1.

Mention Two Future Internet Technologies that Support IoT:

5G Networks: The deployment of 5G networks will support IoT with high-speed, low-
latency, and reliable communication, enabling real-time data exchange and
supporting a large number of connected devices.

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN): LPWAN technologies, such as LoRa and
NB-IoT, are designed for low-power, long-range communication, making them ideal
for IoT applications in remote areas with limited access to power.

2. Analyze the Role of Communication Networks in IoT:

Communication networks play a critical role in the IoT ecosystem by enabling seamless
connectivity between devices, applications, and users. They ensure that data collected
by IoT sensors is transmitted reliably and securely to processing systems or cloud
platforms for analysis. Networks enable real-time data exchange, remote monitoring,
and control, making IoT applications such as smart cities, healthcare, and industrial
automation possible. Different types of communication networks, such as Wi-Fi,
LoRaWAN, 5G, and Zigbee, are tailored for specific IoT use cases, balancing range, power
consumption, and data rate.

3. Differentiate between Single-Hop and Multi-Hop Communication:

 Single-Hop Communication: In single-hop communication, the data from a sensor

node is directly transmitted to the destination node (such as a base station or gateway)
without needing intermediate nodes. This type of communication is faster but may have
limitations in range and scalability.

 Multi-Hop Communication: In multi-hop communication, data is transmitted

through intermediate nodes to reach the destination. Each node in the network forwards
the data to the next node, thus extending the communication range. Multi-hop
communication is more scalable and can cover larger areas but may introduce higher
latency and energy consumption.

4. List the Key Design Challenges in IoT:

Some of the key design challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT) include:

a) Scalability: As IoT devices grow in number, networks must be able to scale

efficiently to handle the large volume of data and connections.
b) Interoperability: IoT devices from different manufacturers must be able to
communicate and work together seamlessly, often requiring standardized protocols.
c) Security and Privacy: Securing sensitive data and ensuring user privacy are major
concerns in IoT, especially with the vast amount of personal data being collected.
d) Energy Efficiency: Many IoT devices rely on batteries, so designing energy-efficient
devices is critical to ensure long battery life.
e) Data Management: IoT generates vast amounts of data that need to be processed,
analyzed, and stored efficiently.
5. Define Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network of spatially distributed autonomous
sensors or devices that collect data about the physical environment, such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, or motion. These sensors communicate wirelessly to
a central system or network for monitoring, analysis, and control. WSNs are used in
various applications, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and
smart cities.

6. What are the Different Types of IoT Sensors?

IoT sensors are categorized based on their functionality:

 Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature variations (e.g., in smart homes and

industrial applications).
 Proximity Sensors: Detect object movement without physical contact (used in
parking systems and security).
 Gas Sensors: Monitor air quality and detect gas leaks.
 Motion Sensors: Identify movement for security and automation applications.
 Humidity Sensors: Measure moisture levels in air or soil (used in agriculture and
HVAC systems).

7. What is the Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in IoT?

AI enhances IoT by enabling devices to analyze and learn from data, improving decision-
making and automation. AI-powered IoT applications include predictive maintenance in
industries, smart home automation, and anomaly detection in cybersecurity. AI
algorithms help process large datasets efficiently, optimizing IoT system performance.

8. Analyze the importance of Data Aggregation and Dissemination in WSN.

Data Aggregation and Dissemination are crucial for improving efficiency in Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSNs).

1. Data Aggregation:
o Combines raw data from multiple sensor nodes to reduce redundancy.
o Minimizes energy consumption by decreasing the number of transmissions.
o Uses techniques like tree-based and cluster-based aggregation to improve
efficiency.
2. Data Dissemination:
o Ensures relevant information reaches all nodes efficiently.
o Supports real-time decision-making in applications like disaster monitoring.
o Uses strategies like flooding, gossiping, and query-based dissemination for
optimized performance.

