botanists have changed their theories of
3. The word "demonstrated" in line 6 is how water moves in plants.
closest in meaning to
(A) ignored 7. The word "it" in line 12 refers to
(B) showed (A) top
(C) disguised (B) tree
(D) distinguished (C) water
(D) cohesion-tension theory.
4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines
5-7 prove? 8. The word "there" in line 14 refers to
(A) Plant stems die when deprived of water (A) treetops
(B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water (B) roots
(C) Plants cannot move water to high (C) water columns
altitudes (D) tubes
(D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems

5.How do botanists know that root pressure is

not the only force that moves water in plants?

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9. What causes the tension that draws water up molecules together.
a plant? (D) Atmospheric pressure supports the
(A) Humidity columns.
(B) Plant growth
(C) Root pressure 12.Why does the author mention steel wire in
(D) Evaporation line 22?
(A) To illustrate another means of pulling
10. The word "extend" in line 18 is closest in water
meaning to (B) To demonstrate why wood is a good
(A) stretch building material
(B) branch (C) To indicate the size of a column of water
(C) increase (D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive
(D) rotate forces in water

11. According to the passage, why does water 13.Where in the passage does the author give
travel through plants in unbroken columns? an example of a plant with low root pressure?
(A) Root pressure moves the water very (A) Lines3-4
rapidly. (B) Lines5-7
(B) The attraction between water molecules (C) Lines10-11
in strong. (D) Lines12-13
(C) The living cells of plants push the water

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Question 14-22

Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three
fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it
accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for
residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled
settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-
modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old
business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could
afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work,
shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every
major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as
urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were
recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same
period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area.
Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000
potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five
to six million people.
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but
vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential
expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It
was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to
future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly
land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated,
did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process.
Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

17. The word "sparked" in line 11 is closest in

14. With which of the following subjects is the meaning to
passage mainly concerned? (A) brought about
(A) Types of mass transportation. (B) surrounded
(B) Instability of urban life. (C) sent out
(C) How supply and demand determine land (D) followed
use.
(D) The effects of mass transportation on 18. Why does the author mention both Boston
urban expansion. and Chicago?
(A) To demonstrate positive and negative
15. The author mentions all of the following effects of growth.
as effects of mass transportation on cities (B) To show that mass transit changed many
EXCEPT cities.
(A) growth in city area (C) To exemplify cities with and without
(B) separation of commercial and residential mass transportation.
districts.
(C) Changes in life in the inner city. 19. The word "potential" in line 16 is closest
(D) Increasing standards of living. in meaning to
(A) certain
16. The word "vast" in line 3 is closest in (B) popular
meaning to (C) improved
(A) large (D) possible
(B) basic
(C) new 20. The word "many" in line 19 refers to
(D) urban (A) people
(B) lots
(C) years
(D) developers

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21. According to the passage, what was one 22. The author mentions Chicago in the
disadvantage of residential expansion? second paragraph as an example of a city
(A) It was expensive. (A) that is large
(B) It happened too slowly. (B) that is used as a model for land
(C) It was unplanned. development
(D) It created a demand for public (C) where land development exceeded
transportation. population growth
(D) with an excellent mass transportation
system.

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Question 23-33

The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny,
delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can
be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures
because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their
fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by
other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly
rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved
ichthyosaur fossils.
The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur
remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over
the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered
from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is
the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have
been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting
that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos
are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well
formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the
remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.
Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare
elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations factors do not
account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant
ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

26. Which of the following is true of the fossil

23. The passage supports which of the deposits discussed in the passage?
following conclusions? (A) They include examples of newly
(A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed discovered species.
more rapidly than other species. (B) They contain large numbers of well-
(B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than preserved specimens
other newborn marine reptiles. (C) They are older than fossils found in other
(C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than places
terrestrial creatures. (D) They have been analyzed more carefully
(D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at than other fossils.
Holzmaden to give birth.
27. The word "outstanding" in line 14 is
24. The word "they" in line 3 refers to closest in meaning to
(A) skeletons (A) extensive
(B) scavengers (B) surprising
(C) creatures (C) vertical
(D) environments (D) excellent

25. All of the following are mentioned as 28. The word "site" in line 17 is closest in
factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT meaning to
the (A) example
(A) speed of burial (B) location
(B) conditions of the water (C) development
(C) rate at which soft tissues decay (D) characteristic
(D) cause of death of the animal.

