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Data Center - Thermal Management

Data centers consume 1.1-1.4% of global electricity, with about 40% of that energy used for cooling systems. Various cooling methods and environmental classes are defined to optimize performance and efficiency, particularly for high-density setups. Innovations like hybrid cooling and underwater data centers are explored to enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs.

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45 views16 pages

Data Center - Thermal Management

Data centers consume 1.1-1.4% of global electricity, with about 40% of that energy used for cooling systems. Various cooling methods and environmental classes are defined to optimize performance and efficiency, particularly for high-density setups. Innovations like hybrid cooling and underwater data centers are explored to enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs.

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aa30077aa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Data Centers

Thermal
Management

https://www.akcp.com/blog/the-real-amount-of-energy-a-data-center-use/

1
Introduction
• Data centers and data transmission networks consume 1.1-
1.4% of global electricity use (240-340 TW-h). Crytocurrency
mining consumed around 0.4% (110 TW-h).
• About 40% of that total power is spent on cooling system.
• For HPC/AI data centers, performance and
configurations are constrained by power
consumption, availability, and cooling capacity.
• Performance, reliability, and lifespan of electronic devices are
affected by the junction temperature.
Max. Junction Si based ICs SiC MOSFET
temperature
die level 110˚C 200˚C
package / system level 85˚C 180˚C

2
Definitions of Environmental Classes

• A1: data center with tightly environmental control for enterprise servers,
storage products
• A2, A3/A4: IT space, office, or lab for volume servers, storage product, PC,
workstations
• B: office, home, or transportable environment with minimal environmental
control for PC, workstations, laptops, printers
• C: point-of-sale or light industrial or factory environment with weather
protection
• H1: a zone within a data center that is cooled to lower temperatures to
accommodate high-density air-cooled products.

ASHRAE 2021 Thermal Guidelines for


Data Processing Environments

3
• Economizer: a mechanical device that
Cooling tower reduces the amount of energy used to cool
a data center or buildings.
• Air-side vs. Liquid-side economizer

4
• W17/W27: data center cooled using chillers and a cooling tower, with an
optional water-side economizer to improve energy efficiency
• W32/W40: operated without chillers in most locations, but may still require
chillers in some locations.
• W45/W+: operated without chillers to take advantage of energy efficiency and
reduce capital expense. Some locations may not suitable for drycoolers.

5
Cabinet or Rack Level

Air-cooled cabinets

6
Air-cooled cabinets

Primary liquid loop components are


housed outside the rack to permit more
space within the rack for electronic
components.
Liquid-cooled cabinets

7
TEC

Widely used in shipboard cabinets, where


electronic components need to be isolated
from ambient environment
Hybrid cooling approaches

CRAC Unit

8
Room Level

9
Avoid mixing of cold supply air and hot return air

Hot-aisle containment

Cold-aisle containment

10
S-pod layout – staggered arrangement

Direct hot-air extraction above the rack

11
Hot aisle air extraction

12
Yahoo! Chicken Coup Facility
Lockport, New York
PUE ~ 1.08 Central cupola provides
top venting of hot air

Air inlet vents at


• Long narrow design mimics a chicken coup to the bottom
promote buoyancy-assisted air flow
• Location: cooler climate, prevailing winds,
nearby low-cost hydropower
• Summer: convective air cooling is augmented
with evaporative cooling

Facebook Open Compute Facility


Triplet rack architecture
Prineville, Oregon
PUE~1.07

Each 42U column Battery cabinet to


houses 30 servers provide backup power

13
14
Microsoft Project Natick

• A shipping-container-size data center was deployed to the 35.6 m


deep seafloor off Scotland’s Orkney Islands.
• Tank was filled with dry nitrogen to reduce oxidation.
• Seawater is cool and nearly isothermal.
• Lower failure rate.

15
https://www.science.org/content/article/clim
ate-change-threatens-supercomputers

16

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