CHAPTER

9 Definite Integration

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1: 2a a

If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by

7. ∫
0
f ( x)dx= ∫ ( f ( x) + f (2a − x)) dx
0
x
 a
g ( x) = ∫ f (t )dt
=  ∫0
a≤x≤b 2 f ( x)dx, f (2a − x) =f ( x)
a
 0, f (2a − x) =
− f ( x)
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), and g’(x) 
= f(x).
8. If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2: nT T

b ∫ f ( x)dx n ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ Z ,
=
If f is continuous on [a, b], then ∫ f ( x)dx
a
= F(b) – F(a) 0
a + nT
0
T

where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function such ∫

a
( x)dx n ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
f=
0
that F’ = f.
nT T
b
Note: If ∫ f ( x)dx= 0 ⇒ then the equation f (x) = 0 has atleast ∫
mT
(n − m) ∫ f ( x)dx, m, n ∈ Z ,
f ( x)dx =
0
a
a + nT a
one root lying in (a, b) provided f is a continuous function
in (a, b). ∫
nT
f (=
x)dx ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
0
b
b + nT b
 ∫ f ( x)dx = algebraic area under the curve f(x) from a to b
a ∫ f ( x)=
dx ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a, b ∈ R
a + nT a

Properties of Definite Integral 9. If y(x) ≤ f(x) ≤ f(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, then

b b b b b

1. ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f (t )dt ∫ Ψ ( x)dx ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ ∫ φ( x)dx

a a a
a a
b a
Leibnitz Theorem
2. ∫ f ( x) dx = −∫ f ( x)dx
a b h( x)
b c b
If F(x) = ∫ f (t )dt ,
3. ∫=
a
f ( x) dx ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
a c
g ( x)

 a dF ( x)
then = h′(x) f(h(x)) – g′(x) f (g(x))
dx  ∫0
2 f ( x) dx, f (− x) =f ( x)
a a
4.
∫− a f ( x)=
dx ∫ ( f ( x) + f (− x))= dx
0  0, f (− x) =
− f ( x)

b b
Walli’s Formula
5. ∫ f ( x) dx
= ∫ f (a + b − x))dx π/ 2 π/ 2
(n − 1)(n − 3)....(1 or 2)
∫ sin x dx
1. = ∫ cos x dx
n n
a a
= K
0 0
n(n − 2).....(1 or 2)
a a

6. ∫ f ( x=
0
) dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0 where    
 π /2
K =
if n is even
1 if n is odd
 π/ 2 Estimation of Definite Integral
2. ∫ sin
n
x. cos m x dx
1. If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and it’s range in this interval is
0
b

=
    
[(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5)....1 or 2][(m − 1)(m − 3)....1 or 2]
K
[m, M], them m (b – a) ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ M (b − a)
a
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4)....1 or 2 b b
2. If f (x) ≤ f(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x)dx ≤∫ φ( x)dx
π
 if both m and n are even (m, n ∈ N ) a a
where K =  2 b b
3. ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx.
1 otherwise
a a
b

Definite Integral as Limit of a Sum 4. If f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval [a, b], then ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ 0.
a
b

∫ f ( x) dx = nlim
→∞
h[ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ... + f (a + n − 1h)] 5. f (x) and g(x) are two continuous function on [a, b] then
a
b b b
n −1 1 ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx ≤ ∫ f 2 ( x)dx ∫ g 2 ( x)dx
⇒  lim h∑ f (a + rh) =
∫ f ( x)dx where b – a = nh a a a
h →∞
r =0 0
n −1 1
Some Standard Results
If a = 0 and b = 1 then, lim h∑ f (rh) = ∫ f ( x)dx; where nh = 1 π/ 2 π/ 2
n →∞
r =0 π
∫ ∫0 log cos x dx
0
1. log sin x dx =
− log 2 =
 1  n −1 r
1
0
2
OR lim   ∑ f   = ∫ f ( x)dx. b
n →∞ n
  r =1 n 0 | x|
2. ∫
a
x
dx= b − a .

20 JEE (XII) Module-3 PW