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29. Why does the author mention the 32.Which of the following best expresses the
specimen preserved in the birth canal (line relationship between the first and second
19)? paragraphs?
(A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are (A) The first paragraph describes a place
quite advanced in their development while the second paragraph describes a
(B) To explain why the fossils are well field of study.
preserved (B) The first paragraph defines the terms that
(C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died are used in the second paragraph.
(D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine (C) The second paragraph describes a specific
animals. instance of the general topic discussed in
the first paragraph.
30. The word "they" in line 22 refers to (D) The second paragraph presents
(A) pregnant females and young information that contrasts with the
(B) quarry operations information given in the first paragraph.
(C) the value of the fossils
(D) these factors 33.Where in the passage does the author
mentions the variety of fossils found at
31.The phrase "account for" in line 25 is Holzmaden?
closest in meaning to (A) Line 1
(A) record (B) Lines 3-5
(B) describe (C) Lines 12-13
(C) equal (D) Lines 19-21
(D) explain

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Questions 34-41
The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important
official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President's
secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to "explore the Missouri River, and
such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific
Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for
the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers
Clerk, was invited to share the command of the exploring party.
Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and
that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains
set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River,
just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri
all summer, the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North
Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the
Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho. Picking up a
tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean,
where they stayed until the following spring.
Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent
was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river
drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed
via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds,
the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West – though not immediately published – were made
available to scientists.

34.With what topic is the passage primarily 36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed
concerned? to explore was the
(A) The river systems of portions of North (A) Wood
America. (B) Missouri
(B) Certain geological features to the North (C) Columbia
American continent. (D) Mississippi
(C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the
United States government.
(D) The discovery of natural resources in the 37.According to the passage, the explorers
United States. spent their first winter in what would become
(A) North Dakota
(B) Missouri
35.According to the passage, the primary (C) Montana
purpose of finding a water route across the (D) Idaho
continent was to
(A) gain easy access to the gold and other 38.The author states that Lewis and Clark
riches of the Northwest studied all of the following characteristics of
(B) become acquainted with the inhabitants the explored territories EXCEPT
of the West. (A) mineral deposits
(C) investigate the possibility of improved (B) the weather
farmland in the West. (C) animal life
(D) facilitate the movement of commerce (D) native vegetation
across the continent
39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 16 could
best be replaced by which of the following?
(A) Searching for
(B) Following
(C) Learning about
(D) Lifting

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40.It can be inferred from the passage that 41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer
prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the to the explorers' failure to find an easy
size of the continent had been passageway to the western part of the
(A) of little interest continent?
(B) underestimated (A) Lines1-3
(C) known to native inhabitants of the West (B) Lines7-8
(D) unpublished but known to most scientists (C) Lines16-18
(D) Lines21-24

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Questions 42-50

For a century and a half the piano has been one of the most popular solo instruments for Western
music. Unlike string and wind instrument, the piano is completely self-sufficient, as it is able to
play both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it became
the favorite household instrument of the nineteenth century.
The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and
sixteenth centu
ries – the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the
clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy
they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The
clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone
possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for concert use, but
the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.
The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though
musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument was called a
piano e forte(soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a
recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments.
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the
introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire
of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most
delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp,
percussive brilliance.

