Mech Eee Unit 1 Transformer
Mech Eee Unit 1 Transformer
Prepared by:
Dr.K.Suresh, Professor / EEE
Mr.B.Parthiban, Assistant Professor / EEE
Mr.R.Ragupathy, Assistant Professor/ EEE
1. TRANSFORMER
EMF Equation – Equivalent circuit – Voltage regulation - OC and SC Test – Efficiency –
condition for maximum efficiency – All day efficiency – Autotransformer –Introduction to three phase
Transformer
Part-A (2 Marks)
7. Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why? (NOV-2014)
The transformer draws no- load current when secondary is open. The transformer works on
the principle of electromagnetic induction, since both primary and secondary windings are wound on
the same core, the primary is connected to the ac supply, it forms a closed path that ensures no-load
current that establish flux in the core.
8. The no-load ratio of a 50HZ, single phase transformer is 6000/250V. Estimate the number
of turns in each winding if maximum flux is 0.06Wb in the core.(APRIL-2014)
E1=4.44fϕmN1 and E2=4.44fϕmN2
N1= (6000)/ (4.44×50×0.06)= 450
N2= (250)/ (4.44×50×0.06) = 19
9. Define voltage regulation of a transformer.( APRIL-2014)
Because of the voltage drop across the primary and secondary impedances it is observed that
the secondary terminal voltage drops from it’s no load value (𝐸2 ) to load value (𝑉2 ) as load and load
current increases. This decrease in the secondary terminal voltage expressed as a fraction of the no
load secondary terminal voltage is called regulation of a transformer.
10. A 220/110 V, 50 Hz ideal transformer has 166 turns in its primary. What is the peak value
of flux (NOV/2013)
E1=4.44fϕmN1
ϕm= E1/(4.44fN1)
ϕm= (220)/ (4.44×50×166)= 0.006Wb
11. Write down the condition for maximum efficiency of the transformer(APRIL/2013)
(NOV/2013)
The condition for maximum efficiency of the transformer is core loss equal to copper loss.
12. Define transformation ratio. (APRIL/2013)
The voltage transformation ratio is
𝐸2 𝑉 𝐼 𝑁
= 𝑉2 = 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 =K
1 𝐸 1 2 1
13. Classify the transformer according to the construction (NOV/2012)
Core type transformer
Shell type transformer
Berry type transformer
14. Define a transformer. (APRIL/2012)
The transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A transformer is an
electrical device, having no moving parts, which by mutual induction transfers electric energy from
one circuit to another at the same frequency, usually with changed values of voltage and current.
15. What are the advantages of three phase transformer? (NOV/2012)
The cost of three phase transformer is around 15% less than single phase transformer bank
It is weightless and occupies less space
The bus bar structure, switch gear and other wiring for a three phase installation are simple
It can be more easily transported
The amount core material required is less.
16. What is an autotransformer?
Autotransformer is one in which one winding acts as both primary and secondary and
energy transformation is carried out both electrically and magnetically.
17. What are the advantages of autotransformer?
It has only one winding, so saving is in conductor material and cost.
Continuously varying voltage can be obtained.
Better voltage regulation.
Higher efficiency and smaller in size.
18. Mention some applications of an auto transformer. (APRIL/2012)
Used for starting of induction motors and synchronous motors
Used in electrical testing laboratory
Used as booster to raise the voltage in AC feeders
Alternating voltage is connected across one ofthe windings called the primary winding. In
both the windings emfis induced by electromagnetic induction. The second winding is called the
secondary winding. It is shown in the above figure.
(ii) WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER
The primary winding is connected to an AC source, an exciting current flows through it. As
the current is alternating, it will produce an alternating flux in the core which will be linked by both
the primary and secondary windings. The induce emf in the primary winding (El) is almost equal to
the applied voltage V1and will oppose the applied voltage. The emf induced in the secondary winding
(EZ) can be utilized to deliver power to any load connected across the secondary. Thus power is
transferred from the primary to the secondary circuit by electromagnetic induction.
The flux in the core will alternate at the same frequency as the frequency of the supply
voltage. The frequency of induced emf in secondary is the same as that of the supply, voltage. The
magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary winding will depend upon its number of turns.
