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Neural Networks-A Diffusion Model Changing The Landscape

Neural networks are essential for deep learning, enabling the processing of unstructured data like images and text through layers of decision-making. They utilize weights and biases to learn patterns, with activation functions introducing non-linearity for complex pattern recognition. The learning process involves forward propagation for predictions, backpropagation for error correction, and techniques like gradient descent to optimize performance while avoiding overfitting.

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26 views13 pages

Neural Networks-A Diffusion Model Changing The Landscape

Neural networks are essential for deep learning, enabling the processing of unstructured data like images and text through layers of decision-making. They utilize weights and biases to learn patterns, with activation functions introducing non-linearity for complex pattern recognition. The learning process involves forward propagation for predictions, backpropagation for error correction, and techniques like gradient descent to optimize performance while avoiding overfitting.

Uploaded by

fehmettindoni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Neural

Networks
The Core of Deep Learning
Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer

Why Neural Networks?


Traditional Machine Learning struggles with
unstructured data like images, text, and speech.

Neural Networks can learn directly from raw data,


spotting patterns without manually programmed
rules. That’s why they power everything from
image recognition to chatbots like GPT!
The Basic Structure of a
Neural Network
A neural network is like a team of decision-makers,
passing information through layers:

1. Input Layer – Receives raw data and sends it


forward.
2. Hidden Layers – Where learning happens!
Neurons use weights and biases to extract patterns.
3. Output Layer – Gives the final answer—
classification, prediction, or probability.

Now, what are weights and bias?


• Weights decide how much influence an input has.
Higher weight = more impact.
• Bias shifts the output up or down, helping the
network adjust even when all inputs are zero.
Bias

Inputs Weights b

x1 w1
Output

Sum Activation Function

x2 w2

How Neurons Process Information


Each neuron takes inputs and performs a simple
calculation:
1. Multiply inputs by weights (adjusting importance).
2. Add a bias (fine-tuning flexibility).
3. Apply an activation function (introducing non-linearity).

Mathematically:
y = f(WX + b)
This lets neurons recognize complex patterns instead of just
linear relationships.
Activation Functions
Without activation functions, neural networks are just
stacked linear equations. They add non-linearity,
enabling networks to learn complex patterns like curves,
edges, and language structures.

Think of it like this:


• Without activation functions, a neural network is like a
light switch—either on or off (linear).
• With activation functions, it becomes a dimmer—
capable of adjusting smoothly based on input.
Forward Propagation –
How Predictions are
Made
Here’s how a neural network makes a prediction:
1. Input values pass through the network.
2. Each neuron computes a weighted sum and
applies an activation function.
3. The output layer produces a result—a label, a
number, or a probability.

Think of it as data flowing forward, transforming at


each layer until a final decision is reached.
Loss Function –
Measuring Errors
Once the network makes a prediction, we need to
check how wrong it is. That’s where a loss
function comes in.

Common types:
• MSE (Mean Squared Error): For regression
(predicting numbers).
• Cross-Entropy Loss: For classification (assigning
labels).

A lower loss means better predictions. The goal?


Minimize the loss as much as possible!
Backpropagation – Learning
from Mistakes
Neural networks don’t get things right on the first try—they
learn by making mistakes and correcting them. This learning
process is called backpropagation.

This process repeats thousands or even millions of times,


gradually improving the network’s predictions.
What is Gradient Descent?
Imagine you’re hiking down a mountain in thick fog.
You can’t see the bottom, so you take small steps
downward, adjusting as you go. That’s exactly how
gradient descent works—it gradually tweaks
the network’s weights to minimize errors.
Process of Gradient
Descent
Here’s the process:
1. Calculate the slope (gradient) of the loss
function.
2. Take a small step in the opposite direction to
reduce error.
3. Repeat until the network reaches the lowest
possible error.

This ensures the model learns efficiently


Why Deep Networks?
Shallow networks learn basic patterns, but deep
networks capture complex relationships.

Example:
• Early layers in an image model detect edges.
• Middle layers recognize shapes.
• Deep layers identify objects (like faces or cars).

The deeper the network, the more abstract its


understanding becomes.
Overfitting &
Regularization
Neural networks can memorize training data instead
of learning patterns—this is overfitting.

To prevent it:
• Dropout: Randomly disables neurons during
training.
• L1/L2 Regularization: Adds penalties to keep
weights from growing too large.
• More Data: A bigger dataset helps the model
generalize better.

A well-trained model performs well on new data, not


just what it has seen before.
Final Thoughts
• Neural Networks process data layer by layer to
make predictions.
• Weights and biases are adjusted to improve
accuracy.
• Deep networks allow AI to understand complex
patterns.

Understanding these fundamentals is the first step


toward LLMs and Transformers!

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