42. What does the passage mainly discuss? 45. The word "supplanted" in line 10 is closest
(A) The historical development of the piano in meaning to
(B) The quality of tone produced by various (A) supported
keyboard instruments (B) promoted
(C) The uses of keyboard instruments in (C) replaced
various types of compositions (D) dominated
(D) The popularity of the piano with
composers 46. The word "it" in line 11 refers to the
(A) variety
43. Which of the following instruments was (B) music
widely used before the seventeenth century? (C) harpsichord
(A) The harpsichord (D) clavichord
(B) The spinet
(C) The clavichord 47. According to the passage, what deficiency
(D) The organ did the harpsichord have?
(A) It was fragile
44. The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are (B) It lacked variety in tone.
closest in meaning to (C) It sounded metallic.
(A) a suggestion (D) It could not produce a strong sound.
(B) an improvement
(C) a dominance 48. Where in the passage does the author
(D) a development provide a translation?
(A) Lines 4-5
(B) Lines 13-15
(C) Lines 18-19
(D) Lines 20-25

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49. According to the information in the third
paragraph, which of the following 50. The word "myriad" in line 23 is closest in
improvements made it possible to lengthen the meaning to
tone produced by the piano? (A) noticeable
(A) The introduction of pedals (B) many
(B) The use of heavy wires (C) loud
(C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads (D) unusual
(D) The metal frame construction

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TOFEL 2

Questions 1-7

Joyce Carol Oates published her first collection of short stories. By The Gate, in 1963, two years
after she had received her master's degree from the University of Wisconsin and become an
instructor of English at the University of Detroit. Her productivity since then has been prodigious,
accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty titles, including novels, collections of short
stories and verse, plays, and literary criticism. In the meantime, she has continued to teach,
moving in 1967 from the University of Detroit to the University of Windsor, in Ontario, and, in
1978, to Princeton University. Reviewers have admired her enormous energy, but find a
productivity of such magnitude difficult to assess.
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors
such as John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at
times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her
fiction. Hers is a world of violence, insanity, fractured love, and hopeless loneliness. Although
some of it appears to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much
more is clearly from the experiences of others. Her first novel, With Shuddering Fall(1964), dealt
with stock car racing, though she had never seen a race. IN Them(1969) she focused on Detroit
from the Depression through the notes of 1967, drawing much of her material from the deep
impression made on her by the problems of one of her students. Whatever the source and however
shocking the events or the motivations, however, her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that
real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular
magazines of our day.

(C) She has produced a surprising amount of

fictions in a relative short time.
1. What is the main purpose of the passage? (D) Most of her work is based on personal
(A) To review Oates's By the North Gate experience.
(B) To compare some modern writers
(C) To describe Oates's childhood
(D) To outline Oates's career 4. The word "characterized" in line 10 can
best replaced by which of the following?
(A) Shocked
2. Which of the following does the passage (B) Impressed
indicate about Joyce Carol Qate's first (C) Distinguished
publication? (D) Helped
(A) It was part of her master's thesis.
(B) It was a volume of short fiction.
(C) It was not successful. 5. What was the subject of Joyce Carol
(D) It was about an English instructor in Oates's first novel?
Detroit. (A) Loneliness
(B) Inanity
(C) Teaching
3. Which of the following does the passage (D) Racing
suggest about Joyce Carol Oates in terms of
her writing career?
(A) She has experienced long nonproductive
periods in her writing.
(B) Her style is imitative of other
contemporary authors

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6. Why does the author mention Oates's book 7. Which of the following would Joyce Carol
Them? Oates be most likely to write?
(A) It is a typical novel of the 1960's (A) A story with an unhappy ending
(B) It is her best piece of nonfiction. (B) A romancer novel set in the nineteenth
(C) It is a fictional work based on the century
experiences of another person. (C) A science fiction novel
(D) It is an autobiography. (D) A dialogue for a talk show

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Question 8-18

Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creature,
especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber
seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats
mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can
be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?
For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its
diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow
water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it
has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.
Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish - brown to sand - color
and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber -
shaped - hence their name - and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined
with flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and
ocean currents.
Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to
become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate - feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods,
so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for
this faculty, they would devour all the food available in s short time and would probably starve
themselves out of existence.
But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major
enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also
casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate
itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if surrounding water temperature is too
high or if the water becomes too polluted.

