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Grade 8 Physics Notes Ch-29 Sound

Chapter 29 discusses sound production, characteristics, and applications, explaining that sound waves are longitudinal and require a medium to travel. It covers concepts such as pitch, loudness, quality, echoes, reverberation, and the use of ultrasound in various fields like medicine and material testing. Additionally, it introduces resonance, highlighting how vibrating objects can cause others to vibrate at higher amplitudes when their frequencies match.

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28 views3 pages

Grade 8 Physics Notes Ch-29 Sound

Chapter 29 discusses sound production, characteristics, and applications, explaining that sound waves are longitudinal and require a medium to travel. It covers concepts such as pitch, loudness, quality, echoes, reverberation, and the use of ultrasound in various fields like medicine and material testing. Additionally, it introduces resonance, highlighting how vibrating objects can cause others to vibrate at higher amplitudes when their frequencies match.

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afaaf0547
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 29 SOUND Name: Class/section:

❖ Production: sound waves come from a vibrating source for example a loudspeaker. As
the loudspeaker cone vibrates, it moves forwards and backwards, which squashes and
stretches the air in front. As a result, a series of compressions (squashes) and rarefactions
(stretches) travel out through the air, these are sound waves.
❖ Sound waves are longitudinal: they have compressions and rarefactions and oscillate
backwards and forwards.
✓ A compression is a place where the molecules are bunched together.
✓ A rarefaction is a place where the molecules are spread out.

❖ Humans can hear frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 000Hz.


❖ Sound waves need a medium (a material) to travel through.
❖ The denser a material, the faster the sound wave travels (its opposite to light in
transparent material).
❖ Therefore, in general for sound speed in solids > speed in liquids > speed in gas.
❖ Experiment: When sound reflects off of a wall, it will come back to you. This is what
you hear as an echo. If you know the distance between you and the wall, and measure how
long it takes for the echo to sound, you can figure out the speed of sound in air. Remember to
take into account that the sound has gone there and back.
❖ Speed of sound = Distance travelled by sound / time taken

❖ PITCH
• Pitch is a term used to describe how high or low note a being played by a musical
instrument or sung seems to be.
• The pitch of a note depends on the frequency of the source of the sound.
• Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), with one vibration per second being equal to one
hertz (1 Hz)
• A high frequency produces a high-pitched note, and a low frequency produces a high-
pitched note.

❖ LOUDNESS
• Loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave.
• The larger the amplitude the more energy the sound wave contains therefore the louder the
sound.

❖ QUALITY
• This is used to describe the quality of the waveform as it appears to the listener.
• Therefore, the quality of a note depends upon the waveform.
❖ ECHO: The reflection of a sound wave is called an echo.
• CONDITIONS FOR HEARING THE ECHO
✓ The distance between the sound source and the reflecting surface must not be less than 17
meters.
✓ The time period between hearing the original sound and its echo should not be less than
0.1 of a second.
• Sound reflection best occurs from flat, hard surfaces.
❖ REVERBERATION
• The natural echo of a room is called reverberation.
• Reverberation is a measure of how much the sound is reflected around a room. Materials
that are soft and uneven (like curtains, carpets and cushions) absorb sound much more than
they reflect it and decrease reverberation.
• Echoes may be heard more than once due to repeated or multiple reflections of sound from
several reflecting surfaces. This causes persistence of sound called reverberation.
• In big halls or auditoriums to reduce reverberation, the roofs and walls are covered by
sound absorbing materials like compressed fiber board, rough plaster or draperies.
• A reverberation is perceived when the reflected sound wave reaches your ear in less than
0.1 second after the original sound wave. Since, the original sound wave is still held in
memory, there is no time delay between the perception of the reflected sound wave and the
original sound wave. The two sound waves tend to combine as one very prolonged sound
wave.
Ultrasound
Humans can hear sounds between 20 and 20 000 Hz
• Ultrasound is defined as sound with a frequency higher than 20 kHz

• Ultrasound is used in:


❖ non-destructive testing of materials
❖ medical scanning of soft tissue
❖ sonar to calculate the depth or distance from time and wave speed

Measuring the speed of ultrasound


• When ultrasound signals reach a boundary between two media, some of the waves
are partially reflected. The remainder of the waves are transmitted through the
material
• Ultrasound transducers:
o emit and receive ultrasound
o display the received signal on an oscilloscope screen
• The depth of the boundary can be determined using:
o Time taken between the ultrasound being emitted and received
o Knowing the speed of the ultrasound through the material

❖ Ultrasound in material testing


• In industry, ultrasound can be used to:
o Check for cracks inside metal objects
• Ultrasound waves that reach a crack in an object, such as a metal bar, are reflected back
from the crack earlier than the waves that continue to be absorbed through the objectThe
reflected waves are displayed as pulses on an oscilloscope trace
• This allows engineers to assess the structure of an object.
❖ Ultrasound in medicine
• In medicine, ultrasound can be used:
o To construct images of a foetus in the womb
o To generate 2D images of organs and other internal structures (as long as they
are not surrounded by bone)
o As a medical treatment such as removing kidney stones
• The ultrasound waves are reflected back to the transducer by boundaries between
tissues in the path of the beam
o Examples of boundaries are between fluid and soft tissue or tissue and bone
• By taking a series of ultrasound measurements, sweeping across an area, the time
measurements may be used to build up an image
• Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, ultrasound is non-invasive and is
believed to be harmless

❖ Sonar
• Echo sounding can be used to measure depth or to detect objects underwater
o A sound wave can be transmitted from the surface of the water
o The sound wave is reflected off the bottom of the ocean
• The time it takes for the sound wave to return is used to calculate the depth of the water
• The distance the wave travels is twice the depth of the ocean
o This is the distance to the ocean floor plus the distance for the wave to return

Resonance
Resonance is the occurrence of a vibrating object causing another object to vibrate a higher
amplitude. Resonance happens when the frequency of the initial object's vibration matches the
resonant frequency or natural frequency of the second object.

the applied frequency of the pushes = the natural frequency of an object

Examples of resonance are - a note being played on a saxophone, an opera singer breaking a
glass with her voice, and a person pushing a swing at the rate it naturally oscillates back and
forth.

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