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Internal Organization of Computers:: The Computer Memory

The document outlines the internal organization of computers, detailing components such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, and their interconnections via buses. It describes the functions of different types of buses (address, data, control) and memory operations (read/write). Additionally, it explains the microprocessor's structure, including the ALU, register unit, and control unit, along with the processes for data transfer between memory and I/O devices.

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Ahmed Aboalkher
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8 views5 pages

Internal Organization of Computers:: The Computer Memory

The document outlines the internal organization of computers, detailing components such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices, and their interconnections via buses. It describes the functions of different types of buses (address, data, control) and memory operations (read/write). Additionally, it explains the microprocessor's structure, including the ALU, register unit, and control unit, along with the processes for data transfer between memory and I/O devices.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Aboalkher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal organization of computers:

It contains: Central processing unit (CPU) , memory, input, and output ( I/O) devices.
These parts are interconnected by buses.
Data are transferred between The I/O units, memory, and processors through ports.
Buses:
A bus is a group of parallel wires carrying digital information between parts in a system.
Three different buses namely, address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Address bus: unidirectional bus, the address flows only in one direction from microprocessor to
memory or I/O devices.
Data bus: bi- directional, data flow to or from the CPU.
Control bus: unidirectional directional, it controls between the different sections of the computer.
The computer memory:
Types of memory: (1) Random access memory (RAM).
(2) Read- only memory (ROM).
It consists of arrays which contain a data.
Each array has an address and is connected to the address bus.
Memory operations:
A “write” operation: places new data into the memory.
A “read” operation: transferring data out of the memory.
Interface microprocessor with memory

Input and output (I/O) devices:


Input operation: CPU receive commands and data from users by external peripherals such as key
boards, mouse, modem, … etc., through input ports.
Output operation: CPU sends out processed data to external peripherals such as monitor,
printer,…..etc., through output ports.

The microprocessor are characterized by:


1. Speed: it is measured by MHZ
2. Word length: specified by 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit or more…..
3. Architecture and instructions set.
Any Microprocessor unit must be consists of 3 parts:
1. ALU: It performs arithmetic and logic operation.
2. Register unit: It used for temporary storage of data during execution of a program. Data
are stored in several methods (SISO – SIPO – PISO – PIPO).
3. Control unit: it provides necessary timing and control signals to all operations.

ALU Register
unit

Control unit

Figure (1): Microprocessor unit

Operation code fetch:


1. To read data from memory:
 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Generates memory read control signal. ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸𝑀𝑅 )
 The memory places the data from the addressed location on the data bus to a
processor.
2. To write data into memory:
 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Then, it puts data on the data bus.
 Generates memory write control signal. ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸𝑀𝑊 )
3. To read data from input devices [ ( I/O ) read operation ]:
 Microprocessor receives commands and data from users from external peripherals
such as key board through input ports.
 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Generates I/O read control signal. ( 𝐼𝑂𝑅
̅̅̅̅̅ )
 The addressed port puts the data on the data bus from the peripheral connected to it.
4. To write data to output devices [ ( I/O ) write operation ]:
 Microprocessor sends out processed data to external peripherals devices such as
monitor through output ports.
 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Then, it puts data on the data bus.
 Generates I/O write control signal. ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐼𝑂𝑊 ).
Registers:
Registers: are used to store information temporarily. That information could be one byte (8085) or
2byte (8086).

I/O data to registers:


1- SISO

2- SIPO

3- PISO

4- PIPO
Example
Explain how the following data is transferred from a 4-bit processor to memory and vice versa2bit
for address , 4bit for data , data :BH, CH, 9H, 5H data respectively
Solution: BH= (1011)2 , CH= (1100)2 , 9H=(1001)2 , 5H=(0101)2

To write data into memory:


 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Then, it puts data on the data bus.
 Generates memory write control signal. ( 𝑀𝐸𝑀𝑊
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )
To read data from memory:
 A microprocessor puts the port address on the address bus.
 Generates memory read control signal. ( ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐸𝑀𝑅 )
 The memory places the data from the addressed location on the data bus to a
processor.

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