8. What does the passage mainly discuss? 12. The fourth paragraph of the passage
(A) The reason for the sea cucumber's name Primarily discusses
(B) What makes the sea cucumber unusual (A) the reproduction of sea cucumbers
(C) How to identify the sea cucumber (B) the food sources of sea cucumbers
(D) Places where the sea cucumber can be (C) the eating habits of sea cucumbers
found (D) threats to sea cucumbers' existence

9. In line 3, the word "bizarre" is closest 13. The phrase "casts off" in line 24 is closest
meaning to in meaning to
(A) odd (A) grows again
(B) marine (B) grabs
(C) simple (C) gets rid of
(D) rare (D) uses as a weapon

10. According to the Passage, why is the 14. Of all the characteristics of the sea
shape of sea cucumbers important? cucumber, which of the following seems to
(A) It helps them to digest their food fascinate the author most?
(B) It helps them to protect themselves from (A) What it does when threatened.
danger. (B) Where it lives
(C) It makes it easier for them to move (C) How it hides from predators
through the mud. (D) What it eats.
(D) It makes them attractive to fish.
15. Compared with other sea creatures the sea
11. The words "this faculty" in line20 refer to cucumber is very
the sea cucumber's ability to (A) dangerous
(A) squeeze into crevices (B) intelligent
(B) devour all available food in a short time (C) strange
(C) suck up mud or sand (D) fat
(D) live at a low metabolic rate

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16. What can be inferred about the defense 17. Which of the following would NOT cause
mechanisms of the sea cucumber? a sea cucumber to release its internal
(A) They are very sensitive to surrounding organs into the water?
stimuli. (A) A touch
(B) They are almost useless. (B) Food
(C) They require group cooperation. (C) Unusually warm water
(D) They are similar to those of most sea (D) Pollution
creatures.
18. Which of the following is an example of
behavior comparable with the sea
cucumber living at a low metabolic rate?
(A) An octopus defending itself with its
tentacles
(B) A bear hibernating in the winter
(C) A pig eating constantly
(D) A parasite living on its host's blood.

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Question 19-29

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is
homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed
rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, and interpersonal
relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There
is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to
perform a great variety of tasks, though duties many differ between the sexes. Most goods are
handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk
cultures, as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries
such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern-equivalent in Anglo-America is
the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving
device of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse - drawn buggies still serve as a local
transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central
religious concept of Demut, "humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social
class so typical of folk cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity.
Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith,
provides the principal mechanism for maintaining -order.
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and
constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division of labor
exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control
such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a
money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly
different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many
developing nations, Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the
popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more
prestige to the owner.

19. What does the passage mainly discuss? 22. What does the author imply about the
(A) Two decades in modern society. United States and Canada?
(B) The influence of industrial technology (A) They value folk cultures
(C) The characteristics of "folk" and (B) They have no social classes.
"popular" societies. (C) They have popular cultures.
(D) The specialization of labor in Canada and (D) They do not value individualism.
United States
23. The phrase "largely renounces" in line 11
is closest in meaning to
20. The word "homogeneous" in line 2 is (A) generally rejects
closest in meaning to (B) greatly modifies
(A) uniform (C) loudly declares
(B) general (D) often criticizes
(C) primitive
(D) traditional 24. What is the main source of order in Amish
society?
(A) The government
21. Which of the following is typical of folk (B) The economy
cultures? (C) The clan structure
(A) There is a money- based economy. (D) The religion
(B) Social change occurs slowly.
(C) Contact with other cultures is encouraged
(D) Each person develops one specialized
skill.

