Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 1 - Introduction
January 5, 2025
1.1
1.2
which moves
2
digital
the magnet,
signal
microphone
analog
which creates
signal
current in the nearby wire
Possible values: Possible values:
1.00, 1.01, 2.0000009, 4
value
value
0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.
... infinite possibilities 3 That’s it.
2
1
0
time time
4
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lengthy transmission
Volts
lose quality
lengthy transmission
a2d
Volts
a
6
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0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
encoding of each
R 1010010 r 1110010
S 1010011 s 1110011
letter, number, or
T 1010100 t 1110100
L 1001100 l 1101100
symbol
N 1001110 n 1101110
E 1000101 e 1100101
0 0110000 9 0111001
Unicode: Increasingly .
<tab>
0101110
0001001
!
<space>
0100001
0100000
REST
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0 0 1 1 =8+4=12
DONE
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 answer
32 16 8 4 2 1
11
binary position) 0 0 1 12 – 8 = 4
Stop when remaining quantity 32 16 8 4 2 1
is 0
0 0 1 1 4-4=0
DONE
32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 answer
32 16 8 4 2 1
12
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23 0 1 0 0 0 0
-16 32 16 8 4 2 1
a
7
7 0 1 0 1 0 0
-4 32 16 8 4 2 1
3 8 is more than 7, can’t use
4 0 1 0 1 1 0
-2 32 16 8 4 2 1
1
1 0 1 0 1 1 1
-1 32 16 8 4 2 1
0
Done! 23 in decimal is 10111 in binary.
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15
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101 Q: Write 11110000 in hex
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
F0 a
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1.3
Implementing Digital Systems:
Programming Microprocessors Vs. Designing Digital Circuits
Programmed Custom designed
Desired motion-at-night detector microprocessor Microprocessors a
digital circuit common choice to
implement a digital
system
• Easy to program
• Cheap (as low as $1)
• Available now
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Chapter Summary
Digital systems surround us
• Inside computers
• Inside huge variety of other electronic devices (embedded
systems)
Digital systems use 0s and 1s
• Encoding analog signals to digital can provide many benefits
e.g., audio -- higher-quality storage/transmission, compression, etc.
• Encoding integers as 0s and 1s: Binary numbers
Microprocessors (themselves digital) can implement many
digital systems easily and inexpensively
• But often not good enough -- need custom digital circuits
19
Q&A
January 5, 2025
10