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Figure (1) : Cache Memory

Cache memory is a high-speed volatile memory located between the CPU and main memory, designed to store frequently used data and instructions. It is organized into three levels (L1, L2, L3) with varying proximity to the CPU and size, enhancing system performance. Additionally, technologies like Hyper-Threading and Turbo Boost optimize CPU efficiency and performance by allowing concurrent processing and adjusting clock speeds based on workload demands.

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Ahmed Aboalkher
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5 views7 pages

Figure (1) : Cache Memory

Cache memory is a high-speed volatile memory located between the CPU and main memory, designed to store frequently used data and instructions. It is organized into three levels (L1, L2, L3) with varying proximity to the CPU and size, enhancing system performance. Additionally, technologies like Hyper-Threading and Turbo Boost optimize CPU efficiency and performance by allowing concurrent processing and adjusting clock speeds based on workload demands.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Aboalkher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cache Memory

Figure (1): Cache memory

Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory. It is a high speed memory static
RAM (SRAM) is placed between the CPU and the main memory RAM (Dynamic RAM (DRAM)).
This memory provides high-speed data access to the CPU and primarily used to store the
frequently used data and instructions by the CPU. It stores and retain data only till the computer
system is powered on
Levels of Cache Memory
The cache memory is used in different levels depending upon the system architecture, they are
variable in size and proximity to the processor cores and processing speed, and usually provided in
three levels L1, L2 and L3
The cache (L1) memory is the closest to the CPU and directly embedded inside the processor chip
(inbuilt inside CPU). It’s typically the fastest cache memory. In most modern CPUs, it’s divided
into two parts: the data section and the instruction section. The L1 cache is the first place a
processor will look for traces of data or instructions that have been buffered in RAM
L2 cache size is typically larger than the L1 cache. It may be located on a separate chip close to
the CPU.
L3 cache memory is placed on the mother board. It is typically much larger cache than L1 or L2
cache.
Unlike the L1 and L2 caches, which are private to each CPU core, the L3 cache is often shared by
all cores.
Organization of cache memory:
(a) Single cache

(a) Single cache

(b) Three-level cache organization

(c) Three-level cache organization


Figure (3): Organization of cache memory
Why Computer system needs Cache Memory
The main memory RAM cannot support the CPU’s high processing speed and therefore
intermediate high speed memory layers are placed between the main memory (RAM) and the CPU
to improve the system performance
Hyper-threading
Hyper-threading (officially called Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology) and
abbreviated as HTT or HT. This means doing multiple tasks at once.
Unlike a traditional dual-processor configuration that uses two separate physical processors. With
HTT, for each processor core that is physically present, one physical core appears as two
processors to the operating system, allowing concurrent scheduling and shares the workload
between them when possible, i.e., two processes can use the same resources: If resources for one
process are not available, then another process can continue if its resources are available (The
sharing of resources allows two logical processors to work with each other more efficiently)
Hyper threading Technology makes a single processor appear, from software’s perspective, as two
logical processors, then, it allows a Single Processor to execute two threads simultaneously.
Intel Hyper-Threading technology makes each core can have two logical processors which share
most of the core's resources, such as memory caches and functional units
Main function of Hyperthreading is to increase the number of independent instructions, it takes
advantage of superscalar architecture, in which multiple instructions operate on separate data in
parallel.
Turbo boost
To measure processor performance. Clock speed is one of the most significant ways.
The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second, measured in GHz
(gigahertz). In this case, a “cycle” is the basic unit that measures a CPU's speed. During each
cycle, billions of transistors within the processor open and close

A CPU with a clock speed of 3.2 GHz executes 3.2 billion cycles per second.
When comparing CPU clock speeds, the Max Turbo Frequency is typically the key number to
keep in mind. It reflects the processor’s peak performance before overclocking

A CPU is the part of a computer that takes instructions from a computer program and performs
basic arithmetic, logic, controlling and input/output (I/O) operations as specified
By having multiple cores in a CPU, each core can work on a different task; in other words, the
more cores a CPU contains, the more work the CPU can complete
Most modern PC systems and laptops have two to four cores, while workstations and servers have
between eight and 28.
A CPU runs at a given clock rate or frequency, rated in gigahertz (GHz), which then controls how
fast the calculations on a CPU are executed.
For example, a CPU that runs at 2.3GHz completes 2.3 billion calculations every second.
The faster the clock rate of a CPU, the more work the CPU can complete in a given amount of
time
Thermal Design Power (TDP)
TDP is a term that refers to the maximum amount of power a CPU can use with heat.
The more power a CPU consumes, the more heat it will produce. A CPU that runs faster will
consume more power and generate more heat and, therefore, will have a higher TDP. Each CPU
has a maximum TDP designation

Turbo Boost
Turbo Boost, a feature that increases the speed of a CPU's cores under certain conditions
Turbo Boost enables a CPU to run faster than its basic processing speed, and will only be enacted
under certain situations. If the CPU detects that all its cores aren't being utilized, Turbo Boost will
kick in and the clock speed on the core(s) that are being used will be increased. The CPU monitors
itself to ensure that the temperature of the CPU stays within its TDP limits, and if it starts to
generate too much heat, Turbo Boost will slow down the clock speed of the core(s) so it continues
to operate at a reasonable temperature.
‫فائده التربو بوست‬
Running at a lower clock rate allows the processor to use less power, which can reduce heat and
positively impact battery life in laptops.
CPUs don’t always need to run at their maximum frequency. Some programs are more dependent
on memory to run smoothly, while others are CPU-intensive. Intel® Turbo Boost Technology is
an energy-efficient solution to this imbalance: it lets the CPU run at its base clock speed when
handling light workloads, then jump to a higher clock speed for heavy workloads

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