In a transformer, if the number of turns in the secondary winding is less than those in the
primary winding, it is called a step-down transformer (Figure (b)), when the number of turns in the
secondary winding is higher than the primary winding, it is called a step-up transformer (Figure (a)).
2. Describe the construction details of transformer and also explain the principle of
operation with necessary diagram (11) (NOV/2014)
A transformer is a static device and its construction is simple as there are no moving parts.
The main components of a transformer are
The magnetic core.
Primary and secondary windings.
Insulation of windings.
Expansion tank or conservator.
Lead and tappings for coils with their supports, terminals and terminal insulators.
Tank, oil, cooling arrangement, temperature gauge, oil gauge.
Buchholz relay.
Silica gel breather.
Magnetic Core
Magnetic circuit consists of an iron core. The transformer core is generally laminated and is
made out of a good magnetic material like silicon steel. The thicknessof laminations or stampings
varies from 0.35 mm to 0.5 mm. The laminations are insulated from each other by coating then with a
thin coat of varnish.
Various types of samplings and laminations employed in the construction of transformers are
shown in above figure. Here the core surrounds the considerable part of coil. The joints are staggered
to avoid continuous gap causing increase in magnetising current. If the joints are not staggered, the
core will have less mechanical strength and during operation there would be undue humming noise.
After arranging the laminations they are bolted together.
The two types of transformer cores are:
Core type
Shell type
Winding
There are two windings in a transformer. They are called primary and secondary windings.
Generally the windings are made of copper.
Insulation
Paper is still used as the basic conductor insulation. Enamel insulation is used as the inter-turn
insulation of low voltage transformers. For power transformers enamelled copper with paper
insulation is also used.
Insulating Oil
The oil used in transformer protects the paper from dirt and moisture and removes the heat
produced in the core and coils. It also acts as insulating medium. The oil must possess the following
properties.
i) High dielectric strength.
ii) Free from inorganic acid, alkali and corrosive sulphur to prevent injury to the
conductor or insulation.
iii) Low viscosity to provide good heat transfer.
iv) Free from sludging under normal operating conditions.
v) Good resistance to emulsion so that the oil may throw down any moisture entering
the tank instead of holding it in suspense.
Expansion Tank or Conservator
A small auxiliary oil tank may be mounted above the transformer and connected to main tank
by a pipe. Its function is to keep the transformer tank full of oil despite expansion or contraction of
the coil with the changes in temperature. A small pipe connection between the gas space in the
expansion tankand the cover of the transformer tank permits the gas above the oil in the transformer
to pass into the expansion tank, so that the transformer tank will be completely filled with oil.
Temperature Gauge
Every transformer is provided with a temperature gauge to indicate hot oil orhottest spot
temperature. It is self-contained weather proof unit made of alarm contacts. It is dial operated by
bourdon gauge connected to a thermometer bulb located in the region of hottest oil.
Gauge
Every transformer is fitted with an oil gauge to indicate the oil level present inside tank. The
oil gauge may be provided with an alarm contact with gives an alarmthe oil level has dropped beyond
permissible height due to oil leak or due to any other reason.
Relay
The first warning that a fault is present may be given by the presence of bubbles in the oil. If
the transformer is fitted with a conservator and there are no pockets in which gas can collect, the gas
bubbles will rise up the pipe joining the conservator to the tank. It is possible to mount gas operated
relay in this pipe to give an alarm in case of minor fault and to disconnect the transformer from the
supply mains in case of severe faults.
Breather
The simplest method to prevent the entry of the moisture inside the transformer tank is to
provide chambers known as breather. The breather is filled with some drying agent, such as calcium
chloride or silica gel. Silica gel or calcium chloride absorbs moisture and allows dry air to enter the
transformer tank. The drying agent is replaced periodically as routine maintenance. The whole ofthe
transformer tank and portion of conservator used filled with oil. The breather is connected on one
side of the conservator. Thus a small surface area of transformer oil is exposed to the atmosphere
through the breather.
Bushings
Connections from the transformer windings are brought out by means bushings. Ordinary
porcelain insulators can be used upto a voltage of 33kV. Above 33kV, capacitor and oil filled type of
bushings are used. Bushings are fixed on the transformer tank.