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25. Which of the following statements about 27. The word "prevails" in line 23 is closest in
Amish beliefs does the passage support? meaning to
(A) A variety of religious practices is (A) dominates
tolerated. (B) provides
(B) Individualism and competition are (C) develops
important. (D) invests
(C) Pre-modern technology is preferred.
(D) People are defined according to their 28. The word "their" in line 26 refer to
class. (A) folk
(B) nations
26. Which of the following would probably (C) countries
NOT be found in a folk culture? (D) objects
(A) A carpenter
(B) A farmer 29. Which of the following is NOT given as a
(C) A weaver reason why folk-made objects are replaced
(D) A banker by mass-produced objects?
(A) Cost
(B) Prestige
(C) Quality
(D) Convenience

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Question 30-40

Many of the most damaging and life-threatening types of weather - torrential rains, severe
thunderstorms, and tornadoes - begin quickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly, devastating
small regions while leaving neighboring areas untouched. One such event, a tornado, stuck the
northeastern section of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total damages from the tornado
exceeded $250 million, the highest ever for any Canadian storm. Conventional computer models
of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short - lived local storms like the Edmonton
tornado, because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers
to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms. In most nations, for example,
weather -balloon observations are taken just once every twelve hours at locations typically
separated by hundreds of miles. With such limited data, conventional forecasting models do a
much better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than they do forecasting
specific local events.
Until recently, the observation - intensive approach needed for accurate, very short - range
forecasts, or "Nowcasts," was not feasible. The cost of equipping and operating many thousands
of conventional weather stations was prohibitively high, and the difficulties involved in rapidly
collecting and processing the raw weather data from such a network were insurmountable.
Fortunately, scientific and technological advances have overcome most of these problems. Radar
systems, automated weather instruments, and satellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly
continuous observation over large regions at a relatively low cost. Communications satellites can
transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computers can quickly
compile and analyzing this large volume of weather information. Meteorologists and computer
scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of
transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters
can interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologists have begun using these new technologies in
weather forecasting offices, Nowcasting is becoming a reality.

30. What does he passage mainly discuss? 33. Why does the author state in line 10 that
(A) Computers and weather observations are taken "just once every
(B) Dangerous storms twelve hours?"
(C) Weather forecasting (A) To indicate that the observations are
(D) Satellites timely
(B) To show why the observations are on
31. Why does the author mention the tornado limited value
in Edmonton, Canada? (C) To compare data from balloons and
(A) To indicate that tornadoes are common computers
in the summer (D) To give an example of international
(B) To give an example of a damaging cooperation
storm
(C) To explain different types of weather 34. The word "they" in line 13 refers to
(D) To show that tornadoes occur (A) models
frequently in Canada (B) conditions
(C) regions
32. The word "subtle" in line 8 is closest in (D) events
meaning to
(A) complex
(B) regular 35. Which of the following is NOT mentioned
(C) imagined as an advance in short - range weather
(D) slight forecasting?
(A) Weather balloons
(B) Radar systems
(C) Automated instruments
(D) Satellites

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36. The word "compile" in line 23 is closest in
meaning to 39. With which of the following statements is
(A) put together the author most likely to agree?
(B) look up (A) Communications satellites can predict
(C) pile high severe weather.
(D) work over (B) Meteorologists should standardize
computer programs.
37. With Nowcasting, it first became possible (C) The observation - intensive approach is
to provide information about no longer useful.
(A) short-lived local storms (D) Weather predictions are becoming more
(B) radar networks accurate.
(C) long - range weather forecasts
(D) general weather conditions 40. Which of the following would best
illustrate Nowcasting?
38. The word "raw" in line 25 is closest in (A) A five-day forecast
meaning to (B) A warning about a severe thunderstorm
(A) stormy on the radio
(B) inaccurate (C) The average rainfall for each month
(C) uncooked (D) A list of temperatures in major cities
(D) unprocessed

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41-50

People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that
unprecedented change in he nation's economy would bring social chaos. In the years following
1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and
extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the nineteenth century. Accompanying that
growth that was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a
gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other
nonagricultural pursuits.
Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early
nineteenth century. The population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the
nineteenth centuries. As the population grew, its makeup also changed. Massive waves of
immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility -
downward as well as upward - touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three -
quarters of the population - in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in
the restless rural counties of the West - changed their residence each decade. As a consequence,
historian David Donald has written, "Social atomization affected every segment of society," and it
seemed to many people that "all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being
eroded." Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had
special implications for women because these tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles
men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the
home. In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household lost
many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a haven of tranquillity and order. As
the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated
than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while
women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture. The intimacy of
marriage that was common in earlier periods was rent, and a gulf that at times seemed
unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.

