CONSTRUCTION

METHODS AND
OPERATIONS
by Groups 4, 5, & 6
Construction in Civil Engineering
a process that consists of the building or assembling of
infrastructure.

is far from being a single activity, large-scale construction is a feat of

multitasking.

normally managed by the project manager and supervised by the

construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project
architect.
design and execution of the infrastructure must consider the
environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting,
site safety, availability of materials, logistics, convenience to the public
caused by construction delays, and preparing tender documents.
 Common Sectors of
Construction Industry
01 Building Construction

02 Infrastructure

03 Industrial Construction
It is the process of constructing
buildings

Serve as the backbone of a

functioning society, enabling 01 Building
transportation, communication,
Construction
and economic activities

This may be in a residential or

non-residential setting.
Residential Buildings
Involves the construction of houses, apartment buildings,
and even larger multistory high rise buildings

Commercial Buildings
Suitable for use by any retail or wholesale concern,
distributorship, or agency

Institutional Buildings
Refers to any structure that fulfills a role related to
healthcare, education, recreation, or public works
This focuses on the development
and maintenance of services,
facilities, and systems.

This can be funded by private 02

companies, publicly, or combined as
a public-private partnership (a
Infrastructure
collaboration of government
entities and private sector
companies.)
This sector of the industry is highly
specialized and requires firm with vast
resources and significant construction
and engineering expertise.

The number of contractors qualified

03 Industrial
to actually work with in the industrial Construction
sector id quite limited. The project
types included in this category are
defined primarily by the production
activities that occur within the power.
CONSTRUCTION
PROCESSES
 In the modern industrialized world, CONSTRUCTION
usually involves the translation of designs into reality.

The designs are usually prepared by a DESIGN

01 TEAM, including:
Architect
DESIGN Civil Engineer

TEAM
Mechanical Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Structural Engineer
Fire Protection Engineer
Consultants (Planning, Architectural &
Archaeological)
DESIGN TEAM
Most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property
owner
These professionals create a comprehensive blueprint TO GUIDE
THE WHOLE PROJECT EXECUTION PROCESS
Under this system, a number of construction companies or
construction management companies may then be asked to make a
bid for the work , either based directly on the design, or on basis of
drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor.
Miscommunication is the biggest hindrance to starting a project off
on the right foot.
 Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is
notoriously prevalent in the construction field.
Financial planning for the project is intended to
ensure that a solid plan with adequate
02 safeguards and contingency plans are in place
before the project is started and is required to
FINANCIAL ensure that the plan is properly executed over
the life of the project. Mortgage bankers,
ADVISORS accountants, and cost engineers are likely
participants in creating an overall plan for the
financial management of the building
construction project.
 A construction project must fit into the legal
framework governing the property. These include

03 governmental regulations on the use of property, and

obligations that are created in the process of
construction. The project must adhere to zoning and
LEGAL building code requirements. Constructing a project that
fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner.
ASPECTS Some legal requirements come from
Malum in Se Considerations
Malum Prohibitum Considerations
 Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and
interrelate. The design must be not only
structurally sound and appropriate for the use
04 and location, but must also be financially
possible to build, and legal to use. The

INTERACTION
financial structure must accommodate the
need for building the design provided, and

OF EXPERTISE must pay amounts that are legally owed. The

legal structure must integrate the design into
the surrounding legal framework, and enforce
the financial consequences of the construction
process.
 → Describes the merging of activities undertaken
by the client to obtain a building.

05 → Common types of procurement are

• traditional (design-bid-build)
PROCUREMENT • design-build
• management contracting

→ There is also a growing number of new forms

of procurement that involve relationship
contracting.
PROCUREMENT & PURCHASING
Purchasing is an important transactional step in the
procurement life cycle. It slots in alongside other elements like
vendor relationships and sourcing the best prices. In other
words, the key difference between procurement and
purchasing is that purchasing represents one link in the larger
procurement chain.
CONSTRUCTION
PHASES
01 02
a concept never intended to be
a building concept that is
VISION built, may be an PROPOSED under review by the building
FANTASY aesthetic or structural design
owner and by government
exercise
IDEA

a building concept that will be

03 constructed in the near future. 04 the specification of what is to
If the proposed building is not be built in sufficient
APPROVED DESIGN detail to be used as the basis
approved then the proposal
may be amended and as a contract between the
resubmitted, or it may be owner and a contractor.
deferred or cancelled.