Let
ϕm be the maximum value of flux in Weber
f be the supply frequency in Hz
N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding
N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding
A be the area of core in m2
Bm be the maximum value of flux density in (wb/m2)
V1 be the supply voltage across primary in volts
V2 be the terminal voltage across secondary in volts
I1 be the primary current in amps
I2 be the secondary current in amps
Electrical Electronics Engineering– MECH DEPT. 6
Sri ManakulaVinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry.
Since the applied voltage is alternating in nature, the flux established is also an alternating one. From
the figure given below, it is clear that the flux is attaining its maximum value in one quarter of the
cycle (T/4), where T is the time in seconds.
Exact equivalent circuit of transformer with secondary quantities referred to primary side
R2
R2
'
--- The secondary resistance referred to primary side
K2
X
X 2 22 --- The secondary reactance referred to primary side
'
K
Z
Z 2 22 --- The secondary impedance referred to primary side
K
I 2 KI 2 --- The secondary current referred to primary side
'
E
E 2 2 --- The secondary induced EMF referred to primary side
'
K
V
V2 2 --- The secondary voltage referred to primary side
'
K
The voltage drop due to primary and secondary winding resistance and reactance always vary
with load current. Therefore it is connected in series
5. Explain OC and SC tests on single phase transformer. (APRIL/2012)
The advantage of this method is that without much power loss the tests can be performed and results can
be obtained.
(i) Open circuit Test
The transformer primary is connected to ac supply through ammeter, wattmeter and variac. The
secondary of transformer is kept open. Usually low voltage side is used as primary and high voltage side
as secondary to conduct OC test.
The primary is excited by rated voltage, which is adjusted precisely with the help of a variac. The
wattmeter measures input power. The ammeter measures input current. The voltmeter gives the value of
rated voltage applied at rated frequency. Sometimes a voltmeter may be connected across secondary to
measure the secondary voltage which is V2= E2 when primary is supplied with rated voltage. As
voltmeter resisitance is very high, though voltmeter is connected, secondary is treated to be open circuit
as voltmeter current is always neglibibly small.
When the primary voltage is adjusted to its rated value with the help of variac, readings of
ammeter and wattmeter are to be recorded.
V0 = Rated voltage
W0= Input power
I0= Input current= no load current
As transformer secondary is open, it is on no load. So current drawn by the primary is no load
current I0. The two components of this no load current are,
Im= I0sinϕ0
I0= I0 cosϕ0
Where cosϕ0= No load power factor
Hence power input can be written as W0= V0I0 cosϕ0
As secondary is open, I2=0. Thus it’s reflected current on primary I2 is also zero. So we have primary
current I1= I0. The transformer no load current is very small, hardly 2 to 4% of its full load value. As
I2=0, secondary copper losses are zero. And I1=I0 is very low hence copper losses on primary are also
very low. Thus the total copper losses in OC test are negligibly small. As against this the input voltage is
at rated frequency, hence flux density in the core is at its maximum value. Hence iron losses at rated
voltage. As output power is zero and copper losses are very low, the total input power is used to supply
iron losses. This power is measured by the wattmeter (W0). Hence the wattmeter in OC test gives iron
losses which remain constant for all loads.
W0= Pi= Iron losses
W0= V0I0cosϕ
W0
Cosφ 0 -No Load Power Factor
V0 I 0
Once cosϕ0 is known we can obtain
Ic=I0 cosϕ0
Im=I0 sinϕ0
Once Ic and Im are known
V0
R0
Ic
V0
X0
Im
The no load power factor cosϕ0 is very low, hence wattmeter used is low power factor meter type.
Short Circuit test (SC test)
In this test, primary is connected to ac supply through variac, ammeter and voltmeter. The
secondary is short circuited with the help of thick copper wire or solid link. As high voltage side is
always low current side, it is convenient to connect high voltage side to supply and shorting the low
voltage side. As secondary is shorted, its resistance is very small and on rated voltage it may draw very
large current. Such large current can cause overheating and burning of the transformer. To limit this
short circuit current, primary is supplied with low voltage which is just enough to cause rated current to
flow through primary which can be observed on ammeter.
Now the currents flowing through the windings are rated currents hence the total copper loss.