41.What does the passage mainly discuss? 44.The word "roughly" in line 9 is closest in
(A) The economic development of the United meaning to
States in the eighteenth century (A) harshly
(B) Ways in which economic development (B) surprisingly
led to social changes in the United States (C) slowly
(C) Population growth in the western United (D) approximately
States
(D) The increasing availability of industrial 45.The word "its" in line 10 refers to
jobs for women in the United States (A) century
(B) population
42.The word "Prospect" in line 1 is closest in (C) generation
meaning to (D) birth rate
(A) regret
(B) possibility 46. According to the passage, as the
(C) theory nineteenth century progressed, the people
(D) circumstance of the United States
(A) emigrated to other countries
43.According to the passage, the economy of (B) often settled in the West
the United States between 1820 and 1900 was (C) tended to change the place in which they
(A) expanding lived
(B) in sharp decline (D) had a higher rate of birth than ever before
(C) stagnate
(D) disorganized

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47.Which of the following best describes the
society about which David Donald wrote? 49.Which of the following is NOT mentioned
(A) A highly conservative society that was as an example of the social changes occurring
resistant to new ideas in the United States after 1820?
(B) A society that was undergoing (A) Increased social mobility
fundamental change (B) Increased immigration
(C) A society that had been gradually (C) Significant movement of population
changing since the early 1700's (D) Strong emphasis on traditional social
(D) A nomadic society that was starting values
permanent settlements
50.The word " distinctions" in line 21 is
48.The word "magnify" in line 20 is closest in closest in meaning to
meaning to (A) Differences
(A) solve (B) Classes
(B) explain (C) Accomplishments
(C) analyze (D) characteristics
(D) increase

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 Answers

1
CCBBA DCADA BDCDD AABDB CCDAD BDBAA DCCCD BAABB DABCC DBCAB
2
DBCCD CABAB DCCAC ABBCA BCADC DADCC BCBAA AADDA BBADB CCDDA
3
CBADD CAAAD CBCBC ACABD BADAB ACBCD BDACD CADBA CBDCB CCADA
4
ACBAB CCDDB DBBBC ACDAB CCABD CCAAC ABBBA BABCA CBACD AACDC
5
CCACC BCDCC AACDC BDABB DACAD DBBCA AADDC CDBAB AACBB AABDC
6
ABBDB BACBD DAACC CACCB DCAAB ABDBB CCAAA DBDDB DCDDB CBBBC
7
ACBAD DBBDA DCCCB BDBBC BBCBB CADDA AABAB DBACA ABABD BBDBD
8
CDCDB BAACB DDBAA DCDAB DADAC CDACD DABBD DBCDB AABCD ADDAA
9
CDCBC DACBC DDDCC ABBAC DCCAD ABACD BABBC CAABB BBABC AACCD
10
BCCAB CCABB AADCC ACBDA ACDBB BCABC BDCCA DBBCA BDADC ADBAA
11
ACBDC CBBDD ACACA CBDBD BDDCC DACAA DCBBD ABDAA DACCB BDDBA
12
BDDCC ABABD DCDCB CABAB DAAAC BBCAA DBDCD CBBBA ACBBC DCDAD
13
AACCD CABDC DACBA ACCBC DBBDA BDDAC BDBAD ACBDC BDDAB CCACD
14
ADCBB CBDAD CAAAC ACCAD BBDBA ACADC DACAD ADCAB DBBCB BCAAD

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