05 the selection of the contractor

or contractors to carry
PROCUREMENT out the construction. This may
be by competitive
tendering.
 before construction can start any
services on the site which must be
06 kept operational to serve other
07
a fully designed building
DIVERSIONS adjacent sites must be diverted so
they run outside the footprint of the
UNDER- currently being built
new building. This can include CONSTRUCTION
drainage, water and gas piped
services and power and
communication cables.

08 09
construction work below a fully designed building
GROUND ground level including the TOPPED-OUT where construction has
reached the highest point of
WORKS construction of basements and
foundations the building

installation of the decorative,

10
non-structural elements
FITTING OUT once the building main
structure is complete. This
includes painting, ceilings,
light fittings etc.
 In modern buildings this can take
some time during which little
11 seems to be going on but if this is
12
all those day-to-day activities need
COMMISSIONING not done properly then these
BUILDING to ensure the building can be used.
systems will not deliver their design
OR
OPERATION
performance leading to hot and cold In simple buildings this means little

SETTING TO spots, spurious alarms, higher energy more than cleaning but in more
complicated buildings this is a large
bills, and systems failing during
WORK emergencies scale operation employing a large
team of staff.
works to ensure the building
13 a fully designed building that 14
continues to operate in
has been fully built,
COMPLETE MAINTENANCE accordance with its design,
excluding future expansions
including replacing elements
OR (punch list items all
which are approaching the end
BUILT completed)
of their useful life

15 replacing building elements

which have been damaged
REPAIR or which have failed to restore
the building to its as built
state
16 modification to the building. This 17
can be minor modifications that are destruction of the building which
RENOVATION carried out while the building is DEMOLITION may include the
occupied or major works where only salvage of some elements for reuse
the structural elements are kept and elsewhere
the building is out of use for years
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
 The methods of construction have always been
influenced by prevailing technology, techniques, skills,
and even the political and economic climate. This is why
eras are characterized by certain construction trends as
shown by the history of buildings. Before the discovery
of modern materials like stone and clay, buildings were
even made of leaves and branches.
There are different factors as to why you should
choose certain construction methods, namely:
size of the building
location of the construction
purpose of the building
budget for the project
environmental factors
 Concrete has become popular worldwide, especially in
commercial buildings. This method is commonly used in
civil engineering because of its strength and ability to
support weight. Concrete
Concrete is a combination of cement and water, which
Construction
is mixed with either stone or sand. It becomes more Method
sturdy when reinforced by rebars.
 This method makes use of various materials such as
concrete blocks, stones, and bricks that are bound
together. Masonry
Since it is non-combustible and high resistant, this
method is popularly used to build fireplaces and
Construction
walkways. Building owners who want a rustic look opt Method
for masonry.
 One of the most popular and widely used methods
centuries ago and even up to now is wood framing.
Builders opt for this method not only for residential
Wood Framing
structures, but even for industrial and commercial Construction
structures.
Aesthetics aside, wooden frames are environment friendly Method
since they absorb carbon.
 A precast flat panel (PFP) system is a construction
technique that provides an alternative to traditional
site based construction. Precast Flat
Its components are mass produced off-site, making them
practical for recurring requirements that also demand speed
Panel System
of manufacturing and consistency of product.
The hybrid method combines different techniques and
materials, and often makes use of prefabricated
materials for building.
Hybrid
Construction
Builders prefer this method because of the uniqueness
of the output. This method is also more flexible, Method
economical, and more efficient time-wise.