Teaching Models, Instructional Strategies and Graphic Organizers

A. Reaching Models

Discovery Learning is a method of Inquiry-Based Instruction that was introduced by Jerome

Bruner. It is based on the fact that students acquire new knowledge by experiencing things
themselves - through discovery.

Principles of Discovery Learning:

1. Problem Solving

Discovery learning implies that the instructors encourage the learners to look for solutions
themselves.

2. Learner Management

Participants get the opportunity to work with groupmates or learn at their own pace. Such
freedom and flexibility relieve the learners from unnecessary stress and make them feel their
own learning.

3. Integrating and Connecting

Trainers help their learners to combine prior knowledge with newly acquired one. At the same
time, they motivate the learners to connect to the real world.

4 Information Analysis and Interpretation

Discovery-based learning is not content-oriented but process-oriented.

5. Failure and Feedback

Not only does learning occur when we find the correct answers, but it also does occur through
failure.

Characteristics of Discovery learning:

1. Hands-on activities.

2. Students are encouraged to ask questions and participate in discussions actively.

3. Minimal teacher involvement.

4.Less memorization.

Advantages of Discovery Learning:

Offers an active engagement of the student in the learning process. When taking part, you tend
to pay more attention.

1. Fosters curiosity Enables the development of lifelong learning skills. Tends to personalize the
learning experience.
2. It is based on activities that focus your attention on the key ideas, tools, and techniques that
are being examined.

3. Provides active involvement that makes the learners construct a response.

4. Enables the students to get early feedback on their knowledge, understanding, skills, and
acquired results; Results in so-called “episodic memory”.

5. It is encouraging and motivating. It increases the individuals’ pleasure of successfully solving

problems and recalling information.

Disadvantages of Discovery Learning

1. In many cases, discovery-based learning confuses the students with no kind of initial
framework available.

2. Offers limitations in practice. For instance, when educational institutions choose to make it
the primary way students learn academic lessons

3. It is too time-consuming for any kind of academic activity.

4. Requires the teacher to be ready for too many corrections. A lot of things one discovers for
themselves turn out to be wrong .

5. If discovery learning is taken as an overriding education theory, it is appropriate to produce

an inadequate education.

Inquiry-based learning -is an active learning method that encourages students to use
questioning and exploration to investigate real-world problems.

1. The confirmation inquiry- The confirmation inquiry supplies the student with a question, a
method, and a result that is already known.

2. The structured inquiry- The structured inquiry follows a similar assumption, although it
doesn’t provide a result. The tools are a question and a method leading to a conclusion that is
the only possible solution given the evidence.

3. The open inquiry- The open inquiry asks students to pose their own questions and select the
focus of their own investigation.

4. The guided inquiry- The guided inquiry elevates the difficulty by subtracting the method
from the equation. Thus, students only dispose of a question that represents their starting
point. Then, they are challenged to design their own investigative method to find a suitable
solution.

Advantages:

1. It fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, it also promotes creativity,
pushing students to design solutions and giving limited, if not missing, restrictions.
2. This teaching method helps students create connections between their personal experience,
their studies, and the real world. A tool that can help them deal with complex topics and
concepts

3. It promotes exchange, inquiry-based learning trains communication, communication and

social skills, which are essential for both education and careers.

Disadvantages:

1.This method may be quite demanding for teachers, especially if they are undertrained.

2. Students may also encounter some difficulties if unequipped with the necessary set of skills
or not properly supported.

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a

subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the
motivation and the learning.

Advantage:

Enhances Critical Thinking: PBL encourages students to think critically and solve complex, real-
world problems by analyzing various perspectives.

Disadvantage:

Time-Consuming: PBL can require more time than traditional methods to plan, implement, and
complete.

Problem-based learning (PBL)- is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a

subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the
motivation and the learning.

Advantage:

Enhances Critical Thinking: PBL encourages students to think critically and solve complex, real-
world problems by analyzing various perspectives.

Disadvantage:

Time-Consuming: PBL can require more time than traditional methods to plan, implement, and
complete.

Cooperative learning is students working together in small groups, learning through

interaction with each other while the teacher coaches the process. It is a teaching strategy
which allows students to work together in small groups with individuals of various talents,
abilities and backgrounds to accomplish a common goal.

Advantage:
Improves Social Skills: Students learn to work with different people, improving communication
and teamwork.

Disadvantage:

Unequal Participation: Some students may rely on others to do the work, leading to unequal
contribution.

Decision Making- As a teaching model, is a structured approach that emphasizes the process of
making informed choices. It involves guiding students through a series of steps to analyze
problems, explore options, evaluate potential outcomes, and make well-reasoned decisions.
This model aims to develop critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and the capacity for
independent judgment.

