CAPITOL UNIVERSITY

Cagayan de Oro City

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LESSON PACKET

SUBJECT: BASIC CALCULUS

ESSENTIAL TOPIC: ANTI-DERIVATIVES & INDEFINITE INTEGRAL FORMULAS LESSON CODE: W12L12
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the module, the students will be able to:
 Identify the different indefinite integral formulas; and
 Apply the different formulas to get the function given its derivative.

DISCUSSION

ANTI-DERIVATIVES

Anti-derivatives, also called as the “Indefinite Integral”, are the reverse operation
of derivative, wherein the original function is being solved for, given the derivative.
The process of finding the anti-derivative is called anti-differentiation or integration.
Anti-differentiation can be denoted by this notation,

∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

wherein, we read this as “the indefinite integral of f of x”.

Parts of an Integral Equation

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

INTEGRAL SIGN
CONSTANT OF
THE ANTI- INTEGRATION
INTEGRAND
DERIVATIVE OF
THE GIVEN
FUNCTION

Integral Sign – is a symbol which denotes that the anti-derivative of the function is to

be taken.

Integrand – is a part of the integral equation wherein its anti-derivative is to be taken.

Note the presence of dx. It only means that we are going to take the integral with

respect to x.

The anti-derivative of the given function – is the resulting function after the anti-

derivative has been taken.

 Indefinite Integral Formulas
(Preliminary Anti-differentiation Rules)

1. Integral of a Constant [Constant Rule]

Definition: Given the integrand K, wherein K is any constant, its integral is

denoted by: ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 [Equation 1]

Examples:
a. ∫ 6𝑑𝑥 Answer: ∫ 6𝑑𝑥 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪
b. ∫ −3𝑑𝑥 Answer: ∫ −3𝑑𝑥 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
c. ∫ 𝜋𝑑𝑦 Answer: ∫ 𝜋𝑑𝑦 = 𝝅𝒚 + 𝑪

2. Integral of a Power [Power Rule]

Definition: Given the integrand 𝑥 𝑛 , wherein n is any real number, its integral is
𝑥 𝑛+1
denoted by: ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶 [Equation 2]

Examples:
a. ∫ 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 10+1 𝒙𝟏𝟏
∫ 𝑥 10 𝑑𝑥 = 10+1
+𝐶 =
𝟏𝟏
+𝑪

b. ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 −2 𝟏
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶 =− +𝑪
−3+1 −2 𝟐𝒙𝟐
1
c. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3 3
1 +1 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 2 2𝑥 2
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2 1 +𝐶 = 3 + 𝐶 = [𝑥 • ] + 𝐶 =
2 +𝐶
+1 3 3
2 2

2√𝑥 3 2√𝑥(𝑥)2 𝟐𝒙√𝒙

= +𝐶 = +𝐶 = +𝑪
3 3 𝟑

3. Integral of a Constant and a Power [Constant Multiple Rule]

Definition: Given the integrand 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 , wherein n is any real number and k is any
constant, its integral is denoted by: ∫ 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 [Eq. 3]
Examples:
a. ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1 𝑥4
Solution: ∫ 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [ 3+1 ] + 𝐶 = 4 ∙ + 𝐶 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪
4

b. ∫ 48𝑥 −7 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −7+1 𝑥 −6
Solution: ∫ 48𝑥 −7 𝑑𝑥 = 48 ∫ 𝑥 −7 𝑑𝑥 = 48 [ −7+1 ] + 𝐶 = 48 ∙ +𝐶
−6
𝟖
= −8𝑥 −6 + 𝐶 = − +𝑪
𝒙𝟔
 3
c. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
5
3 3 3 𝑥 5+1 3 𝑥6 3𝑥 6
Solution: ∫ 5 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5 [ 5+1 ] + 𝐶 = 5 ∙ +𝐶 = +𝐶
6 30

𝒙𝟔
= +𝑪
𝟏𝟎

4. Integral of Sum and Difference

Definition: Given the integrand 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥), its integral is denoted by
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 ) + 𝐶
Examples:
a. Find the ∫(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥.
Solution: ∫(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 3[ ]− 6[ ] + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
𝑥3 𝑥2
= 3 [ ] − 6 [ ] + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2

= 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
b. Find the ∫(10𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 12)𝑑𝑥.
Solution: ∫(10𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 12)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 10𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 14𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 12𝑑𝑥
= 10 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 9 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 14 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= 10 [ ]− 9[ ] − 14 [ ] + 12𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 2+1 1+1
𝑥5 𝑥3 𝑥2
= 10 [ 5 ] − 9 [ 3 ] − 14 [ 2 ] + 12𝑥 + 𝐶

= 𝟐𝒙𝟓 − 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪

c. Find the ∫(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥.
Solution: ∫(3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 1+1
= 3[ ] + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1
𝑥2
= 3 [ ] + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝟑𝒙𝟐
= + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
3
d. Evaluate the given: ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
3
Solution: ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2
+1
𝑥3
= 2 +𝐶
+1
3
5
𝑥3
= 5 +𝐶
3
5 𝟓
3 𝟑
= [𝑥 3 ∙ ] + 𝐶 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪
5 𝟓
 1−4𝑥 4 +𝑥 3
e. Evaluate the following: ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥3
1−4𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 1 4𝑥 4 𝑥3
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫( − + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥 3 𝑥3 𝑥3
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3

= ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 1+1
= − 4[ ]+𝑥+𝐶
−3+1 1+1
𝑥 −2 𝑥2
= − 4[ ] + 𝑥 + 𝐶
−2 2
𝟏
=− − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐𝒙𝟐