Networking

Fundamentals: A Deep
Dive
This presentation will explore the fundamentals of networking, covering
essential services, physical and data link layers, Ethernet technologies,
logical addressing, and advanced concepts like network services, ports,
and connection types.

by Nazih Ghemrawi

1
 Computer Networks
Introduction SCSI410

• Overview. What is the Internet? What

is a protocol?
• Network edge Class textbook:

• Network core Computer Networking: A Top-

Down Approach (8 ed.) th

J.F. Kurose, K.W. Ross

• Performance: loss, delay, throughput http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose
Pearson, 2020

• Protocol layers, service models _ross

• Security
• History
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
• Get “feel,” “big picture,” • What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
• Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
• Performance: loss, delay, throughput
• Protocol layers, service models
• Security
• History
What is the Internet?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDbyYGrswtg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ourb9j-dq8Q
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones Fitbit
 The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
4G
• Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
▪ protocols are everywhere IP
video
Skype
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network datacenter
▪ Internet standards network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force TCP
enterprise
network

WiFi
The Internet: a “services” view
• Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
▪ provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter

apps to “connect” to, use Internet

network

transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

Rules for: Protocols define the format, order of

… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Key Networking Services

1 FTP 2 DNS
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows transferring files between computers Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable domain names,
on a network, often used for large file sharing or website uploads. FTP like "google.com," into numerical IP addresses, which computers use to
relies on two main connections: control and data, ensuring secure and connect to websites. DNS servers act as directories for the internet,
reliable file transfers. enabling efficient navigation and website access.

3 DHCP 4 HTTP & HTTPS

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically assigns IP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and its secure version (HTTPS) are
addresses to devices on a network, simplifying network configuration. used for communication between web browsers and web servers. HTTP
DHCP servers manage a pool of IP addresses, allocating them to devices transmits data in plain text, while HTTPS encrypts data, ensuring secure
upon connection and releasing them when they disconnect. communication for sensitive information like passwords and credit card
details.

5 Email Services 6 Remote Access

Email services like SMTP, POP3, and IMAP handle the sending, receiving, Remote Access technologies allow users to access resources on a
and storing of emails. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) sends emails network from a remote location. This can be achieved using protocols
between servers, while POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and IMAP like SSH, Telnet, or VPNs. Remote access solutions enable remote work,
(Internet Message Access Protocol) allow users to receive and manage server management, and network troubleshooting, expanding network
emails on their devices. accessibility beyond physical boundaries.
11
Active Mode FTP VS. Passive Mode
Active Mode,
the FTP client opens a random port (>1024) for data transfer and informs the FTP server. The server then
actively connects to this port from port 20.

Passive Mode
To avoid firewall issues, Passive Mode was introduced. Here, the client initiates both connections, so the
server does not attempt to connect back.

Why Use Passive Mode?

• Since the client initiates both connections, it works better with firewalls and NAT (Network Address
Translation).

12
The 7 OSI Layers
The seven layers of the OSI model provide a structured approach to
understanding how devices communicate over a network. Each layer performs
specific functions to ensure that data is transmitted accurately and efficiently.
Understanding the OSI layers is fundamental for troubleshooting network issues
and designing robust communication systems.

By organizing network communication into distinct layers, the OSI model

simplifies complex interactions and troubleshooting processes. The layers range
from physical connections at the bottom (Layer 1) to application functions at the
top (Layer 7). This hierarchical model helps in isolating and resolving network
problems efficiently.

13
The Physical Layer (Layer 1)
Foundation of Communication

The Physical Layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model,

defining how data is physically transmitted over a network. It
governs the electrical, mechanical, and procedural aspects of
network communication, including voltage levels, cable types,
connector types, and transmission standards like Ethernet or
Wi-Fi.

Data Transmission Methods

Different physical layer technologies employ varying transmission methods. Some

use electrical signals over copper cables, while others utilize light pulses over fiber
optic cables. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi transmit data using radio waves. The
physical layer ensures proper data encoding and decoding, converting digital data
into physical signals and vice versa.

14
The Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
Addressing and Frame Error Detection and
Management Control

The Data Link Layer builds upon the The Data Link Layer implements error
physical layer, providing a reliable link detection and control mechanisms to
between devices on a network. It ensure data integrity during
addresses the issue of data collisions, transmission. It adds error-checking
where multiple devices attempt to bits to data frames, which the
send data simultaneously. The Data receiving device uses to identify and
Link Layer manages the physical potentially retransmit corrupted data.
addresses (MAC addresses) of devices, This layer provides reliable data
ensuring the correct transmission of delivery, even in noisy network
data between network nodes. environments.

15
Ethernet Networks
Ethernet Technology Ethernet Variants

Ethernet is a dominant networking technology for local area networks Over the years, Ethernet has evolved, resulting in different standards and
(LANs), connecting devices within a building or a small geographical area. speeds. Common variants include 10BaseT, 100BaseTX, 1000BaseT (Gigabit
It's known for its ease of implementation, scalability, and high bandwidth Ethernet), and 10GBASE-T (10 Gigabit Ethernet), offering a wide range of
capabilities. Ethernet uses various cable types, like twisted-pair, coaxial, bandwidth options to suit different network needs.
and fiber optic cables, to transmit data between devices.

Fast 10 Gigabit 40/100 Legacy

Ethernet Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet
(100 Mbps) (10 Gbps) Ethernet (10 Mbps)

16
Logical Addressing
IP Addressing Subnetting Types of IP Addresses

Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are Subnetting divides a larger network There are different types of IP
the unique numerical identifiers that into smaller subnetworks, enhancing addresses, each with specific
identify devices on the internet. IP network efficiency and security. It functions. Public IP addresses are
addresses are hierarchical, with two helps optimize routing and isolate used for external communication on
main versions: IPv4, which uses 32 traffic within specific network the internet, while private IP
bits, and IPv6, which uses 128 bits. segments. Subnetting involves addresses are used for internal
IPv6 addresses are larger and more dividing the IP address into network communication within a private
complex, enabling a larger address and host portions, with the network network. Other types include
space to support the growing number portion defining the subnet and the loopback addresses (127.0.0.1) for
of internet-connected devices. host portion identifying individual testing and multicast addresses for
devices within the subnet. targeted communication to a group of
devices.

17
Network Services, Ports, and
Connection Types
21 FTP

22 SSH

23 Telnet

25 SMTP

53 DNS

80 HTTP

443 HTTPS

110 POP3

143 IMAP

18
Network Communication Types

Unicast Broadcast Multicast

One-to-one communication, where data One-to-all communication within the One-to-many targeted communication,
is sent from a single source to a specific same network, where data is sent from a where data is sent from a single source
destination device. This is the most single source to all devices on the to a specific group of devices on the
common type of network network. Broadcast is used for network network. This is often used for streaming
communication, used for individual discovery, device updates, and other media, video conferencing, and other
communication between devices. network-wide operations. group-oriented applications.
19
Connection Types vs. Cable Types
Conclusion
1 Key Takeaways
Networking services are essential for communication, security, and resource management
across diverse network environments. The physical and data link layers define the hardware
and software components that govern network communication.

2 Ethernet Networks
Ethernet networks dominate local area networks with various speeds and frame structures,
enabling efficient data transmission within buildings and smaller geographical areas.

3 Logical Addressing
Logical addressing with IPv4 and IPv6 allows for efficient routing of data packets, enabling
internet connectivity and communication between devices on different networks.

4 Ports and Protocols

Understanding ports and protocols is critical for network management and security,
allowing administrators to control network access, monitor traffic, and prevent security
vulnerabilities.

21