ENGINEERING GRAPHICS

Subject Code – 046

Classes XI – XII (2025-26)

Study of engineering graphics is defined as the set of graphic communication

techniques used to convey the ideas, designs, concepts and information
using proper standards. Since ages, professionals like Architects, Draftsmen,
Surveyors, and even technocrats have been extensively using concepts and
ideas of Engineering Graphics. The subject of 'Engineering Graphics' is an
indispensable tool for all the branches of Engineering. This is necessary for
the design, construction or analysis of machines, structures, and various
systems even digitally. This subject is also useful for various designers like
prototype designer, product designer, tool & die designer, apparel designer,
footwear designer and interior designer. It is expected that the knowledge
gained through the study of different topics and the skills acquired through the
prescribed practical work will make the learners to meet the challenges of
academic, professional courses and practical applications like design and
development of vehicles, industrial products, aircrafts, dental implant fixtures,
surgical planning of knee replacement etc. after studying the subject at Senior
Secondary Stage.

Objectives:

The study of the subject of Engineering Graphics at Senior School Level aims
at helping the learner to:
● Develop clear concept and perception of different objects.
● Reinforcing the related mathematical concepts.
● Develop a clear understanding of plane geometry, solid geometry, and
machine drawing to apply the same in relevant practical fields such as
technology and industry.
● Develop analytical, visual, and spatial skills.
● Develop the skill of expressing two-dimensional and three-dimensional
objects into professional language and vice versa.
● Acquire speed and accuracy in use of drawing instruments.
● Acquire the ability to readily draw neat sketches, often needed in
"On-job situations".
● Use digital technology (CAD) in designing and developing
isometric and orthographic projections of simple objects.
 COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS
CLASS XIXI (2023-
(2025-26)
One Paper (Theory): 3 Hours 24) 70 Marks
One paper (Practical): 3 Hours 30 Marks

S. No. Unit Marks

I PLANE GEOMETRY 10
1. Introduction
2. Lines, angles, and rectilinear figures
3. Circles, inscribing and circumscribing of circles
II SOLID GEOMETRY 30
4. Orthographic projection of points and lines
5. Orthographic projection of regular plane figures
6. Orthographic projection of right regular solids
7. Section of solids
III MACHINE DRAWING 30
8. Orthographic projections of simple machine blocks
9. Isometric projection of laminae (plane figures)
Practical 30
Total Marks 100

THEORY
I. PLANE GEOMETRY

Unit 1: Introduction: English alphabets (capital and small) and numerals in

standard proportions; Unidirectional/aligned system of dimensioning
and conventions as per SP 46:2003 (Revised); Engineering drawing
instruments.

Unit 2: Construction of lines, angles, and their divisions. Simple questions

based on triangles, square, rhombus, regular polygons-pentagon, and
hexagon.

Unit 3: Construction of circles, inscribing and circumscribing of circles in

equilateral triangle, square, rhombus, regular polygons-pentagon, and
hexagon.

Introduction to Engineering Curves: Definition and applications of

Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, Involute, Helix, Cycloids and Sine
Curve (FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT ONLY).
II. SOLID GEOMETRY

Unit 4: Orthographic projection: dimensioning and conventions strictly as

per SP 46:2003 (Revised). Orthographic projection of points and lines.

Unit 5: Orthographic projection of regular plane figures - triangle, square,

pentagon, hexagon, circle, and semi-circle.

Unit 6: Orthographic projection of right regular solids such as cube; prisms and
pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal); cone;
cylinder; sphere; hemi-sphere; frustum of pyramids and cone, when
they are kept with their axis (a) perpendicular to HP/VP (b) parallel to
HP and VP both.

Unit 7: Section of right regular solids such as cubes; prisms and pyramids
(square, triangular, pentagonal, and hexagonal); cones; cylinders;
spheres, kept with their axis perpendicular to HP/VP, made by a
vertical cutting plane.

III. MACHINE DRAWING

Unit 8: Orthographic projection of simple machine blocks.

Unit 9: Isometric Projection - Construction of isometric scale showing main

divisions of 10 mm and smaller divisions of 1 mm each. Isometric
projection (drawn to isometric scale) of regular plane figures - triangle,
square, pentagon, hexagon, circle, and semi-circle with their surface
parallel to HP or VP (keeping one side either parallel or perpendicular
to HP/VP).
Isometric View (drawn to full size scale) of regular plane figures
(FOR INTERNAL ASSESSMENT ONLY)

PRACTICAL
1. Making different types of graphic designs/murals for interior/exterior
decorations in colour using the knowledge of geometrical figures or 3D
solids with the use of any Computer Software such as CollabCAD or any
equivalent pertinent software.
2. Drawing the following engineering curve through activities - ellipse (by
trammel & thread method) on the ground/drawing sheet/plywood/
cardboard etc.
3. Developing the following solids with the help of cardboard/ thick paper.
a) cube, cuboid
b) prisms & pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal)
c) right circular cylinder and cone
4. Preparing the section of solids (prisms, pyramids, sphere, etc.) with clay,
soap- cake, plasticine, wax or with the 3D printing technology. When the
cutting plane is: parallel to the base, perpendicular to the base or inclined
to the base.
 5. Preparing the top-view (plan) of a class-room/lab, home (Drawing
Room/Bedroom/ Study Room, Kitchen) drawing different objects therein.