Now the voltage applied is low which a small fraction of the rated voltage is. The iron losses are
function of applied voltage. So the iron losses in reduced voltage test are very small. Hence the
wattmeter reading is the power loss which is equal to full load copper losses as iron losses are very low.
Wsc
R 01
2 Vsc 2 2
I sc Z01 R X
Isc 01 01
2 2
X 01 Z R
01 01
Thus we get the equivalent circuit parameters R01, X01 and Z01. Knowing the transformation
ration K, the equivalent circuit parameters refereed to secondary also can be obtained.
6. Explain load test on transformer
In this method the required load is directly connected to the secondary of thetransformer. Hence
this method is also called direct loading test on transformer. Thevarious meters are connected on
primary and secondary side of the transformer. Then theload is varied from no load to full load and the
readings on the various meters arerecorded. Anammeter, voltmeter and a wattmeter is connected on
primary as well as secondary side ofthe transformer. The primary is connected to the supply through
variac which is used toadjust primary voltage to its rated value at each load condition.
Electrical Electronics Engineering– MECH DEPT. 11
Sri ManakulaVinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry.
The load is to be varied from no load to full load in desired steps. At all time, keepprimary voltage V1
constant at its rated value with the help of variac. The followingobservation table is prepared.
W1 = Input power to the transformer
W2 = Output power delivered to the load
𝑊
.·. % η = 𝑊2 × 100
1
The first reading is on no load for which 𝑉2 = 𝐸2
Thus at any other load, regulation can be obtained as
𝐸 −𝑉
% R = 2𝑉 2 × 100
2
Where 𝑉2 is secondary terminal voltage at corresponding load. The graph of % η and % R on
each load against load current 𝐼𝐿 can be plotted.
Given data:
Primary voltage 𝑉1 = 1100V, Secondary voltage 𝑉2 = 220V
Solution:
O.C test:
Primary voltage 𝑉1 = 1100V No-load input current Io = 0.5 A
S.C test:
Short circuit voltage 𝑉𝑠𝑐 = 10V Short circuit current Isc = 80 A
Losses 𝑊𝑠𝑐 = 400 W
Impedance of transformer referred to secondary
𝑉 10
𝑍02 = I 𝑠𝑐 = 80 = 0.125 Ω
sc
𝑊𝑠𝑐 400
𝑅02 = I 2 = 802 = 0.0625 Ω
sc
8. Problem 2:In a 50 KVA Transformer, the iron loss is 500 W and full load copper loss is
800 W. Find the efficiency at full and half loads at 0.8 p.f. lagging.
Given data:
Transformer rating = 50KVA, Iron loss 𝑃𝑖 = 500w,
Full load copper loss 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 800w
Power factor cos Ф = 0.8
To find:
10. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency and explain about the All day efficiency of
a transformer
To determine at which load the efficiency will be maximum
Differentiate the denominator with respect to load current I2 and equate to zero, thus
d Pi
V2 cos 2 I 2 R02 0
dI 2 I2
Pi
2
R02 0
I2
Pi
2
R02
I2
Pi I 2 R02
2
12. Discuss the constructional details and various connections, operation of three phase
transformer
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
Three phase voltages are raised or lowered by means of three-phase transformers. A three-
phase transformer can be built in two ways viz., (i) by suitably connecting a bank of three single-
phase transformers or (ii) by constructing a three-phase transformer on a common magnetic structure.
In either case, the windings may be connected in Y Y, , Y or Y.
(i) (ii)
Referring to the above figure (ii), primary line-to-line voltage is V and the primary line
current is I. The phase transformation ratio is K (= N 2/N1). The secondary line voltage and line
current are also shown in the above figure.
For the same capacity, a 3-phase transformer weighs less, occupies less space and costs about
20% less than a bank of three single-phase transformers.
Because of these advantages, 3-phase transformers are in common use, especially for large
power transformations.
A disadvantage of the three-phase transformer lies in the fact that when onephase becomes
defective, the entire three-phase unit must be removed from service. When one transformer in a bank
of three single-phase transformersbecomes defective, it may be removed from service and the other
two transformers may be reconnected to supply service on an emergency basis until repairs can be
made.
Reference: