Class X

Computer Networking

The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of

computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any
other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are
using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). ... "The World Wide Web is the universe of
network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge." The Web, as it's
commonly known, is often confused with the internet.
A web server is a program on a server computer that hosts a large number of web pages and
delivers the requested web pages to the clients(web browser).Some common web servers are
Apache web server, Apache Tomcat, Jigsaw and Microsoft’s Internet Information Server(IIS).
Web client. The client, or user, side of the Web. It typically refers to the Web browser in the
user's machine. It may also refer to plug-ins and helper applications that enhance the browser to
support special services from the site.
Website-a set of related web pages located under a single domain name, typically produced by a
single person or organization.

A web page (also written as webpage) is a specific collection of information provided by a website
and displayed to a user in a web browser. A website typically consists of many web pages and
each web page consists text, hyperlinks, images, videos and tables etc.
(The first page or starting page of any website is called “Home Page”)

A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and view websites.
Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
and Apple Safari. The primary function of a web browser is to render HTML, the code used to
design or "mark up" webpages.
A blog (a truncation of "weblog") is a discussion or informational website published on the World
Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries (posts).(Person who
writes the content of a blog is called blogger).
A newsgroup is an online discussion forum accessible through Usenet. Each newsgroup
contains discussions about a specific topic, indicated in the newsgroup name. You can browse
newsgroups and post or reply to topics using a newsreader program. Access to newsgroups
also requires a Usenet subscription.
First developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language.
HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide
Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks
A Web address, or domain name, is an address where you can be found online. It's how you'll
express yourself through email or your website and it's what customers think of when trying to find
you. Web Address™ provides the tools to get online fast.
Difference Between URL and Web Address. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is
the address of a particular website, audio stream or document available on the Web. ... A Web
Address more commonly defines a unique name that helps people remember a URL.
Electronic mail (e-mail) is a computer-based application for the exchange of messages between
users. A worldwide e-mail network allows people to exchange e-mail messages very quickly. E-
mail is the electronic equivalent of a letter, but with advantages in timeliness and flexibility.
An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used to both send and receive
email messages over the Internet. Similar to physical mail, an email message requires an
address for both the sender and recipient in order to be sent successfully.
It has main three parts:-
1. User name
2. An @ sign
3. The address of the server
Example:- [email protected]
1. abs----User name
2. @-----Sign
3. Gmail.com---Address of server

Cc and BCC in mail

Cc means carbon copy and Bcc means blind carbon copy. For emailing, you use Cc when you
want to copy others publicly, and Bcc when you want to do it privately. Any recipients on the Bcc
line of an email are not visible to others on the email.

Domain Name is a unique name that identifies a website on the internet. For example,
google.co.in.yahoo.com and Hotmail.com are some domain names.
A domain name has two parts:
Sotc1.com

Name.extension

Some common domain name extension are as follows:-

Domain Name Extension Description
.com Commercial Sites
.edu Educational Sites
.gov Government Sites
.net Network administrative organisation
.mil Military Sites
.org Organisations

Following Table shows some country specific domain name extensions:-

Domain Name Extension Description
.in India
.ch China
.au Australia
.jp Japan
.uk United Kingdom
.us United States
 URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator is the address or location of a resource(e.g. a web
page) on the WWW. While the URL is the address of a document stored in the website. Each time
you click on a hyperlink in a WWW document, you are actually instructing the browser to find the
URL that is embedded within the hyperlink.

An URL consists of the following 3 parts:-

http://www.bbb.com//sru.php
1 2 3
st
1 Part- Specifies the protocol used for the transfer of the resource
2nd Part- Specifies the domain name or IP address of the web browser
3rd Part- Specifies the path or location of the resource on web server.

Uploading is the process of putting web pages, images and files onto a web server.
Downloading is the process of getting web pages, images and files from a web server. To make
a file visible to everyone on the internet, you will need to upload it.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol, or set of rules, for routing and addressing packets of
data so that they can travel across networks and arrive at the correct destination. Data traversing
the Internet is divided into smaller pieces, called packets.
Types of Protocols
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Post office Protocol (POP)
• Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication

protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or an extranet).
An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or
an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an
organization's intranet. SharePoint is a good example of extranet.
SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that
allow software to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol. It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail
addresses.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails from a
remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows you to download email messages on your local
computer and read them even when you are offline.
HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World
Wide Web and this protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what
actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is the secure version of HTTP, the protocol over
which data is sent between your browser and the website that you are connected to. The 'S' at the
end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'. It means all communications between your browser and the
website are encrypted.
Telnet is a simple, text-based network protocol that is used for accessing remote computers over
TCP/IP networks like the Internet. A remote host is a computer in a remote location to which you
do not have physical access.
Remote login: A login that allows a user terminal to connect to a host computer via a network or
direct telecommunications link, and to interact with that host computer as if the user terminal were
directly connected to that host computer.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of
computer files between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server
model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server.

SSH, also known as Secure Shell or Secure Socket Shell, is a network protocol that gives users,
particularly system administrators, a secure way to access a computer over an unsecured
network. SSH also refers to the suite of utilities that implement the SSH protocol.
SSH or Secure Shell is a network communication protocol that enables two computers to
communicate ( http or hypertext transfer protocol, which is the protocol used to transfer hypertext
such as web pages) and share data
SFTP, which stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol, or Secure File Transfer Protocol, is a separate
protocol packaged with SSH that works in a similar way over a secure connection.

The SCP is a network protocol, based on the BSD RCP protocol, which supports file transfers
between hosts on a network. SCP uses Secure Shell (SSH) for data transfer and uses the same
mechanisms for authentication, thereby ensuring the authenticity and confidentiality of the data in
transit

Secure copy protocol (SCP) is a means of securely transferring computer files between a local
host and a remote host or between two remote hosts. It is based on the Secure Shell (SSH)
protocol. "SCP" commonly refers to both the Secure Copy Protocol and the program itself
The Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD) is a discontinued operating system
Remote copy (rcp) is a command used in Unix operating systems to remotely copy one or more
files between machines. The files are transferred via the TCP/IP protocol.

Web Services

Web services are those services which are offered by an electronic device to another electronic
device, communicating with each other via the World Wide Web, or a server running on a
computer device. Example of web services are:- Chat, email, information retrieval, video
conferencing and e-commerce etc.
An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system. Queries are
formal statements of information needs, for example search strings in web search engines. In
information retrieval a query does not uniquely identify a single object in the collection.
Chatting or chat is way of communicating on the internet by means of exchanging text
messages. It is the most commonly used services of internet. Specific chat programs(Such as
What’s app, Messenger and Telegram etc.) are available for this purpose.

Instant messaging (IM) is text-based communication where two or more people participate in a real-
time conversation over their computers or mobile devices.

Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged
between two users over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain
text, files, images, or other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group
of individuals
Videoconferencing (or video conference) means to conduct a conference between two or more
participants at different sites by using computer networks to transmit audio and video data. For
example, a point-to-point (two-person) video conferencing system works much like a video
telephone.

E-commerce is an activity of buying or selling products through Internet or money transaction

over the internet is also considered as e-commerce like e-shopping, e-reservation and paying
online bills etc.

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy
goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser.

E-banking is a product designed for the purposes of online banking that enables you to have
easy and safe access to your bank account. E-banking is a safe, fast, easy and
efficient electronic service that enables you access to bank account and to carry out online
banking services, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week.

eLearning is learning utilizing electronic technologies to access educational curriculum outside

of a traditional classroom. In most cases, it refers to a course, program or degree delivered
completely online.

Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication

technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information, communication
transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-
citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B),

E-ticketing refers to making an appointment using internet. By using E-ticketing you can only
check the availability of seats in a bus, train or a aircraft, you can book tables in restaurant, you
can book rooms in hotels etc. For example - The Indian railways has an official website
www.irctc.co.in. 4.0.

E-group is a feature in many social network services which allows users to create, post, comment
to and read from their own interest- and niche-specific forums, often within the realm of virtual
communities.

A social networking site is an online platform that allows users to create a public profile and
interact with other users on the website. Social networking sites usually have a new user input a
list of people with whom they share a connection and then allow the people on the list to confirm or
deny the connection.
 Mobile Technologies

Stands for "Short Message Service." SMS is used to send text messages to mobile phones. The
messages can typically be up to 160 characters in length, though some services use 5-bit mode,
which supports 224 characters. SMS was originally created for phones that use GSM (Global
System for Mobile) communication, but now all the major cell phone systems support it

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a standard way to send messages that include
multimedia content to and from a mobile phone over a cellular network. ... The MMS standard
extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability, allowing the exchange of text
messages greater than 160 characters in length.

What's the difference between SMS and MMS?

SMS stands for Short Message Service and is the most widely used type of text messaging.
... MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging Service. With a MMS, you can send a message
including pictures, video or audio content to another device.

3G and 4G are both networks that connect your phone to the internet. The “G” in each stands for
generation. So where 3G means 'third generation', 4G stands for 'fourth generation'. ... 4G is
faster.
3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications
technology. It is the upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for faster data transfer speed.
... 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at
least 144 kbit/s.
Simply put, 4G is the shortened name for the fourth generation of the wireless data transmission
networks set-up by the mobile phone industry in order to offer more bandwidth and greater speeds
for everyday mobile device operations, such as messaging, video calling and mobile TV.

IP address
To find the broadcast address of the IP address, turn on the host bits: 10.255. 255.255. The valid
hosts are the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 10.0. 0.1
through 10.255