Advantages:

1. Real-World Relevance

2. Enhanced Critical Thinking

Disadvantages:

1. Limited Scope

2. Potential for Oversimplification

ACES Teaching Approach is a holistic educational framework that emphasizes the affective
development of students alongside cognitive learning. It is based on the Confluent Theory of
Education, which emphasizes the integration of feelings and thinking in the learning process.
ACES aims to foster a well-rounded individual by nurturing both intellectual and emotional
growth.

Advantages:

1.Holistic Development

2. Increased Self-Awareness

Disadvantages:

1. Time-Consuming

2. Potential for Subjectivity

B. INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES/ PRESENTATIONS TECHNIQUES

Instructional Strategies/ Presentation Techniques

Instructional strategies are techniques teachers use to help students become independent,
strategic learners. These strategies become learning strategies when students independently
select the appropriate ones and use them effectively to accomplish tasks or meet goals.
Instructional strategies can:
•motivate students and help them focus attention
•organize information for understanding and remembering
•monitor and assess learning.

LECTURE
The lecture method of teaching is when an instructor shares knowledge with a group of
students by speaking to them and guiding them through a topic step by step.

Advantages:
Can be effective if well-planned and engaging.
Stimulates reflection and inquiry.
Disadvantages:

Teacher-centered, passive for students.

Limited attention span.
Content may be forgotten quickly.

EXPLICIT LEARNING
Explicit teaching practices involve teachers clearly showing students what
to do and how to do it, rather than having students discover that
information themselves.
Students who experience explicit teaching practices make greater learning
gains than students who do not experience these practices.
Advantages:

- Encourages participation and interaction.

- Raises questions and answers in real-time.
- Covers a lot of ground with skillful leadership.

Disadvantages:

- Not systematic.
- Questions may be partially answered.
- Requires well-planned preparation.

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION

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wíittc⭲ ⭲otcs a⭲d a⭲alQsis.

Structure: A roundtable discussion usually involves a small number of

students, perhaps no fewer than three and no more than eight. A relax
atmosphere must prevail and the presentation must be conversational
rather than oratorical.

Advantages:

-Encourage participation and interaction.

-Raises questions and answers in real-time.
- Covers a lot with skillful leadership.
 Disadvantages:

-Not systematic.
- Question may be partially answered.
-Requires well-planned preparation

PANEL DISCUSSION

The Panel Discussion is a method that encourages the exchange of ideas that allows panel
members and audience to discuss a particular topic. It is often used to shed light on issues
regarding politics, community, and academic topic contents.

Panel Discussion was originated by Harry A. Overstreet, an American educator, first coined the
term “panel discussion” in a short article “On the Panel” in October 1934. In essence, he
envisioned the purpose of a panel as a “glorified conversation with all the delight of generous
give-and-take.

MEMBERS OF PANEL DISCUSSION

Instructor- plans how, where, when panel discussion will be organized.

Moderator- keeps the discussion on theme. Summarizes and highlights the points.

Panelists- all panelists must have mastery of the subject matter.

Audience- they can present their point of view and their experiences regarding the theme.

Brainstorming is a large or small-group discussion that encourages students to generate a wide

range of perspectives or potential next steps or solutions regarding a specific topic.

Advantages: Promotes creative thinking. Provides variety and fun in the

classroom.

Disadvantages: Procedures may be difficult for some students to follow.

Technique is often successful with only the more able students.
ROLE PLAYING

This strategy or technique helps students understand the perspective of others. It enables
students to identify with others in a variety of situations. It develops empathy, concerns for
others, and other prosocial behaviors by having students enact an incident or problem and
propose desirable solutions.

ADVANTAGE:

Active Nature- Participants and audiences do not merely discuss theoretical problems of
behavior and alternative ways of acting; they observe and practice new ways of behaving.

DISADVANTAGE:

Anxiety and Shyness- Evidently role play activities can be intimidating for shy or anxious
students.

SOCIAL DRAMA STRATEGY

This strategy or technique used in summarizing or communicating highlights of learning

experiences through a pantomime, skits and dramatization.

Importance of drama

Drama is the center of existence; because, it is a valuable form of communication. Drama

provides children with an opportunity to work together cooperatively on a shared life. As a
result, it gives children the chance to express themselves more effectively in everyday situations
Moreover, drama encourages children to learn how to influence others and how to put
themselves in other people's shoes

There are two main categories of dramatic forms: play and improvisation.
References:

• Decision Making and Problem Solving by Ronald J. Ebert and Ricky W. Griffin (2008).

• The Art of Thinking Clearly by Rolf Dobelli (2013).

•Confluent Education: An Overview by John P. Miller (1971).

• Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development by David A. Kolb
(1984).

https://sanako.com/the-power-of-role-play-activities-in-language-teaching

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/don-mariano-marcos-memorial-
state- university/college-of-education/module-3-integrative/50771594
https://classplusapp.com/growth/lecture-method-of- teaching/amp/
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https://www.modelteaching.com/education-articles/classroom-
management/re- energizing-classroom-discussion-through-round-table-
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