Overall Importance: Data aggregation and dissemination enhance network scalability,

reduce energy consumption, and ensure timely data delivery, making them essential
for WSN performance optimization.

9. Describe the security challenges of IoT.

IoT security is a major concern due to the large number of connected devices and data
exchange. Some key challenges include:

1. Data Privacy and Confidentiality: IoT devices collect sensitive user data, making
them targets for cyberattacks.
2. Authentication and Access Control: Unauthorized access can lead to device
manipulation or data theft.
3. Network Security Threats: IoT networks are vulnerable to DDoS attacks, where
hackers overwhelm systems, causing service disruptions.
4. Physical Security Risks: IoT devices in public or industrial settings can be physically
tampered with, leading to data breaches.
5. Software Vulnerabilities: Many IoT devices have outdated firmware, making them
easy targets for cybercriminals.
6. Scalability Issues: As the number of IoT devices grows, ensuring security across all
nodes becomes more complex.

Solution Approaches: Secure encryption, regular software updates, and strong

authentication mechanisms help mitigate these risks.

10. Analyze the challenges faced in the design of MAC protocols for WSNs.

The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
is responsible for managing communication between sensor nodes. The key challenges in
designing an efficient MAC protocol include:

1. Energy Efficiency: Since WSN nodes are battery-operated, reducing energy

consumption is crucial to prolong network lifetime.
2. Scalability: WSNs may consist of thousands of nodes, requiring MAC protocols to
handle varying network sizes efficiently.
3. Collision Avoidance: In dense networks, simultaneous transmissions can cause
packet collisions, leading to retransmissions and energy wastage.
4. Latency vs. Throughput Trade-off: Minimizing delay is essential for real-time
applications, but it should not compromise network throughput.
5. Synchronization Issues: Nodes must synchronize their transmission schedules to
avoid conflicts, which can be challenging in dynamic environments.
6. Heterogeneity Support: WSNs may include devices with different capabilities,
requiring adaptive MAC protocols for effective communication.

11. Mention any two IoT applications in detail and explain their significance.

(a) Smart Healthcare

Description: IoT is revolutionizing healthcare through remote patient monitoring,

wearable health devices, and smart medical equipment. Sensors in wearable devices track
vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels) and transmit data to doctors in real-
time.

Significance:
  Enables early disease detection and preventive care.
 Supports telemedicine, reducing the need for hospital visits.
 Helps in real-time emergency response, such as alerts for heart attacks or falls in
elderly patients.

(b) Smart Agriculture

Description: IoT-based smart farming uses sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and crop conditions. Automated irrigation systems ensure efficient water usage.

Significance:

 Optimizes resource usage (water, fertilizers, pesticides).

 Increases crop yield through data-driven decision-making.
 Helps farmers monitor fields remotely, reducing manual effort.

12. List two routing protocols used in WSNs with their advantages and limitations.

(a) LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) Protocol

(b) AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) Protocol

13. Compare Centralized and Distributed IoT Architectures.

Feature Centralized IoT Distributed IoT

Data Processing Cloud-based Edge/Fog-based
Latency High Low
Reliability Lower (single point of failure) Higher (redundancy)
Scalability Limited High
Security More vulnerable to attacks More secure (localized control)

 Centralized IoT: Cloud-based smart home systems (e.g., Alexa, Google Home).
 Distributed IoT: Autonomous cars process sensor data locally for real-time
decision-making.

14. Discuss the challenges of implementing IoT in healthcare.

IoT in healthcare offers remote patient monitoring, smart wearables, and AI-driven
diagnostics. However, there are challenges:

Key Challenges:

1. Data Privacy & Security: Patient data must be protected from cyber threats.
2. Interoperability Issues: Devices from different manufacturers must work together.
3. Scalability: Healthcare IoT must support growing numbers of connected devices.
4. High Costs: IoT devices and cloud infrastructure require significant investment.
5. Power Consumption: Battery life in IoT medical devices needs optimization.