Note:
I. 15 practical (minimum three each from aforementioned five points) are to
be assessed.
II. In all the practical, drawing/sketching of the views should be incorporated
and evaluated accordingly.
III. The scheme of evaluation is as follows:

(a) Practical (2) 15 Marks

(b) Drawing/ Sketch 05 Marks
(c) Viva-voce 05 Marks
(d) Sessional Work 05 Marks
Total 30 Marks

ACTIVITY
Industrial Visits (Two) to any industry/manufacturing plant/higher educational
institute to acquaint the students with the present - day methods & technology for
better conceptual understanding.

COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (2024-25)
CLASS XII (2023-
24)
One Paper (Theory): 3 Hours 70 Marks
One paper (Practical): 3 Hours 30 Marks

S. No. Unit Name Marks

I Isometric Projections of Solids 25
II Machine Drawing 45
A. Drawing of Machine parts
B. Assembly Drawing and Dis-assembly drawings
1. Bearings
2. Rod joints
3. Tie-rod and Pipe joint
Practical 30
Total Marks 100

THEORY
Unit I: Isometric Projection of Solids

(i) Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10mm and

smaller divisions of 1 mm, also showing the leading angles. Drawing
helping view/s such as triangles, pentagon, hexagon, etc., using isometric
scale.
 (ii) Isometric projection (drawn to isometric scale) of right regular solids such
as cubes; prisms and pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal and
hexagonal); cone; cylinder; sphere; hemi-sphere; when they are kept with
their axis (a) perpendicular to HP/VP (b) parallel to HP and VP both.
(iii) Combination of any two above mentioned solids keeping the base side
parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP and placed centrally together (Axis of
both the solids should not be given parallel to HP).

Note:
1. Hidden lines are not required in isometric projection.
2. Indicate the direction of viewing.

Unit II: Machine Drawing (as per SP46: 2003)

A. Drawing of machine parts
(i) Drawing to full size scale with instruments.
(Internal choice will be given between any two of the following).
Introduction of threads: Standard profiles of screw threads - Square,
Knuckle, B.S.W., Metric (external and internal); Bolts – Square head,
hexagonal head; Nuts – Square head, Hexagonal head; Plain washer,
Combination of nut and bolt with or without washer for assembling two
parts together;

(ii) Free-hand sketches

Conventional representation of external and internal threads; Types of
studs – Plain stud, Square-neck stud, Collar stud; Screws (round-
head, cheese- head, 900 flat counter sunk-head, hexagonal socket
head and grub-screw); Types of rivets – Snap head, Pan head
(without tapered neck), Flat head, 600 countersunk flat head.

B. Assembly drawings and Dis-Assembly drawings

(Internal choice will be given between an Assembly drawing and a Dis-
Assembly drawing).
1. Bearings
(i) Open-Bearing
(ii) Bush- Bearing
2. Rod-Joints
(i) Cotter-joints for round-rods (Sleeve and cotter joint)
(ii) Cotter-joints for square rods (Gib and cotter-joint)
3. Tie-rod and Pipe-joint
(i) Turnbuckle
(ii) Flange pipe joint

Note:
1. In all Assembly drawings, half sectional front view will be asked.
Side/End view or Top View/Plan will be drawn without section.
2. In all Dis-assembly drawings, only two orthographic views (one
of the two views may be half in section or full in section) will be
asked of any two parts only.
 3. (a) In all sectional views, hidden lines/ edges are not to be shown.

(b) In all full views, hidden lines/edges are to be shown.

PRACTICALS
(i) To perform the following tasks (for One only) from the given views
of the prescribed fifteen (15) machine blocks in ANNEXURE-I.
Value-Points
1. Copy the given views 1
2. Drawing the missing view with hidden lines 2
3. Sketching the Isometric view without hidden edges 5
4. To make the machine block of the above in three
dimensions. (Not to scale but approximately
proportionately drawn with
Any medium i.e., Soap-cake, plasticine, clay, wax, floral foam
brick (available with florists), etc. 7
(ii) Computer Aided Design (CAD) – Project 10
Project file to be submitted on the simple solids or machine
blocks as prescribed in part-I by using the CollabCAD software
or any equivalent pertinent software.
(iii) (a) Sessional work relating to machine blocks as prescribed. 3
(b) Viva-voce based on part-I and part-II 2

Total Marks 30

ACTIVITY
Industrial Visits (Two) to any industry/manufacturing plant/higher educational institute
to acquaint the students with the present - day methods & technology for better
conceptual understanding.
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